Conservation of Biodiversity in the North Eastern States of India: Proceedings of NERC 2022

Description

This volume presents part of the proceedings of NERC 2022, with an emphasis on conservation of bio-diversity in North-east India. This is a highly challenging and involved topic due to regionally diverse physiographic, geographical and eco-climatic conditions. Henceforth, systemic and holistic frameworks are required to disseminate upon the potential of science and technology for the conservation of the region’s bio-diversity. Notable among these frameworks refers to plant, microbial and animal bio-diversity conservation, value-added product development and sharing the benefits of such research for the perspective of bio-prospects, analysing critical environmental and climatic factors and their sensitivity upon urbanization strategies. Tools that are to be deployed for such insights involve plant, animal, and microbial bioscience and biotechnology, generalized rules for product design and development and survey based strategies. Addressing relevant competent methodologies and generic pedagogies, this volume on the bio-diversity conservation in North-eastern states of India aims to demonstrate the potential of pragmatic strategies that can be applied for the bio-diversity conservation in any region of world. Thereby, opportunities for nature linked livelihood security can be sought for the long term wellbeing of the humankind and ecology.  Foreword Preface About IIT Guwahati North-East Research Conclave 2022: Towards Sustainable Science and Technology From the Desk of Chairman of Technical Committee of NERC 2022 Contents Part I Conservation of Plant Bio-Diversity for Sustainable Species Utilization and Ecosystem 1 Morphological Characterization of Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria.(Mol). Standl.] Germplasms in Garo Hills of Meghalaya 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Materials and Methods 1.2.1 Experimental Materials 1.2.2 Design of Experiments 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.3.1 Plant Characteristics 1.3.2 Leaf Characteristics 1.3.3 Fruit Characteristics 1.4 Conclusions References 2 Diversity Analysis of Indigenous Germplasm of Abelmoschus Essculentus L. Moench (Okra) Under Garo Hills Condition of Meghalaya 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials and Methods 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Variance Analysis 2.3.2 Qualitative Traits 2.3.3 Coefficient of Variation 2.3.4 Heritability (h2) 2.3.5 Genetic Divergence Analysis 2.3.6 Cluster Means of Characters 2.3.7 Intra and Inter-Cluster Distance 2.4 Discussion 2.5 Summary 2.6 Conclusions References 3 Utility of Cow Urine-Based Bio-enhancer: A Boon Substrate for the Growth Study in Phaseolus Vulgaris and Its Variability in the Modified Jeevamrutha Bio-formulation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and Methods 3.2.1 Chemicals and Instruments 3.2.2 Sample Preparation and Seed Collection 3.2.3 Microbial Growth Study of the Jeevamrutha Bio-fertilizer Formulations with and without Cow Urine 3.2.4 Physio-Chemical Characterization of the Jeevamrutha Bio-fertilizer Formulations with and without Cow Urine 3.2.5 Macronutrient Constituents of the Jeevamrutha Bio-fertilizer Formulations with and without Cow Urine 3.2.6 Evaluation of Growth and Yield Parameters in Phaseolus Vulgaris 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Macronutrients and Physio-Chemical Composition in the Bio-formulations 3.3.2 Microbial Population in the Bio-formulations 3.3.3 Effect of the Bio-formulations on Growth and Yield Parameters of Phaseolus Vulgaris 3.4 Conclusions References 4 A Scientific Study of the Probable Reasons Causing the Loss of Citrus Indica from the Ecosystem 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Critical Literature Review 4.2.2 Data Collection 4.2.3 Morphological Studies 4.2.4 Physio-Chemical Studies 4.2.5 Sensory Evaluation 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.4 Conclusions References 5 Distribution Mapping and Diversity Assessment of Ilex venulosa from Meghalaya Using Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions, matK and rbcL 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Plant Materials 5.2.2 Distribution Mapping 5.2.3 Selection of Environmental Predictors and Prediction of Geographical Distribution 5.2.4 Validation of Model Robustness 5.2.5 Identification of Determinants for Environmental Niche 5.2.6 DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification 5.2.7 Nucleotide Sequencing and Analysis 5.3 Results and Discussion 5.3.1 Distribution Mapping of Ilex venulosa in Meghalaya 5.3.2 Genetic Assessment of ITS, rbcL and matK Regions 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Application of Allometric Equations to Estimate Carbon Stock and Above-Ground Biomass in Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary, Meghalaya 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and Methods 6.2.1 Study Area 6.2.2 Allometric Equations 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.4 Conclusions References 7 Gendered Knowledge, Conservation Priorities and Actions: A Case Study of On-Farm Conservation of Small Millets Among Malayalar of Kolli Hills, South India 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Research Context and Methodology 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Malayali Women and Seed Management 7.3.2 Seed Network and Exchange 7.3.3 Genetic Enhancement 7.3.4 Cultivation and Management Practices 7.3.5 Women and Property Rights 7.3.6 On-Farm Conservation for Revival of Small Millet Genetic Diversity 7.4 Conclusions Notes References Part II Conservation of Diversified Microbial and Animal Bio-Diversity for Its Restoration 8 Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Predominant Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditionally Fermented Brassica Leaf (Gundruk) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methods of Gundruk Preparation 8.3 Materials and Methods 8.3.1 Biochemical Analysis of Traditionally Fermented Brassica Leaf Product Gundruk 8.3.2 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Isolation from Traditionally