Forced Migration and Human Security in the Eastern Orthodox World

Description

The conflict in Eastern Ukraine and the European refugee crisis have led to a dramatic increase in forced displacement across Europe. Fleeing war and violence, millions of refugees and internally displaced people face the social and political cultures of the predominantly Christian Orthodox countries in the post-Soviet space and Southeastern Europe. This book examines the ambivalence of Orthodox churches and other religious communities, some of which have provided support to migrants and displaced populations while others have condemned their arrival. How have religious communities and state institutions engaged with forced migration? How has forced migration impacted upon religious practices, values and political structures in the region? In which ways do Orthodox churches promote human security in relation to violence and ‘the other’? The book explores these questions by bringing together an international team of scholars to examine extensive material in the former Soviet states (Ukraine, Russia, Georgia and Belarus), Southeastern Europe (Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania), Western Europe and the United States. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of Tables Notes on Contributors Foreword Notes Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction: Eastern Orthodoxy, forced migration and human security; concepts and policy perspectives Eastern Orthodoxy, migration and the ‘other’: reflections from Serbia and Ukraine A migrant’s journey across the Eastern Orthodox world. Data and concepts Eastern Orthodoxy and forced migration: findings and policy perspectives The structure of the volume Notes Part I: Religion, migration and human security in the former Soviet states Chapter 1: Orthodox churches, nation-building and forced migration in Ukraine Seeking the church’s independence: the Ukrainian autocephaly saga The Ukrainian state, Orthodoxy and nation-building: the identity politics of Ukrainian presidents Ukrainian Orthodoxy and the Euro-revolution of winter 2013–14 Orthodoxy and two competing national projects: ‘The Russian World’ doctrine against the Ukrainian nation-building process Human security and fundamental freedoms threatened: Russia’s aggression against Ukraine The world’s ninth-largest group of internally displaced people: the Ukrainian state and refugees from the East ‘Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and strangers ’ religious communities in Ukraine addressing the world’s ninth-largest group of IDPs Conclusion Notes Chapter 2: The Russian Orthodox Church, human security, migration and refugees: Concepts, strategies and actions Between the faithful and raison d’état: the Russian Orthodox Church’s approach to spiritual security The Russian Orthodox Church’s strategy towards spiritual security concerns and migration: partners and actions Ecology Migration Refugees and forcibly displaced people in the Russian Orthodox Church’s practice Chechnya The Russo-Georgian war Refugees from Ukraine Christians in the Middle East: the international alliances of the Moscow Patriarchate Conclusion Notes Chapter 3: The state’s guardian angel? The Georgian Orthodox Church and human security The emergence of the church in Georgian national narrative The Georgian Orthodox Church under the Communist rule The Soviet collapse and the making of modern Georgia Conceptualising forced migration and human security The Georgian Orthodox Church and human security The church and public protests Conclusion Notes Chapter 4: The Russian–Ukrainian conflict and the European refugee crisis: The policies of state and church and civil society in Belarus Church–state relations in Belarus Migration in Belarus Ukrainian migrants The aftermath of the Russian–Ukrainian conflict for Belarus and the reaction of the Orthodox Church and civil society The European refugee crisis Conclusion Notes Part II: Religion, migration and human security in Southeastern Europe Chapter 5: The impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on Turkey’s state capacity A framework of analysis Humanitarian challenge to state capacity Clarifying the legal ground The limits of domestic crisis management A threat to social cohesion A quest for a new perspective Conclusion Notes Chapter 6: The Orthodox Church of Greece: Church–state relations, migratory patterns and sociopolitical challenges Church–state relations before and after the Cold War Population movement and migratory trends before and after the Cold War Discourses, strategies and mechanisms on immigration Conclusion Notes Chapter 7: The humanitarian engagement of faith-based organisations in Serbia: Balancing between the Vulnerable Human and the (In)Secure (Nation)State The religious map of Serbia and the international outreach of religious communities The emergence of faith-based organisations in Serbia Supporting migrants and supporting the state Being a vulnerable human: human security, the United Nations and Serbia Conclusion Notes Chapter 8: The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the refugee crisis The refugee crisis in Bulgaria: an overview The church debate on the refugee crisis Beyond the debate on the Synodal Address Conclusion Notes Chapter 9: Policies and perspectives on human security and international mobility in the Romanian Orthodox Church The historical background: church and state entangled Post-communism: disentanglement and new concepts Human security between church and state: a concept and its uses Human rights The environment Social care International mobility: human trafficking, emigration, immigration Human trafficking Emigration Immigration Conclusion Notes Part III: Eastern Orthodoxy and migration in Western Europe and the United States Chapter 10: From Orthodox migrants to the migration of the Orthodox church(es): Making sense of the Orthodox presence in Western Europe The historical variety of Orthodox migrations to the West Organising Orthodoxy: one church, several churches Between ethnicity and universality Interaction with Western European Christianity Conclusion Notes Chapter 11: Hospitality for strangers? Policies and practices of Eastern Christian churches and charities insupport of new migrants to the United States and refugees abroad How American Orthodox faithful show ‘hospitality for strangers’ American policies and politics related to refugees and immigration Attempts at national immigration policy reform for the twenty-first century How the American Eastern Orthodox Christian world is related to forced migration populations An exemplary programme from the Coptic Orthodox Church Conclusion Notes Index