Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Prevention and Elimination Volume 1

Description

Broadens the understanding of Hepatitis C virus and disease Provides the first extensive review on the epidemiology and prevention of HCV Explores topics in basic research as well as clinical practice This volume focuses on epidemiology, genetic diversity and global distribution of Hepatitis C, as well as laboratory diagnosis. Furthermore, the book explores the natural history of the virus and discusses international elimination strategies. The two volume work on Hepatitis C introduces to the topic by reviewing virology, diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and elimination of HCV. The book provides a valuable source at full length for researchers and clinicians working on Hepatitis C. Contents 1: HCV Virology 1.1 Experimental Systems to Study HCV Life Cycle 1.2 Structural Organization of Viral Particles 1.2.1 Nonenveloped Nucleocapsids 1.2.2 Canonical Particle Structure 1.2.3 LVP Structure 1.3 The Viral Proteins 1.3.1 Core 1.3.2 E1 and E2 1.3.3 P7 1.3.4 NS2 1.3.5 NS3/4A 1.3.6 NS4B 1.3.7 NS5A 1.3.8 NS5B 1.4 Life Cycle 1.4.1 Entry 1.4.2 Replication 1.4.3 Assembly 1.4.4 Maturation/Release 1.5 Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAA) and Their Mode of Action 1.6 Host-Targeting Agents and Their Mechanisms of Action 1.7 Conclusion References 2: Hepatitis C Virus Origin 2.1 The Peculiar Virology of HCV 2.2 Nonhuman Hosts of HCV-Like Viruses 2.3 The Paradox of the Global HCV References 3: Classification, Genetic Diversity and Global Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotypes and Subtypes 3.1 HCV Classification 3.1.1 Recombinants 3.1.2 Additional Hierarchy Within HCV Genotypes 3.2 The Global Distribution of HCV Clades 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Global Prevalence of HCV Clades 3.2.3 Global Distribution of HCV Clades 3.2.4 Genotype 1 3.2.5 Genotype 2 3.2.6 Genotype 3 3.2.7 Genotype 4 3.2.8 Genotype 5 3.2.9 Genotype 6 3.2.10 Genotype 7 3.3 Conclusions References 4: Laboratory Diagnosis 4.1 Historical Perspective 4.2 Markers of HCV Infection 4.3 Diagnostic Algorithm 4.3.1 Temporal Evolution of Diagnostic Markers 4.3.2 Testing for HCV Antibodies 4.3.2.1 Confirmation of HCV Serostatus 4.3.2.2 HCV Antibody Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa 4.3.3 Testing in Recent Infection 4.3.4 Diagnosing Reinfection 4.3.5 Testing for HCV RNA 4.3.6 Testing for HCV Core Antigen 4.3.7 Evolving Screening Strategies 4.3.7.1 Alternative Sampling and Testing Methods 4.3.7.2 Point-of-Care Testing 4.4 Guiding and Monitoring Treatment 4.4.1 Viral Load 4.4.2 Simplified Approaches 4.4.3 HCV Genotype 4.4.3.1 Viral Genetic Diversity 4.4.3.2 The Need for Genotyping 4.4.3.3 Genotyping Methods 4.4.4 HCV Drug Resistance 4.4.4.1 Mechanisms and Principles of Drug Resistance 4.4.4.2 Which Test to Use 4.4.4.3 When to Perform Resistance Testing 4.4.4.4 Interpretation of Resistance Test Results 4.5 Conclusions References 5: Global HCV Burden 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Global Burden of HCV Infection 5.3 Global HCV Incidence Estimates 5.4 Global HCV Burden in Specific Populations 5.4.1 Global Burden of HCV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs (PWIDs) 5.4.2 Global Burden of Infection in People Coinfected with HIV and HCV (HIV/HCV Coinfected) 5.4.3 Global Burden of Infection in Prisoners and Detainees 5.5 Global Burden of HCV Disease 5.6 Monitoring Burden of HCV Infection and Disease 5.7 Summary References 6: Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus: People Who Inject Drugs and Other Key Populations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 People Who Inject Drugs 6.2.1 Prevalence and Trends 6.2.2 Incidence 6.2.3 Genotypes 6.2.4 HIV Co-infection 6.2.5 Risk Factors 6.2.6 Disease Progression, Cirrhosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Burden of Disease and Mortality 6.2.7 Prevalence and Incidence of Injecting/Number of People Who Inject Drugs 6.2.8 Prevention and Harm Reduction for People Who Inject Drugs 6.2.9 HCV Treatment of People Who Inject Drugs 6.3 Men Who Have Sex with Men 6.4 Patients at Risk of Nosocomial Infection 6.5 Migrants 6.6 Reinfection 6.7 Discussion References 7: Natural History