A child's world : infancy through adolescence

Description

Preface Chapter 1 Studying a Child's World The Study of Child Development: Then and Now Early Approaches Developmental Psychology Becomes a Science Studying the Life Span New Frontiers The Study of Child Development: Basic Concepts Domains of Development Periods of Development Influences on Development Heredity, Environment, and Maturation Contexts of Development 1.1 Around the World Children of Immigrant Families Normative and Nonnormative Influences 1.2 The Everyday World Studying the Life Course: Growing Up in Hard Times Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods An Emerging Consensus 1.3 The Research World Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition? summary and key terms Chapter 2 A Child's World: How We Discover It Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Theoretical Perspectives Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective 2: Learning Perspective 3: Cognitive Perspective 4: Contextual Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological A Shifting Balance 2.1 The Research World The Adaptive Value of Immaturity Research Methods Quantitative and Qualitative Research Sampling Forms of Data Collection Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research Basic Research Designs 2.2 Around the World Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research Developmental Research Designs Collaborative Research Ethics of Research Right to Informed Consent Avoidance of Deception Right to Self-Esteem Right to Privacy and Confidentiality summary and key terms Chapter 3 Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment Conceiving a New Life Changing Theories of Conception How Fertilization Takes Place Infertility Causes of Infertility Treatments for Infertility Alternative Ways to Parenthood: Assisted Reproductive Technology 3.1 The Everyday World Multiple Births Mechanisms of Heredity The Genetic Code What Determines Sex? Patterns of Genetic Transmission Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities Dominant or Recessive Inheritance of Defects Sex-Linked Inheritance of Defects Chromosomal Abnormalities Genetic Counseling and Testing Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment 3.2 The Research World Genetic Testing Studying the Relative Influences of Heredity and Environment How Heredity and Environment Work Together Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment Physical and Physiological Traits Intelligence Personality Psychopathology summary and key terms Chapter 4 Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Prenatal Development: Three Stages The Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks) The Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks) 4.1 Around the World Mourning a Miscarriage or Stillbirth The Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth) Prenatal Development: Environmental Influences Maternal Factors 4.2 The Everyday World Fetal Welfare versus Mothers' Rights Paternal Factors Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development Disparities in Prenatal Care The Need for Preconception Care summary and key terms Chapter 5 Birth and the Newborn Baby Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed Reducing the Risks of Childbirth Contemporary Settings for Childbirth The Birth Process Stages of Childbirth Electronic Fetal Monitoring Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery The Newborn Baby Size and Appearance 5.1 Around the World Having a Baby in the Himalayas Body Systems Medical and Behavioral Assessment States of Arousal and Activity Levels Complications of Childbirth—and Their Aftermath Low Birth Weight 5.2 The Everyday World Comforting a Crying Baby Postmaturity Stillbirth Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications? Newborns and Parents Infant Care: A Cross-Cultural View Childbirth and Bonding What Do Newborns Need from Their Mothers? The Father's Role How Parenthood Affects Marital Satisfaction summary and key terms Chapter 6 Physical Development and Health during the First Three Years Early Growth and Physical Development Principles of Early Growth and Physical Development Growth Patterns Nutrition and Feeding Methods Breast or Bottle? Starting Solid Foods Is Being Overweight a Problem in Infancy? The Brain and Reflex Behavior Building the Brain 6.1 The Research World The Autism “Epidemic” Early Reflexes Molding the Brain: The Role of Experience Early Sensory Capacities Touch and Pain Smell and Taste Hearing Sight Motor Development Milestones of Motor Development Motor Development and Perception Eleanor and James Gibson's Ecological Theory of Perception How Motor Development Occurs: Thelen's Dynamic Systems Theory Cultural Influences on Motor Development Health Reducing Infant Mortality 6.2 Around the World Sleep Customs Immunization for Better Health Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood Contributing Factors: An Ecological View Helping Families in Trouble Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment summary and key terms Chapter 7 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches Behaviorist Approach: Basic Mechanics of Learning Classical and Operant Conditioning Infant Memory Psychometric Approach: Developmental and Intelligence Testing Testing Infants and Toddlers Assessing the Impact of the Home Environment Early Intervention Piagetian Approach: The Sensorimotor Stage Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought? Development of Knowledge about Objects and Space Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Representations Habituation Visual and Auditory Processing Abilities Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence 7.1 The Everyday World Do Infants and Toddlers Watch Too Much Television? Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities Evaluating Information-Processing Research on Infants Cognitive Neuroscience Approach: The Brain's Cognitive Structures Social-Contextual Approach: Learning from Interactions with Caregivers Language Development Sequence of Early Language Development Characteristics of Early Speech Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate 7.2 Around the World Inventing Sign Language Influences on Language Development Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud summary and key terms Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years Foundations of Psychosocial Development Emotions Temperament Developmental Issues in Infancy Developing Trust Developing Attachments Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation 8.1 The Everyday World How Postpartum Depression Affects Early Development Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood The Emerging Sense of Self Developing Autonomy 8.2 Around the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary? The Roots of Moral Development: Socialization and Internalization Gender: How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls? Gender Differences in Infants and Toddlers How Parents Shape Gender Differences Contact with Other Children Siblings Sociability with Nonsiblings Children of Working Parents