30-Second Philosophies The 50 Most Thought-Provoking Philosophies

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Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Introduction How to become a philosopher Language & Logic GLOSSARY Aristotle’s syllogisms Russell’s paradox & Frege’s logicism profile: Aristotle Russell’s theory of description Frege’s puzzle Gödel’s theorem Epimenides’ liar paradox Eubulides’ heap Science & Epistemology GLOSSARY I think therefore I am Gettier’s counter example profile: Karl Popper The brain in a vat Hume’s problem of induction Goodman’s gruesome riddle Popper’s conjectures & refutations Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Mind & Metaphysics GLOSSARY Descartes mind-body problem Brentano’s intentionality Fodor’s language of thought Parfit’s persons profile: René Descartes Chalmer’s zombies Zeno’s paradoxes Kant’s left hand Theseus’ ship Laplace’s demon, determinism, & free will Ryle’s ghost in the machine Ethics & Political Philosophy GLOSSARY Aristotle’s ethics States of nature and the social contract Kant’s categorical imperative profile: Immanuel Kant Mill’s utilitarianism Marx’s historical materialism The trolley problem Religion GLOSSARY Aquinas’ five ways Anselm’s ontological argument profile: Thomas Aquinas Epicurus’ riddle Paley’s watchmaker Pascal’s wager Hume against miracles Grand Moments GLOSSARY Socrates’ method Plato’s cave Aristotle’s four causes Lucretius’ atomism profile: Ludwig Wittgenstein Berkeley’s idealism Kant’s synthetic a priori Hegel’s dialectic James’ pragmatism Moore’s common sense Wittgenstein’s picture theory of language Continental philosophy GLOSSARY Nietzsche’s Superman profile: Friedrich Nietzsche Derrida’s deconstruction Heidegger’s nothing Sartre’s bad faith Notes on contributors Resources Acknowledgments