Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology

Description

Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology Explore current challenges and the latest technologies in biofuel production In Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology, a team of engineers and chemists delivers a thorough and accessible exploration of the source of renewable energy biofuels poised to help conserve natural resources and limit the impact of fossil fuel use. The book offers detailed information about the challenges and trends in biodiesel production and includes contributions from leading researchers in the field of biodiesel production. Readers will explore aviation biofuels, biofuel production technologies, reactor design and safety considerations, and the modelling and simulation of biofuel production as they move through the book’s 14 chapters. The authors also analyze the performance of biofuels along with cost estimations and mathematical modeling of various process parameters. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to biofuels, including their history, generation, classification, and relevant technologiesIn-depth presentations of the production technologies of biofuels, including chemical and biological production processesComprehensive explorations of the utilization of biofuels in aviation, including performance analyses and safety considerationsFulsome discussions of key issues and challenges in biofuels production pathways and the environmental effects of biofuels Perfect for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in the biofuels, bioenergy, catalysis, and materials science sectors, Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology will also be suitable for members of regulatory bodies in the bioenergy sector. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to biofuel 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Need of Emerging Technology 1.1.2 Renewable Energy 1.2 History of Biofuel Development 1.3 Generation in Biofuel 1.4 Classification of Biofuels 1.5 Technologies Involved in Biofuel Production 1.6 Biofuel Properties 1.7 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact 1.8 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Ethanol as the leading ‘first-Generation’ biofuel 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historical Development of Ethanol as Biofuels 2.2.1 Feedstock Used for First-generation Bioethanol Production 2.3 Environmental Aspects of Using Ethanol as Biofuels 2.3.1 Adaptive Capacity 2.3.2 Biofuel Technology 2.3.3 Geographical Impact 2.3.4 Technology Transfer 2.3.5 Government Regulations 2.3.6 Resource Mobilisation 2.3.7 Entrepreneurship 2.4 Cost Models of Ethanol as Biofuels 2.5 Sustainability Aspects – Need of Alternative Biofuel 2.6 Summary References Chapter 3 Advanced biofuels – alternatives to biofuels 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biofuels Deserve Another Look 3.2.1 Economic Model of Biofuels 3.2.2 Advanced Biofuels 3.3 Global Production, Need and Demand 3.3.1 Environmental Factor 3.3.2 Clean Fuel 3.3.3 Biofuel Policies 3.3.4 National Biofuel Policy 2018 3.4 Feedstock for Advanced Biofuels 3.5 Advanced Biofuels for Different Applications 3.6 Commercial Development 3.7 Aviation Fuel and Green Diesel 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Biofuel production technologies – an overview 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Industry Challenges Associated with Biofuels 4.3 Edible Vegetable to Non-edible/low-cost Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production 4.3.1 Advantages of Non-edible Oil 4.3.2 Oil Extraction Technologies 4.3.3 Biodiesel Standards and Characterisation of Non-edible Biodiesel 4.3.4 Technologies of Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oil 4.4 Development of Chemical Conversion Technologies 4.5 Development of Thermochemical Conversion Technologies 4.6 Development of Biological Conversion Technologies 4.7 Development of Biochemical Conversion Technologies 4.8 Technology Innovation in Biofuel Production 4.9 Process Integration and Biorefinery 4.10 Alternatives to Biofuel Production 4.11 Technology Survey 4.12 Key Collaborations for Biofuel Production 4.13 Market Research on Biofuels 4.13.1 Technology Commercialisation of Innovation in Biofuel 4.13.2 Start-up Innovation In Biofuel Technology 4.14 Future Trends 4.15 Summary References Chapter 5 Chemically produced biofuels 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Triglycerides – Best Participant as Fuels 5.2.1 Base-catalysed Transesterification Process 5.2.2 Acid-catalysed Transesterification Process 5.2.3 Enzyme-catalysed Transesterification Process 5.3 Biogas Using Anaerobic Digestion 5.4 Catalytic Biofuel Production 5.4.1 Biomass Gasification 5.4.2 Production of Hydrogen 5.4.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 5.4.4 Isosynthesis 5.4.5 Methanol To Gasoline (MTG Process) 5.4.6 Biofuels Production 5.5 Nanoparticles Potential in Biofuel Production 5.5.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle 5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 5.5.3 Solid Acid Nanocatalyst 5.5.4 Base Nanocatalysts 5.5.5 Bi-functional Nanocatalysts 5.6 Production Cost Analysis 5.7 Environmental Footprints of Chemical Processes 5.7.1 Water Pollution 5.7.2 Air Pollution 5.8 Future Demand and Scope 5.9 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Microalgae – biofuel production trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Technology for Microalgae Cultivation 6.2.1 Autotropic/phototropic Cultivation 6.2.2 Heterotropic Cultivation 6.2.3 Mixotropic Cultivation 6.2.4 Photoheterotropic Cultivation 6.2.5 Large-scale and Lab-scale Microalgal Cultivation for Biomass Production 6.3 Biofuels from Microalgae 6.3.1 Pyrolysis of Microalgae to Biochar/bio-oil 6.3.2 Biodiesel from Microalgae 6.3.3 Bioethanol Production from Microalgae 6.3.4 Biohydrogen and Bio-Syngas Production from Microalgae 6.4 Role of Nanoadditives in Algae-based Biofuel Production 6.5 Cost Analysis of Microalgae-based Biofuel Production 6.