Fermented Brassica Leaf Product Gundruk 8.3.3 Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria for Molecular Identification 8.3.4 Sequence Search 8.3.5 Construction of Phylogenetic Tree 8.3.6 Probiotic Activity Analysis of Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria 8.3.7 Statistical Assessment of the Data 8.4 Results and Discussion 8.4.1 Biochemical Characterization of Gundruk (Fermented Brassica Leaf Product) 8.4.2 Principal Component Analysis 8.4.3 Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (Lab) from Traditionally Fermented Brassica Leaf Product Gundruk 8.4.4 Molecular Identification of Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria 8.4.5 Sequences Producing Significant Alignments 8.4.6 Probiotic Activity Analysis of Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria 8.5 Conclusions References 9 An Online Survey to Gain Insights into Respondents’ Awareness About Mithun, a Unique Biota of the NE Region of India and Its Husbandry Practices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Materials and Methods 9.2.1 Study Locale 9.2.2 Sampling Technique 9.2.3 Layout of the Questionnaire 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 General Information About the Respondents 9.3.2 General Awareness of Respondents Related to Mithun 9.3.3 Awareness Related to Mithun Husbandry 9.4 Conclusions References Part III Value-Added Product Development and Benefit Sharing in Bio-Diversity for the Bioprospecting Perspective 10 A Study on Various Factors Affecting the Pigmented Rice Value Chain of North East India with a Focus on Black Rice 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.3 Factors Affecting the Diversity of Black Rice 10.3.1 Landcover of North East India 10.3.2 Water Resources 10.3.3 Soil Fertility 10.3.4 Type of Cultivation 10.3.5 Agroclimatic Zones 10.4 Possible Strategies to Enhance the Production of Black Rice in India 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Plant Bio-diversity Conservation in North-East India Through the Development of Mixed Non-leafy Vegetable Soups 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and Methods 11.2.1 Raw Materials and Sample Preparation 11.2.2 Drying Method and Selection of Model 11.2.3 Determination of Optimal Mix of Non-leafy Vegetables 11.2.4 Response Analysis 11.2.5 Sensory Analysis 11.2.6 Rheological Behaviour of Optimal Soup Formulation 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.3.1 Response Variable Model Expressions 11.3.2 Optimization of Near Optimal Vegetable Soup Mix 11.3.3 Organoleptic Properties of Various Soup Formulations 11.3.4 Flow Behaviour of Optimal Soup Sample 11.4 Conclusions References 12 Phytocompounds Analysis and Antimicrobial Potential of Callistemon Viminalis Essential Oil from North-East India 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and Methods 12.2.1 Collection of Plant Material and Identification 12.2.2 Extraction of C. Viminalis Essential Oil 12.2.3 Characterization of Phytocompounds of C. Viminalis Essential Oil by GC-MS 12.2.4 Microbial Strains and Culture Media 12.2.5 Antimicrobial Activity Using Agar Well Disk Diffusion Method 12.2.6 Antimicrobial Activity by Broth Dilution Method 12.3 Results and Discussion 12.3.1 Extraction of C. Viminalis Essential Oil and Its Yield 12.3.2 Characterization of Various Phytocompounds of C. Viminalis Essential Oil by GC-MS 12.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity 12.4 Conclusions References 13 Alpinia nigra and Its Bioactive Compound, Labdane Diterpene: A Review of Their Phytochemical and Biopharmaceutical Potential 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Zingiberaceae: The Scenario in North-East India 13.3 Alpinia nigra: The Unexplored Goldmine 13.3.1 Botanical Description 13.3.2 Chemical Composition 13.3.3 Phytochemistry 13.3.4 Bio-pharmaceutical Potential 13.4 Labdane Diterpene: A Prominent Compound Group in A. nigra 13.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 13.6 Conclusions References 14 Enhancing Bio-Diversity Conservation through Integrated Horticultural Development Strategies: A Case Study of Kiwi Fruits in Arunachal Pradesh of North-East India 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Overview of Horticultural Produces of Arunachal Pradesh 14.3 Salient Features of Horticultural Marketing Scenario in Arunachal Pradesh 14.4 Kiwi Production Status in World and Arunachal Pradesh 14.5 Critical Issues for Kiwi Fruit Production and Marketing in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh 14.6 Overall Methodology 14.6.1 Study Area 14.6.2 Sampling Methods 14.6.3 Data Collection 14.7 Sustenance and Enhancement of Kiwi Fruit Production 14.7.1 Optimality of Agro-Climatic Conditions 14.7.2 Soil Requirements 14.7.3 Land Preparation 14.7.4 Planting 14.7.5 Fertilizer and Nutrition Requirement 14.7.6 Training and Pruning 14.7.7 Thinning 14.7.8 Pests and Diseases 14.7.9 Pollination and Fruiting 14.7.10 Harvesting and Yield 14.7.11 Seasonal & Cultivation Activity of Kiwi Fruit 14.8 Supply Chain Management of Kiwi Fruit in Lower Subansiri District 14.9 Supply-Chain Management for the Marketing of Kiwi Fruit 14.10 Post-harvest Management of Kiwi Fruit 14.11 Summary and Recommendation References Part IV Conservation of Bio-Diversity Through Critical Environmental Factors and Its Sensitivity Towards Urbanization and Holistic Methodologies 15 Mapping and Quantifying the Impact of Urbanization and Influence of COVID-19 Induced Lockdown on Eco-Sensitive Deepor Beel Wetland 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methodology 15.2.1 Data 15.2.2 Data Pre-processing 15.3 Results and Analysis 15.4 Conclusions References 16 A Review on Structure, Floristic Diversity and Functions of Homegardens 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Homegardens—A Diminishing Tradition 16.3 Structure and Composition of Homegardens 16.4 Floristic Diversity 16.5 Functions of Homegardens 16.5.1 Social Capital and Sustainable Production System 16.5.2 Ecosystem Services 16.5.3 Biodiversity Conservation 16.5.4 Provisioning Services 16.5.5 Carbon Sequestration 16.6 Factors Affecting the Structure and Composition of Homegardens 16.7 Conclusions and Recommendations References