Nanoparticles in life sciences and biomedicine

Description

The creation of new and more efficient therapies for improving human health greatly depends on drug delivery systems. Nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful strategy for the development of nanoparticles, such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanocrystals, and nanocomplexes, applied in the diagnosis, treatment, or theranostics of several pathologies and diseases. This book reviews the most recent research and development in nanotechnology and, following a multidisciplinary approach, presents new strategies for drug delivery, including aspects from chemistry, physics, biology, and imaging methodologies and exploiting several administration routes, internalization pathways, site-specific delivery strategies, and the potential cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Beginning with a description of the importance and application of nanotechnology for enhancing existing therapy, the book moves on to detailing oral, topical, pulmonary, brain, cancer, and anti-inflammatory drug delivery approaches; gene delivery approaches; theranostic approaches; and nanoparticle cytotoxicity. Practical and user friendly, it is suitable for advanced undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students of nanoscience and nanotechnology; researchers in nanoscience, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, biochemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, medicine, and bioengineering, especially those with an interest in drug delivery or theranostics; and academia and university readership. Content: Intro Halftitle Page Title Page Copyright Tables of Contents Preface PART I Introduction 1 Importance and Application of Nanotechnology for Improving Existing Therapy PART II Oral Drug Delivery Approaches 2 Nanocarriers as a Strategy for Oral Bioavailability Improvement of Poorly Water-SolubleDrugs 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Oral Bioavailability 2.3 Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery 2.3.1 Polymeric-Based Nanocarriers 2.3.1.1 Polymeric nanoparticles 2.3.1.2 Polymeric micelles 2.3.2 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 2.3.2.1 Liposomes 2.3.2.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles 2.3.2.3 Nanostructured lipid carriers2.4 Oral Absorption: Crossing the Intestinal Barrier 2.4.1 Nanocarrier Absorption Mechanisms 2.4.1.1 Passive transport 2.4.1.2 Carrier-mediated transport 2.4.2 Factors Affecting Nanocarriersâ#x80 #x99 Absorption 2.5 Nanocarriersâ#x80 #x99 Characterization: Issues and Challenges 2.5.1 Polymorphism and Crystallinity 2.5.2 Drug Entrapment 2.5.3 Drug Release Profile 2.5.4 Permeability Assays 2.6 Conclusions 3 Synthesis and Applications of Amphiphilic Chitosan Derivatives for Drug Delivery Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structure and Characterization of Chitosan3.3 Chitosan Amphiphilic Derivatives 3.3.1 Alkylation 3.3.2 Acylation 3.3.2.1 N-acylation reaction 3.3.2.2 O-Acylation reaction 3.3.2.3 Other chemical modifications 3.4 Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Systems 3.4.1 Polymer-Based Micelles 3.4.2 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 3.5 Applications of Chitosan Amphiphilic Derivatives in Drug Delivery 3.5.1 Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 3.5.2 Anti-Cancer Drugs 3.5.3 Proteins and Peptides 3.6 Concluding Remarks 4 Oral Administration of Lipid-Based Delivery Systems to Combat Infectious Diseases4.1 Introduction 4.2 Oral Administration 4.3 Lipid-Based Delivery Systems 4.3.1 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 4.3.2 Preventing Infectious Diseases by Oral Vaccines 4.3.3 Treating Infectious Diseases 4.3.3.1 Bacterial infections 4.3.3.2 Viral infections 4.3.3.3 Fungal infections 4.3.3.4 Parasitic infections 4.4 Evaluating Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 4.4.1 Studies to Assess Pharmacokinetic Properties 4.4.2 Studies to Assess Therapeutic Efficacy 4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 5 Oral Administration of Nanoparticles and Gut Microbiotaâ#x80 #x93 Mediated Effects5.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract 5.2 Gut Microbiota Composition and Functions 5.2.1 Please Do Not Disturb Gut Microbiota! 5.2.2 Oral Delivery of Nanoparticles and Interactions with Gut Microbiota 5.3 Studies of the Effects of Orally Delivered Nanoparticles 5.3.1 In vitro Studies 5.3.1.1 Human feces volunteer donors 5.3.2 Animal Microbiota Studies 5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 6 Oral nanotechnological approaches for colon-specific drug delivery 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Colon anatomophysiological features