of Hepatitis C Infection 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Acute HCV Infection 7.3 Chronic HCV Infection 7.3.1 Fibrosis Progression in Chronic HCV Infection 7.3.2 Co-factors Affecting Fibrosis Progression 7.3.2.1 Age 7.3.2.2 Gender 7.3.2.3 Ethnicity 7.3.2.4 Genetic Background 7.3.2.5 Viral Genotype 7.3.2.6 ALT Values 7.3.2.7 HIV and HBV Coinfection 7.3.2.8 Alcohol Intake 7.3.2.9 Steatosis, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance 7.4 HCV-Related Cirrhosis and Complications 7.5 HCV Extrahepatic Manifestations 7.6 Natural History of Cirrhosis Following HCV Eradication 7.7 Conclusions References 8: Epidemiology: Modeling of Natural History 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Approaches to Model the Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis C 8.3 CHC-Based Models 8.4 Fibrosis-Based Models 8.4.1 Estimating Constant FPR (Indirect Method) 8.4.2 Estimating Stage-Specific FPR 8.4.2.1 Estimating Stage-Specific FPR from Serial Biopsy Data 8.4.2.2 Estimating Stage-Specific FPR from Single Biopsy Data (MML Method) 8.5 Using Models of Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis C to Estimate Progression to Cirrhosis and to Project the Burden of D... References 9: Prevention: Secondary Prevention and Screening 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Rationale for Performing Screening for Hepatitis C 9.3 Key Drivers of Cost-Effectiveness of HCV Screening 9.4 Screening Approaches 9.5 How to Implement Screening: Integrated vs. Non-integrated Programs 9.6 How to Test for HCV in Screening Programs 9.7 Ethical Issues in HCV Screening Programs References 10: Hepatitis C Elimination and Advocacy Groups References 11: HCV Elimination in Australia 11.1 Introduction 11.2 History of Response to Hepatitis C in Australia: Paving the Path Towards HCV Elimination 11.3 Initial DAA Uptake 11.4 Diversity of Models of Care and Ease of DAA Access 11.4.1 Case Study 1: Kirketon Road Centre 11.4.2 Case Study 2: Nurse-Led Model of Care in the Prison Setting 11.4.3 Case Study 3: ETHOS 11.4.4 Case Study 4: Kombi Clinic 11.5 Insights from Mathematical Modelling Studies 11.6 Empirical Evidence for HCV Treatment as Prevention 11.7 Monitoring and Evaluation of HCV Elimination 11.8 Moving Forward References 12: Egypt: Towards Successful Elimination of HCV in Low-Income Countries 12.1 Strategic and Action Plan Evolution During Egyptian Journey Towards HCV Elimination 12.1.1 Addressing HCV Problem and Raising the Awareness Against HCV Transmission 12.1.2 Implementing Universal Screening 12.1.3 Treating HCV Patients and Ending Hepatitis C Transmission with Antiviral Medication 12.2 Revulsions of Patients´ Assessments in NCCVH Affiliated Centers 12.3 Addressing DAA Availability 12.4 It Could Be Very Soon References 13: National Hepatitis C Elimination Program of Georgia 13.1 HCV Epidemiology in Georgia 13.2 National Elimination Program 13.3 HCV Cascade and Treatment Outcomes 13.4 Beyond Cascade 13.5 Achieving the Goal of Elimination References 14: Micro-elimination: A Key Component of Global Hepatitis C Elimination 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 General Framework of the WHO Viral Hepatitis Strategy Box 14.1 Pillars of the WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016-2021 [1] Box 14.2 12 Target Population Candidates for an HCV Micro-elimination Approach 14.1.2 Hepatitis C Treatment Delivery and Efficacy and Policies 14.1.3 What Do We Mean by HCV Micro-elimination? Box 14.3 Potential Advantages of a Micro-elimination Approach 14.1.4 Historical Background of Micro-elimination 14.2 The Footprints of HCV Micro-elimination in Research and Policy 14.2.1 The HCV Micro-elimination Evidence Base 14.2.2 Official Documents That Include Aspects of Micro-elimination Box 14.4 Mention of Elimination Targets Among Key Populations in Relevant International Strategic Documents, Guidelines, and N... 14.3 General Principles of Micro-elimination Strategies: Achieving HCV Micro-elimination Requires Ensuring Equity and Human Ri... 14.4 Basic Requirements to Embark on the Path of HCV Micro-elimination 14.5 Tools and Resources to Implement Micro-elimination Approaches 14.6 Known and Potential Barriers to HCV Micro-elimination 14.7 Recommendations and Conclusions References