Spatial Observation of Giant Panda Habitat: Techniques and Methods

Description

This book evaluates the past, present, and future habitat suitability of giant pandas based on spatial observation technology involving optical remote sensing, microwave remote sensing, and LiDAR to discover the mysterious ecological environment of giant panda habitat. Considering the problems faced by the world natural heritage site protection, it takes the world natural heritage site “Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries – Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains” as the research area, exemplifies systematically the various techniques and methodologies of spatial information technology for monitoring, evaluation, and prediction of rare and endangered species habitats, and provides scientific suggestions for sustainable development of giant panda habitat based on a series of comprehensive case analysis at Wolong national nature reserve and Ya'an prefecture, Sichuan province, China. The book serves both as a textbook in the field of natural heritage protection, remote sensing, and GIS application, as well as a reference for managing natural heritage sites. Foreword Preface Contents 1 Natural Heritage Sites and Space Observations 1.1 World Natural Heritage 1.1.1 Overview of the World Natural Heritage 1.1.2 World Natural Heritage Protection Research 1.2 Global Change and Space Observation Technology 1.2.1 Spatial Observation and Cognition of the Impact of Global Change on World Heritage Sites 1.2.2 Space Observation Technique 1.2.3 Research Status and Trend of Global Change in Space Observation 1.3 Spatial Observation of Giant Panda Habitat 1.3.1 World Natural Heritage ‘Sichuan Giant Panda Habitat’ 1.3.2 Spatial Observation of Giant Panda Habitat References 2 Spatial Monitoring Techniques and Methods for Natural Heritage Sites 2.1 Optical Remote Sensing 2.1.1 Characteristics of Optical Remote Sensing 2.1.2 Optical Remote Sensing Monitoring Methods for Natural Heritage Sites 2.2 Microwave Remote Sensing 2.2.1 Characteristics of Microwave Remote Sensing 2.2.2 Microwave Remote Sensing Applications in Natural Heritage Sites 2.3 LiDAR Remote Sensing 2.3.1 Characteristics of LiDAR Remote Sensing 2.3.2 Application of LiDAR Technology in Natural Heritage Sites 2.4 Methods for Extracting Spatial Information on Landscape Change 2.4.1 Ground Survey Method 2.4.2 Ecological Modelling Approach 2.4.3 Remote Sensing Interpretation Method 2.4.4 The DEM-NDVI Method 2.5 Quantitative Portrayal of Vegetation Verticality References 3 Technology and Method of Detailed Information Extraction of Animal Habitat Elements 3.1 Multi-source High Resolution Remote Sensing Image Fusion Technology 3.1.1 Pixel-Level Image Fusion 3.1.2 Feature-Level Image Fusion 3.1.3 Decision-Level Image Fusion 3.1.4 A New Method of Remote Sensing Image Fusion—RMI Method 3.2 Fine Information Extraction Method of High Resolution Remote Sensing Image 3.2.1 Overview of Classification Methods 3.2.2 Object-Oriented Classification Methods 3.2.3 Fuzzy Logic Classification 3.2.4 Analytic Hierarchy Process 3.2.5 Decision Tree Classifier 3.2.6 K-Nearest Neighbor Classification Algorithm 3.3 High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data Canopy Delineating Technology 3.3.1 Traditional Method of Locating the Canopy of an Individual Tree 3.3.2 Object-Oriented Single-Wood Canopy Delineating 3.3.3 MSAS Single Wood Canopy Delineating Method 3.3.4 MFS Single Wood Canopy Delineating Method 3.4 Spatially Refined Observation Methods for Animal Habitats 3.4.1 Overview of Animal Suitable Habitat Research 3.4.2 Selection of Habitat Suitability Factors for Animals 3.4.3 Model Based on Hierarchical Analysis and Expert Weighting Method 3.4.4 Improved Method of Integrating Expert System and Neural Network 3.4.5 Neural Network Method Based on Density Map References 4 Analysis of Changes in Key Environmental Parameters of Land