Gas conditioning and processing. Volume 1: The Basic Principles

Description

9th edition. — John M. Campbell & Co., 2014. — ISBN 978-0-9703449-2-2The First Edition of "Gas Conditioning and Processing" was published in 1968. This Ninth Edition Retains much of the clear, concise and practical explanations of engineering fundamentals presented in the original edition 45 years ago.Contents Introduction Basic terminology Elements and Atoms Chemical Compounds and Molecules Physical Compounds Relative Atomic Mass (Weight) Relative Molecular Mass (Weight) The Mol Valence Mixture Basic hydrocarbon nomenclature Paraffin Series (Alkanes) Formula: CnH2n+2 Olefin or Ethylene Series (Alkenes) Formula: CnH2n Acetylenic or Alkyne Series Formula: CnH2n-2 Diolefins Formula: CnH2n-1 Aromatic (Benzene) Series Formula: CnH2n-6 Naphthene Series Formula: CnH2n Typical compounds in production/Processing systems Common Contaminants Found In Natural Gas Alcohols Amines Glycols Acids, Bases and Salts Radicals Analysis of mixtures Basic units of measurement Presenting Numbers Mass, Force and Weight Length, Area and Volume Density Pressure Temperature Work and Power Heat Energy Viscosity Volumetric-Mass Conversions Appendix ia -Summary of Conversion Factors Gas conditioning and processing overview Typical Wellstream Compositions Saleable products and quality specifications Sales Gas/Residue Gas Specifications Liquid Hydrocarbon Products Gas processing schemes Gas Conditioning Gas Processing I ngl extraction Stabilization I fractionation Liquid Product Treating Nitrogen Rejection and Helium Recovery Production facilities Crude Oil Produced Water Process selection & Design basis summary References Appendix 2a -example Ngl specifications Physical properties of hydrocarbon systems Gas properties - equations of state Ideal Gas Law Compressibility Factor and Nonideal P-v-t equations Other Correlations for z Gas Viscosity Liquid physical properties Distillation Characteristics Characterization Parameters Liquid Density Api gravity General Correlations General Nomographs Corresponding States Methods Summary of Liquid Density Correlations Liquid Viscosity Useful conversion factors for chapter References Appendix 3a -physical Constants of Hydrocarbons Appendix 3b -the Katz Correlation and Kay's Rule Appendix 3c -wichert Aziz Method for Sour Natural Gases Qualitative phase behavior Single component systems P-t plot for Single Component Systems Vapor Pressure of Hydrocarbons Multi-component systems Effect of Composition Application of phase envelopes Reservoir Behavior Facility Phase Behavior Practical Suggestions References Vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior Equilibrium vaporization ratio Partial Pressure Concept Fugacity Derived K values K value Charts K values for C6+ Fractions Vapor-liquid equilibrium (vle) calculations Bubblepoint Dewpoint Flash Calculation Accuracy of Equilibrium Calculations Stage separation Conversion calculations Conversion Between Liquid, Mol or Mass Well Stream Test Separator Recombination Basic Conversion Factors Liquid product vapor pressure specifications References Appendix sa - k value Charts Water-hydrocarbon phase behavior Water content of gases Partial Pressure and Fugacity Empirical Water Content Charts Water Content of Sour Gases Effect of Nitrogen and Heavy Hydrocarbons o n Water Content Water Content Applications Saturated Water Content in Equilibrium with Hydrates Water dewpoint analyzers Gas hydrates Hydrate Equilibrium Hydrate prediction correlations Hydrate prevention Inhibition in the Presence of Salts in Produced Water Inhibitor Losses to the Hydrocarbon Phase Calculation Summary Crystallization (Freezing of Glycols) Inhibitor Selection Inhibition in Refrigeration Systems Inhibitor Regeneration Meg regeneration in Production Systems Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (Ldhis) References Appendix 6a - trekell-Campbell Method Basic thermodynamics and application of energy balances Basic thermodynamic concepts System and Surroundings Basic Thermodynamic Accounting Mass Balance Energy Balance Specific Applications The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Entropy Relationship Between Thermodynamic Properties Applications of thermodynamics Choice of system Units of Measurement Effect of Phase Condition Enthalpy Calculation Alternatives Enthalpy Correlations fo r Pure Substances Enthalpy Correlations for Mixtures Enthalpy Calculations for Mixtures References Appendix 7a Fluid flow Evaluation of Friction Factor Non-Newtonian Liquids Newtonian liquid flow Valves and Fittings Economic Pipe Diameter Excessive Velocity Pressure Surges Liquid Line Looping Gas flow Standard Equations Characteristics of Gas Transmission Systems Maximum Velocity Corrections Due to Elevation Changes in Gas Pipelines Gas Line Looping Transient Flow in Gas Pipelines Temperature changes in piping Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Ground Temperature Tg Above Ground Lines Multiphase flow Flow Regimes Liquid Hold Up Dimensionless Groups Multiphase flow correlations Horizontal Two-Phase Flow Vertical Two-Phase Flow Slugging Severe Slugging Production Ramp-up Slugging Erosional Velocity Slug Mitigation Dense Phase Pipelines Application of the technology Physical Properties Correlations Multiphase flow splitting Mechanical design of piping Flanges References Appendix 8a Process control and instrumentation Control objectives and concepts Feedback Control Systems Control modes Controllers On/Off Proportional Control Integral (Reset) Derivative (Rate) Controller Action Applications Control loop configurations Direct Acting/Reverse Acting Split-Range Control Cascade and Feed Forward Control Ratio Control Control valves Valve Selection Instrumentation Level Measurement Pressure Measurement Temperature Measurement Flow Measurement References Definition of terms Relief and flare systems Over-pressure protection Causes of Over-pressure Relief and Flare Systems Pressure relief device Conventional Pressure Relief Valve Balanced Bellows Relief Valve Pilot Operated Relief Valve Buckling Pin Valves Rupture Discs Vapor Relief Valve Sizing Relief Valve Installation Flare header systems Flare Header Purge Gas Requirements Flare Knockout Drum (Ko) Flare Tips and Stack F lare Radiation Safety instrumented system Depressurization/ Blowdown Fires Calculating Depressurization Rates Atmospheric Venting Environmental References Appendix Appendix a -typical pfd symbols Appendix b -general conversion factors Appendix c -thermodynamic data Index