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Microalgae-based Biofuel Production 6.7 Summary References Chapter 7 Agro-Waste-Produced biofuels 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Agricultural Waste and Residues as Valuable Materials 7.3 Pre-treatment of Agro-waste 7.3.1 Physical Pre-treatment 7.3.2 Chemical Pre-treatment 7.3.3 Physiochemical Treatment 7.3.4 Biological Pre-treatment 7.4 Process Technology – Agro-waste to Bioenergy 7.4.1 Hydrolysis 7.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 7.4.3 Dark Fermentation 7.4.4 Transesterification 7.5 Creating Wealth from The Agricultural Waste 7.6 Economic Valuation of Agro-waste 7.7 Impact of Agricultural Waste 7.8 Current Challenges and Future Trends 7.9 Summary References Chapter 8 Biofuels for Aviation 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Types of Aviation Fuel 8.1.2 Comparison of Jet and AVGAS 8.2 Chemistry of Fuel Molecules 8.2.1 Iso-alkane 8.2.2 Cycloalkane 8.2.3 Pathways for Producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel 8.3 Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) 8.3.1 Feedstock Used 8.3.2 Process Analysis 8.3.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis 8.4 Oil to Jet (OTJ) 8.4.1 Feedstock Used 8.4.2 Process Analysis 8.4.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis 8.5 Gas to Jet (GTJ) 8.5.1 Feedstock Used 8.5.2 Process Analysis 8.5.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis 8.6 Sugar-to-Jet (STJ) Fuel 8.6.1 Feedstock Used 8.6.2 Process Analysis 8.6.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis 8.7 Overview of Blending Sustainable Aviation Fuel 8.8 Summary References Chapter 9 State of the Art Design and Fabrication of a Reactor in Biofuel Production 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Limitation of Conventional Production Technology 9.3 Ideal Reactors 9.4 Reaction Designing from an Engineering Aspect 9.5 Process Parameters in Reactor Designing 9.5.1 Kinetics and Reaction Equilibrium 9.5.2 Collection of Required Data 9.5.3 Reaction Condition 9.6 Safety Consideration of Reaction Design 9.7 Reactors for Biodiesel Production 9.8 Ultrasonic Biodiesel Reactors 9.9 Supercritical Reactors 9.10 Static Mixers as Biodiesel Reactors 9.11 Reactive Distillation 9.12 Capital Cost and Performance Analysis of Reactors 9.13 Summary References Chapter 10 Modelling and Simulation to Predict the Performance of the Diesel Blends 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Cause and Effect Relationships 10.3 Approach to Formulate 10.4 Concept of Man–Machine System 10.5 Formulation of the Mathematical Model 10.5.1 Identify the Causes and Effects 10.5.2 Perform Test Planning 10.5.3 Physical Design of an Experimental Set-up 10.5.4 Checking and Rejection of Test Data 10.5.5 Formulation of the Model 10.6 Limitations of Adopting the Experimental Database Model 10.7 Identification of Causes and Effects of an Activity 10.8 Dimensional Analysis 10.8.1 Dimensional Equation 10.8.2 Rayleigh’s Method 10.9 Case Study on the Engine Performance by Using Alternative Fuels 10.10 Establishment of Dimensionless Group of Terms 10.10.1 Creation of Field-data-based Model 10.10.2 Model Formulation by Identifying the Curve-fitting Constant and Various Indices of Terms 10.10.3 Basis for Arriving at the Number of Observations 10.10.4 Model Formulation 10.10.5 Artificial Neural Network Simulation 10.10.6 Sensitivity Analysis 10.10.7 Optimisation of Models 10.10.8 Reliability of the Models 10.11 Summary References Chapter 11 Challenges to Biofuel Development 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Key Issues and Challenges in Biofuel Production Pathways 11.2.1 Production from Biomass 11.2.2 Transportation of Goods 11.2.3 Economic Effects 11.2.4 Switching to Biofuels 11.2.5 Environmental Effects 11.3 11.4 Biofuel Blends and Future Trends 11.5 Environmental Effects of Biofuels 11.5.1 Biofuel Impact on Food Security 11.5.2 Bioenergy Effect on Water (Quantity and Quality) 11.5.3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 11.5.4 Effect of Biofuel on Biodiversity 11.6 Economic Impact of Biofuels 11.6.1 Jobs in the Field of Biofuel 11.6.2 Bioethanol 11.6.3 Biodiesel 11.6.4 Biohydrogen 11.6.5 Biogas 11.7 Biorefineries 11.8 Summary References Chapter 12 Greener Catalytic Processes in Biofuel Production 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sustainable Catalysts 12.2.1 Chemical Catalyst 12.2.2 Industrial Wastes 12.2.3 Biological Catalysts 12.3 Summary References Chapter 13 Life Cycle Assessment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass 13.3 Feedstock Used 13.4 Purpose of Life Cycle Impact Assessment 13.5 Life Cycle for Fossil Fuels 13.6 Ethanol Life Cycle 13.7 Life Cycle Analysis 13.8 ISO Life Cycle Assessment Standards 13.8.1 ISO 14040 13.8.2 ISO 14067 13.8.3 ISO 13065 13.9 Life Cycle Assessment Benefits 13.10 Role of LCA in Public Policies/Regulations 13.11 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Socioeconomic Impact of Biofuel 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Employment Opportunities in Biofuel Production Industries 14.3 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact 14.4 Biodiesel Industries 14.5 Export and Import of Biodiesel 14.6 Production of Biodiesel 14.7 Economic Impact of Biofuels 14.8 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Income 14.9 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Carbon Emission 14.10 Biofuel Impact on the Society 14.11 Barriers in the Production of Biofuels 14.12 Biofuel Desire to Improve the Balance of Trade 14.13 Conclusion References Index EULA