Friend or Foe?: Occupation, Collaboration and Selective Violence in the Spanish Civil War (Canada Blanch / Sussex Academic Studies on Contemporary Spain)

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'Today with the Red Army captive and disarmed, the Nationalist [nacionales] troops have achieved their final military objectives. The war is over.' With these two sentences, General Franco announced on April 1, 1939 that his writ ran across the whole of Spain. His words marked a high point for those who had flocked to Franco who, since the start of the Civil War in July 1936, had carried out what was regarded as the steady occupation of the country. The history of this occupation remains conspicuous by its absence, and the term occupation lies discredited for many historians. The danger of leaving the history of the occupation unexplored, however, is that a major process designed to control the conquered population remains in the shadows and, unlike many other European countries, the view of occupation as an imposition by outsiders remains unchallenged. Friend or Foe? explores how Francoist occupation saw members of the state and society collaborate to win control of Spanish society. At the heart of the process lies the challenging task in civil war of distinguishing between supporter and opponent. Occupation also witnessed a move from arbitrary violence towards selecting opponents for carefully graded punishment. Such selection depended upon fine-grained information about vast swathes of the population. The massive scale of the surveillance meant that regime officials depended on collaborators within the community to furnish them with the information needed to write huge numbers of biographies. Accordingly, knowledge as a form of power became as crucial as naked force as neighbours of the defeated helped define who would gain reward as a friend and who would suffer punishment as a foe. [Subject: Spanish Civil War, History, Military Studies] Front Cover Dedication Title Page Copyright Contents The Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies Series Editor’s Preface Acknowledgements Introduction: From the Bullet to the Dossier Part One: The Collapse of Security: Málaga 1: The Collapse of Security 2: Looking for Friends: Occupation and the Construction of the State 3: Classification and the Construction of Civil Society Part Two: Enemies Made by War: Bilbao 4: Foes Forged by War 5: Selective Violence: The Classification of Prisoners of War 6: Exchange and Commutation 7: Priests as Enemies of God and the Fatherland Part Three: The Logic of Violence: Barcelona 8: Revolution, Violence, Humiliation and Moral Outrage 9: The Search for Fine-Grained Information 10: Defining the Enemy Conclusion: Civil War and Classification Notes Bibliography Index Back Cover