Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide

Description

This book serves as a comprehensive yet concise reference guide reviewing the latest knowledge on bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infectious diseases of old world dromedary camels. Pathogen etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic techniques are provided for each pathogen and disease prevention and treatment strategies are discussed. Despite a steady increase in camel husbandry worldwide, the pathologies of camel diseases are still relatively under investigated in comparison to other livestock and companion animals. With an ongoing worldwide prevalence increase, infectious diseases are a constant threat to animal and human health. In recent years dromedary camels have become a focus of increasing public health interest since they have been considered the direct source of zoonotic transmission of MERS-CoV to humans. Along these lines, the book covers topics related to zoonotic infections associated with camels. This book offers a valuable source of information for veterinary clinicians, researchers, graduate students, veterinary technicians and interested laymen. Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors 1: Evolution, Distribution, and Economic Importance of the Camels 1.1 History of the Old-World Camelids (OWC): Starting Point North America 1.2 A Beast of Burden 1.3 A True Ship of the Deserts 1.4 The World Camel Population 1.5 The Virtues of the Camel 1.6 The Importance of this Multipurpose Animal: The Camel 1.7 Some Significant Camel Products 1.7.1 Milk 1.7.2 Meat 1.8 Hair, Wool, Skin, and Hides 1.8.1 Hair Wool (Fiber) 1.8.2 Hides 1.9 Racing Camels References Part I: Viral Diseases of Dromedary Camels 2: Camel Pox 2.1 Etiology 2.2 Modes of Transmission 2.3 Clinical Picture 2.4 Differential Diagnosis 2.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology 2.6 Epidemiology 2.7 Diagnosis 2.7.1 Gel-based PCR 2.8 Zoonotic Potentiality 2.9 Treatment 2.10 Prevention 2.11 Notification References 3: Camel Contagious Ecthyma 3.1 Etiology 3.2 Modes of Transmission 3.3 Clinical Picture 3.4 Differential Diagnosis 3.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology 3.6 Epidemiology 3.7 Diagnosis 3.8 Zoonotic Potentiality 3.9 Treatment 3.10 Prevention 3.11 Notification References 4: Camel Papillomatosis 4.1 Etiology 4.2 Modes of Transmission 4.3 Clinical Picture 4.4 Pathogenesis and Pathology 4.5 Epidemiology 4.6 Diagnosis 4.7 Differential Diagnosis 4.8 Zoonotic Potentiality 4.9 Treatment and Control 4.10 Notification References 5: Rabies 5.1 Etiology 5.2 Modes of Transmission 5.3 Clinical Picture 5.4 Differential Diagnosis 5.5 Epidemiology 5.6 Diagnosis 5.7 Zoonotic Potentiality 5.8 Treatment 5.9 Control 5.10 Prevention 5.11 Notification References 6: Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) 6.1 Etiology 6.2 Modes of Transmission 6.3 Clinical Picture 6.4 Differential Diagnosis 6.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology 6.6 Epidemiology 6.7 Diagnosis 6.8 Zoonotic Potentiality 6.9 Treatment 6.10 Prevention 6.11 Notification References 7: Rift Valley Fever 7.1 Etiology 7.2 Mode of Transmission 7.3 Clinical Picture 7.4 Differential Diagnosis 7.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology 7.6 Epidemiology 7.7 Diagnosis 7.8 Zoonotic Potentiality 7.9 Treatment 7.10 Prevention 7.11 Notification References 8: MERS-CoV Infection 8.1 Etiology 8.2 Modes of Transmission 8.3 Clinical Picture 8.4 Differential Diagnosis 8.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology 8.6 Diagnosis 8.7 Zoonotic Potentiality 8.8 Treatment 8.9 Prevention 8.10 Notification References 9: Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 9.1 Etiology 9.2 Clinical Picture 9.3 Diagnosis 9.4 Zoonotic Potentiality References Part II: Bacterial Diseases of Dromedary Camels 10: Anthrax 10.1 Modes of Transmission 10.2 Clinical Picture 10.3 Pathology 10.4 Diagnosis 10.5 Differential Diagnosis 10.6 Treatment 10.7 Prevention and Control 10.8 Notification References 11: Botulism 11.1 Etiology 11.2 Modes of Transmission 11.