The Meaning Of Science: An Introduction To The Philosophy Of Science

Description

Science has produced explanations for everything from the mechanisms of insect navigation to the formation of black holes and the workings of black markets. But how much can we trust science, and can we actually know the world through it? How does science work and how does it fail? And how can the work of scientists help—or hurt—everyday people? These are not questions that science can answer on its own. This is where philosophy of science comes in. Studying science without philosophy is, to quote Einstein, to be “like somebody who has seen thousands of trees but has never seen a forest.” Cambridge philosopher Tim Lewens shows us the forest. He walks us through the theories of seminal philosophers of science Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn and considers what science is, how far it can and should reach, and how we can determine the nature of its truths and myths. These philosophical issues have consequences that stretch far beyond the laboratory. For instance: What role should scientists have in policy discussions on environmental issues such as fracking? What are the biases at play in the search for a biological function of the female orgasm? If brain scans can be used to demonstrate that a decision was made several seconds before a person actually makes a conscious choice, what does that tell us about the possibility of free will? By examining science through this philosophical lens, Lewens reveals what physics can teach us about reality, what biology teaches us about human nature, and what cognitive science teaches us about human freedom. A masterful analysis of the biggest scientific and ethical issues of our age, The Meaning of Science forces us to confront the practical, personal, and political purposes of science—and why it matters to all of us. Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Acknowledgments......Page 8 A Note for Readers......Page 9 Introduction: The Wonder of Science......Page 10 Part One: What We Mean by Science......Page 13 Chapter 1: How Science Works......Page 14 Chapter 2: Is That Science?......Page 36 Chapter 3: The “Paradigm” Paradigm......Page 52 Chapter 4: But Is It True?......Page 72 Part Two: What Science Means for Us......Page 91 Chapter 5: Value and Veracity......Page 92 Chapter 6: Human Kindness......Page 110 Chapter 7: Nature: Beware!......Page 125 Chapter 8: Freedom Dissolves?......Page 142 Epilogue: The Reach of Science......Page 160 Notes......Page 167 Index......Page 178 About the Author......Page 195