East Africa after Liberation: Conflict, Security and the State since the 1980s

Description

Between 1986 and 1994, East Africa's postcolonial, political settlement was profoundly challenged as four revolutionary 'liberation' movements seized power in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda. After years of armed struggle against vicious dictatorships, these movements transformed from rebels to rulers, promising to deliver 'fundamental change'. This study exposes, examines and underlines the acute challenges each has faced in doing so. Drawing on over 130 interviews with the region's post-liberation elite, undertaken over the course of a decade, Jonathan Fisher takes a fresh and empirically-grounded approach to explaining the fast-moving politics of the region over the last three decades, focusing on the role and influence of its guerrilla governments. East Africa after Liberation sheds critical light on the competing pressures post-liberation governments contend with as they balance reformist aspirations with accommodation of counter-vailing interests, historical trajectories and their own violent organisational cultures. Cover Half-title Series information Title page Copyright information Dedication Contents List of Maps Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction The Book Acronyms Approach, Argument and Contribution The Politics of Aspiration The Politics of Accommodation The Politics of Affinity Guerrilla Insurgency and Post-liberation Elites in Africa Post-liberation Elites Liberation Insurgencies and Post-liberation Regimes The Politics of Research in Post-liberation States Source Material Structure of the Book Part I Insurgency 1 East Africa's Post-liberation Elite and the Legacy of Insurgency I: Movement, State and Society Ideological Agenda Great Lakes: Four Movements: Unpacking 'Liberation' Great Lakes: Horn of Africa: Four Movements: Accommodation and Compromise Horn of Africa: Great Lakes: State, Organisation and Structure Great Lakes: Horn of Africa: Internal Hierarchies Horn of Africa: Great Lakes: Discipline Great Lakes: Horn of Africa: Militarised Movements Conclusion 2 East Africa's Post-liberation Elite and the Legacy of Insurgency II: From Rebellion to Government Support Base and Mechanisms Support from African States Great Lakes: Horn of Africa: Support from Northern States Support beyond the State Horn of Africa: Great Lakes: Rebel Governance and Rebel Alliances Great Lakes: Horn of Africa: Wartime Experience Great Lakes: Horn of Africa: Tackling Rival Insurgencies and Securing Movement Hegemony Great Lakes: Horn of Africa: Four Movements: Guerrilla Warfare? Horn of Africa: Great Lakes: Four Movements: Nature of Victory and Post-conflict Transition The Post-liberation Settlement Conclusion Part II Liberation 3 From Rebels to Diplomats: Pragmatism, Aspiration and Mistrust, 1986–1995 Legacies of Struggle and Securing the State The Consolidation of EPRDF Supremacy in Ethiopia, 1991–1992 Tense Negotiations over Eritrean Independence, 1991–1993 Securing Uganda, Second-Guessing Khartoum: The NRM and Sudan, 1986–1989 Revolution, Solidarity and a 'New Order'? Negotiating 'Pan-Africanism' in the Shadow of Insurgency Managing Mistrust I: The EPRDF's 'New Approach' to Somalia, 1991–1996 Managing Mistrust II: Museveni and Moi, 1986–1995 Managing Mistrust III: Museveni and Habyarimana, 1986–1994 Building a Revolutionary Alliance, against Khartoum Conclusion 4 Reinventing Liberation: Revolution and Regret in Congo and Sudan, 1995–2000 From Threat to Opportunity: The Genesis of a Regional Project in Southern Sudan The Origins of a Regional Anti-Khartoum Bloc, 1993–1996 Enter Rwanda: Jump-Starting a 'Liberation Coalition', 1994–1996 The Language of Liberation: A Methodological Consideration The Apotheosis of the Regional Liberation Project: Zaïre and the Fall of Mobutu, 1995–1998 The Genesis and Evolution of the Congo Wars, 1995–1998 The AFDL 'Congo II' Unpacking the Liberation Coalition Conclusion Part III Crisis 5 The Disintegration of the Liberation Coalition, 1998–2007 Badme, Kisangani and the Wars of the Brothers, 1998–2000 War in the Horn Clashes in Congo From Friends to Enemies, from Enemies to Friends: Beyond Post-Liberation Politics, 2000–2007 A New Beginning: Post-Liberation Polities and Their Neighbours, 2000–2007 Winning the Propaganda War: Washington, London and East Africa, 1998–2006 Conclusion 6 From Regional Conflict to Domestic Crisis: Regime Consolidation and the Fragmentation of the Old Guard, ca. 2000–2007 Narratives of Treason and Tyranny: Post-Liberation Elites and Their Leaders in Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia and Eritrea, ca. 1996–2006 From Movement to Man: Uganda Corruption, Treachery and Dictatorship: Rwanda and Eritrea Victor Narratives Narratives of the Vanquished Bonapartism and the Ascendancy of Meles Zenawi: Ethiopia Liberation Legacies and Authoritarian State-Building in East Africa Identity The Catalysing Impact of Regional Relations Conclusion Conclusion: East Africa's Second Liberation? Affinity Accommodation and Aspiration Bibliography Interviews (On the Record) Interviews (Anonymised) Archives Newspapers, Online Media, State Agencies and Reports Presentations Unpublished Manuscripts Published Books, Chapters and Articles Index