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 11.4 Diagnosis 11.5 Treatment and Prevention 11.6 Notification References 12: Brucellosis (Brucella abortus and Br. melitensis) 12.1 Etiology 12.2 Modes of Transmission 12.3 Zoonotic Potentiality 12.4 Clinical Picture and Pathology 12.5 Diagnosis 12.6 Treatment and Control References 13: Caseous Lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) 13.1 Etiology 13.2 Modes of Transmission 13.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 13.4 Diagnosis 13.5 Treatment 13.6 Prevention and Control References 14: Chlamydiosis (Chlamydophila abortus) 14.1 Etiology 14.2 Clinical Picture 14.3 Pathogenesis 14.4 Diagnosis 14.5 Zoonotic Potential 14.6 Treatment and Control References 15: Clostridial Enterotoxemia 15.1 Etiology 15.2 Clinical Picture 15.3 Pathology 15.4 Diagnosis 15.5 Treatment and Control References 16: Colibacillosis 16.1 Etiology 16.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology 16.3 Diagnosis 16.4 Zoonotic Potentiality 16.5 Treatment and Control References 17: Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN) 17.1 Etiology 17.2 Modes of Transmission 17.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 17.4 Diagnosis 17.5 Treatment and Prevention References 18: Coxiellosis (Q-Fever) (Coxiella burnetii Infection) 18.1 Etiology 18.2 Pathogenesis 18.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 18.4 Diagnosis 18.5 Treatment and Control References 19: Dermatophilosis (Dermatophilus congolensis) 19.1 Etiology 19.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology 19.3 Diagnosis 19.4 Treatment and Control 19.5 Zoonotic Potentiality References 20: Endotoxicosis in Camels (Hemorrhagic Disease; Hemorrhagic Diathesis; Bodus cereus Intoxication) 20.1 Etiology 20.2 Clinical Picture 20.3 Pathology 20.4 Diagnosis 20.5 Treatment and Prevention References 21: Burkholderiosis (Glander´s Disease) 21.1 Etiology and Zoonotic Potential 21.2 Clinical Picture 21.3 Diagnosis 21.4 Prevention and Control 21.5 Zoonotic Potentiality 21.6 Notification References 22: Leptospirosis (Weil´s Disease) 22.1 Etiology 22.2 Modes of Transmission 22.3 Clinical Picture 22.4 Diagnosis 22.5 Treatment and Control References 23: Listeriosis (Circling Disease) 23.1 Etiology 23.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology 23.3 Zoonotic Potentiality 23.4 Listeriosis in New World Camelids 23.5 Diagnosis 23.6 Treatment and Control References 24: Mastitis 24.1 Etiology 24.2 Clinical Picture 24.3 Diagnosis 24.4 Treatment and Control References 25: Melioidosis (Whitmore Disease; Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection) 25.1 Etiology 25.2 Clinical Signs and Pathological Lesions 25.3 Diagnosis 25.4 Treatment and Prevention References 26: Mycoplasmosis 26.1 Etiology 26.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology 26.3 Diagnosis 26.4 Treatment References 27: Paratuberculosis (Johne´s Disease) 27.1 Etiology 27.2 Modes of Transmission 27.3 Clinical Picture 27.4 Pathogenesis and Pathology 27.5 Diagnosis 27.6 Zoonotic Potentiality 27.7 Treatment and Control References 28: Pasteurellosis (Hemorrhagic Septicemia) 28.1 Etiology 28.2 Clinical Picture 28.3 Pathogenesis and Pathology 28.4 Diagnosis 28.5 Treatment and Control References 29: Rickettsial Diseases 29.1 Heartwater 29.1.1 Clinical Picture 29.1.2 Diagnosis 29.1.3 Treatment and Control 29.2 Anaplasmosis 29.2.1 Clinical Picture and Diagnosis 29.2.2 Treatment References 30: Salmonellosis 30.1 Etiology 30.2 Clinical Picture 30.3 Pathogenesis and Pathology 30.4 Diagnosis 30.5 Treatment References 31: Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) 31.1 Etiology 31.2 Pathogenesis 31.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 31.4 Diagnosis 31.5 Treatment and Prevention References 32: Tuberculosis 32.1 Etiology 32.2 Modes of Transmission 32.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 32.4 Diagnosis 32.5 Zoonotic Potential 32.6 Treatment and Prevention 32.7 Notification References 33: Yersinia pestis (Camel Plague) 33.1 Modes of Transmission 33.2 Transmission of Plague from Camels to Man 33.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 33.4 Diagnosis 33.5 Treatment and Control References Part III: Fungal Diseases of Dromedary Camels 34: Ringworm (Dermatomycosis) 34.1 Etiology 34.2 Modes of Transmission 34.