Effects of Maternal Employment Early Child Care summary and key terms Chapter 9 Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood Aspects of Physiological Development Bodily Growth and Change Sleep Patterns and Problems Sleep Disturbances and Disorders Bed-Wetting Brain Development Motor Development Gross and Fine Motor Skills Handedness Artistic Development Health and Safety Nutrition: Preventing Obesity 9.1 Around the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life Undernutrition 9.2 The Everyday World Food Security Food Allergies Oral Health Accidental Injuries and Deaths Health in Context: Environmental Influences summary and key terms Chapter 10 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Piagetian Approach: The Preoperational Child Advances of Preoperational Thought Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind? 10.1 The Everyday World Imaginary Companions Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development Basic Processes and Capacities Recognition and Recall Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches Traditional Psychometric Measures Influences on Measured Intelligence Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory Language Development Vocabulary Grammar and Syntax Pragmatics and Social Speech Delayed Language Development Preparation for Literacy 10.2 The Research World Private Speech: Piaget versus Vygotsky Media and Cognition Early Childhood Education Types of Preschools Compensatory Preschool Programs The School of the Twenty-First Century: Universal Preschool The Child in Kindergarten summary and key terms Chapter 11 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood The Developing Self The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development Self-Esteem Understanding and Regulating Emotions Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt Gender Gender Differences Perspectives on Gender Development Play: The Business of Early Childhood Cognitive Levels of Play 11.1 The Research World Does Play Have an Evolutionary Basis? The Social Dimension of Play How Gender Influences Play How Culture Influences Play Parenting Forms of Discipline 11.2 The Everyday World The Case against Corporal Punishment Parenting Styles Special Behavioral Concerns Prosocial Behavior Aggression Fearfulness Relationships with Other Children Sibling Relationships The Only Child Playmates and Friends summary and key terms Chapter 12 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood Aspects of Physical Development Height and Weight Tooth Development and Dental Care Brain Development Nutrition and Sleep Nutritional Needs Sleep Patterns and Problems Motor Development and Physical Play Recess-Time Play Organized Sports Health and Safety Overweight and Body Image 12.1 The Everyday World Do Barbie Dolls Affect Girls' Body Image? Medical Conditions Factors in Health and Access to Health Care Accidental Injuries 12.2 Around the World How Cultural Attitudes Affect Health Care Mental Health Common Emotional Disturbances Treatment Techniques summary and key terms Chapter 13 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Piagetian Approach: The Concrete Operational Child Cognitive Advances Influences of Neurological Development and Schooling Moral Reasoning Information-Processing Approach: Attention, Memory, and Planning How Do Executive Skills Develop? Selective Attention Working Memory Metamemory: Understanding Memory Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence The IQ Controversy Influences on Intelligence Is There More than One Intelligence? Other Directions in Intelligence Testing Language and Literacy Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication Second-Language Learning Literacy The Child in School Entering First Grade Influences on School Achievement 13.1 The Research World The Homework Debate 13.2 The Everyday World The Math Wars Educating Children with Special Needs Children with Learning Problems Gifted Children summary and key terms Chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood The Developing Self Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems Industry versus Inferiority Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior The Child in the Family Family Atmosphere 14.1 The Research World Pass the Milk: Family Mealtimes and Child Well-Being Family Structure Sibling Relationships The Child in the Peer Group Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations Gender Differences in Peer-Group Relationships Popularity Friendship Aggression and Bullying Stress and Resilience Stresses of Modern Life Coping with Stress: The Resilient Child 14.2 The Everyday World Talking with Children about Terrorism and War summary and key terms Chapter 15 Physical Development and Health in Adolescence Adolescence: A Developmental Transition Adolescence as a Social Construction 15.1 Around the World The Globalization of Adolescence Adolescence: A Time of Opportunities and Risks Puberty: The End of Childhood How Puberty Begins: Hormonal Changes Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity Implications of Early and Late Maturation The Adolescent Brain Physical and Mental Health Physical Activity Sleep Needs and Problems Nutrition and Eating Disorders Use and Abuse of Drugs Depression Death in Adolescence Protective Factors: Health in Context summary and key terms Chapter 16 Cognitive Development in Adolescence Aspects of Cognitive Maturation Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations Elkind: Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought Language Development Changes in Information Processing in Adolescence Moral Development Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning 16.1 The Research World Fowler's Stages of Faith Gilligan's Theory: An Ethic of Care Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity Educational and Vocational Issues Influences on School Achievement 16.2 The Everyday World Multitasking and Gen M Dropping Out of High School Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations summary and key terms Chapter 17 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence The Search for Identity Erikson: Identity versus Identity Confusion Marcia: Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment Gender Differences in Identity Formation Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation Sexuality Sexual Orientation and Identity Sexual Behavior Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing 17.1 Around the World Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Relationships with Family and Peers Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth? Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships Adolescents and Parents Adolescents and Siblings Peers and Friends Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency 17.2 The Everyday World The Youth Violence Epidemic Becoming a Delinquent: Genetic and Neurological Factors Becoming a Delinquent: How Family, Peer, and Community Influences Interact Long-Term Prospects Preventing and Treating Delinquency Emerging Adulthood summary and key terms Glossary Bibliography Credits Name Index Subject Index