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology 34.4 Diagnosis 34.5 Treatment References 35: Aspergillosis 35.1 Modes of Transmission 35.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology 35.3 Diagnosis 35.4 Treatment and Control References 36: Candidiasis (Moniliasis) 36.1 Etiology 36.2 Modes of Transmission 36.3 Clinical Picture 36.4 Diagnosis 36.5 Treatment and Control References 37: Cryptococcosis 37.1 Etiology 37.2 Clinical Picture 37.3 Diagnosis 37.4 Treatment References Part IV: Ectoparasitic Diseases of Dromedary Camels 38: Mange Mite Infestation (Sarcoptes, Demodex, Psoroptes, and Chorioptes) 38.1 Introduction to Ectoparasites of Dromedary Camels 38.2 Sarcoptic Mange 38.2.1 Etiology 38.2.2 Modes of Transmission 38.2.3 Sites of Infection 38.2.4 Factors Affecting Mange Infection 38.2.5 Clinical Picture and Pathology 38.3 Demodectic Mange 38.3.1 Modes of Transmission 38.3.2 Clinical Picture 38.3.3 Site of Infection 38.3.4 Factors Affecting Infection 38.4 Psoroptic and Chorioptic Mange 38.5 Diagnosis 38.5.1 Clinical Diagnosis 38.5.2 Laboratory Diagnosis 38.6 Differential Diagnosis 38.7 Treatment and Control References 39: Tick Infestation 39.1 Etiology 39.2 Site of Infection 39.3 Tick Collection and Identification 39.4 Clinical Picture and Pathology 39.5 Gross Lesions 39.6 Histopathology 39.7 Tick Paralysis 39.8 Health Effects References 40: Fly Infestation (Myiasis) 40.1 Dipterous Flies Which May Be Associated with Myiasis in the Dromedary Camel 40.2 Diagnosis 40.3 Treatment References 41: Louse and Flea Infestations References Part V: Endoparasitic Diseases of Dromedary Camels 42: Gastrointestinal Helminths (Haemonchosis) 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Mixed Infections 42.3 Haemonchosis 42.3.1 Etiology 42.3.2 Modes of Transmission 42.3.3 Clinical Picture 42.3.4 Pathology and Pathogenesis 42.3.5 Epidemiology 42.3.6 Diagnosis 42.3.6.1 Coproscopic Methods 42.3.6.2 Immunological Methods 42.3.6.3 Molecular Methods 42.3.7 Control References 43: Extraintestinal Helminths 43.1 Helminth Infection of the Liver 43.2 Helminth Infection of the Respiratory Tract 43.3 Helminth Infection of the Circulatory System 43.4 Dipetalonemiosis 43.4.1 Etiology 43.4.2 Modes of Transmission 43.4.3 Clinical Picture 43.4.4 Pathology and Pathogenesis 43.4.5 Epidemiology 43.4.6 Diagnosis 43.4.7 Control 43.5 Helminth Infection of the Nervous System 43.6 Helminth Infection of the Eye 43.7 Helminth Infection of Muscles 43.8 Helminth Infection of Subcutaneous Connective Tissues 43.9 Anthelmintic Treatment of Helminth Infection References 44: Gastrointestinal and Tissue Protozoa 44.1 Gastrointestinal Protozoa 44.1.1 Eimeria, Isospora, and Giardia spp. Infections 44.1.2 Cryptosporidium Infection 44.1.2.1 Etiology 44.1.2.2 Modes of Transmission 44.1.2.3 Clinical Picture 44.1.2.4 Pathology and Pathogenesis 44.1.2.5 Epidemiology 44.1.2.6 Diagnosis 44.1.2.7 Control 44.2 Tissue Protozoa References 45: Endoparasitic Arthropods 45.1 Linguatula serrata Infection in Camels (Halzoon; Marara Syndrome) Reference Part VI: Blood Parasites of Dromedary Camels 46: Trypanosomosis 46.1 Etiology 46.1.1 Classification of the Trypanosoma 46.1.2 Morphology and Structure 46.1.3 Origin and Development of Significant Structures 46.1.4 Trypanosoma evansi Type A and B 46.2 Epidemiology 46.3 Zoonotic Potentiality 46.4 Modes of Transmission 46.5 Clinical Picture 46.6 Pathology 46.6.1 Gross Lesions and Histopathological Findings 46.7 Immunosuppression 46.8 Diagnosis 46.8.1 Methods for the Diagnosis of Trypanosomosis 46.9 Treatment 46.9.1 Trypanocides 46.9.2 Aromatic Diamidine Compounds 46.9.3 Phenanthridine Compounds 46.9.4 Sulfonic Acids (Aminoquinaldine Derivates) 46.9.5 Arsenicals 46.9.6 Traditional Medicine 46.10 Control References Further Readings 47: Tick-Borne Diseases 47.1 Clinical Picture 47.2 Diagnosis 47.3 Treatment References Part VII: Multi-factorial Diseases of Dromedary Camels 48: The Respiratory Disease 48.1 Clinical Picture 48.2 Diagnosis 48.3 Treatment References 49: Neonatal Diarrhea 49.1 Etiology 49.2 Clinical Picture 49.3 Diagnosis 49.4 Treatment References