Surface Features in Giant Panda Habitat 4.1 Basic Geographic Overview of Giant Panda Habitat 4.2 Analysis of Climate Change in Giant Panda Habitat in Recent Years 4.2.1 Temperature Change Characteristics 4.2.2 Precipitation Variation Characteristics 4.3 Changes in Water Resources in and Around Giant Panda Habitats References 5 Spatial Observation and Assessment of Ecological Changes in Giant Panda Habitats 5.1 Spatial Observation and Evaluation of Habitat Ecological Landscape Diversity by Optical Remote Sensing 5.1.1 Study Area Overview 5.1.2 Research Methodology 5.1.3 Analysis of Results 5.2 Spatial Observation and Assessment of Habitat Ecological Changes by Microwave Remote Sensing 5.2.1 Background of the Study 5.2.2 Research Data 5.2.3 Research Methodology 5.2.4 Degradation Monitoring 5.2.5 Validation and Discussion 5.2.6 Conclusion 5.3 Fine Spatial Observation and Assessment of Habitat Ecological Changes by LiDAR Remote Sensing 5.3.1 Single-Station Ground Point Cloud-Based Trunk Mapping of Bamboo Forests 5.3.2 Inversion of Average Tree Height of Bamboo Forest Based on Ground-Based Point Cloud 5.3.3 Summary 5.4 Fine Observation of Habitat of Giant Panda Based on High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images 5.4.1 Study Area Overview 5.4.2 Overview of Fine Observation Studies of Giant Panda Habitats from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images 5.4.3 Data Acquisition 5.4.4 Research Methodology 5.4.5 Analysis of Results References 6 Long-Term Remote Sensing Monitoring of Post-earthquake Habitat and Assessment Model of Ecological Environment Restoration 6.1 Research on Distribution Types and Patterns of Seismic and Geological Disasters 6.1.1 Regional Geological Background 6.1.2 Earthquake-Induced Secondary Geological Hazards 6.1.3 Spatial Vulnerability Evaluation of Geological Hazards 6.2 Post-earthquake Landslide Monitoring and Assessment 6.2.1 Experimental Area and Data Introduction 6.2.2 MTInSAR Technical Methodology 6.2.3 Landslide Analysis 6.2.4 Summary 6.3 Microwave Remote Sensing Monitoring Model of Animal Habitat Ecology 6.3.1 Post-Earthquake Forest Restoration Monitoring and Assessment Methods 6.3.2 Forest Restoration Monitoring Results and Interpretation 6.4 Habitat Evaluation of Post-earthquake Giant Panda Habitats 6.4.1 Impacts of Different Types of Geological Hazards on the Habitat of Giant Pandas Giant 6.4.2 Impacts of Geological Hazards on Giant Panda Habitat 6.4.3 Evaluation of Habitat Suitability Considering Geological Hazard Factors 6.5 Giant Panda Habitat Recovery After Earthquake 6.5.1 Natural Ecological Restoration 6.5.2 Human Intervention 6.5.3 Establishing Ecological Corridors 6.5.4 Strengthening Post-disaster Reconstruction and Ecological Protection References 7 Detailed Evaluation of Giant Panda Habitats and Countermeasures Against the Future Impacts of Climate 7.1 Impact and Assessment of Climate Change 7.1.1 Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystem 7.1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Giant Panda Habitat 7.1.3 Fine-Scale Evaluation of Climate Change Impact on Giant Panda Habitat 7.1.4 Technical Roadmap for Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Giant Panda Habitat 7.2 Introduction to Dual Scale Study Area 7.2.1 Sichuan Giant Panda Habitats 7.2.2 Introduction to Ya’an Research Area 7.2.3 Landform of the Study Area 7.2.4 Soil Vegetation in the Study Area 7.2.5 Climatic Characteristics of the Study Area 7.2.6 Interference of Human Activities in the Study Area 7.3 Research Methods and Data 7.3.1 Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) 7.3.2 Maximum Entropy Principle 7.3.3 Formula and Description 7.3.4 Model Result Evaluation 7.3.5 Advantages and Limitations 7.3.6 Evaluation Index System of Giant Panda Habitat Suitability 7.3.7 Research Data 7.4 Future Habitat Change Assessment of Giant Pandas Under Climate Change Scenarios 7.4.1 Habitat Change Assessment of Giant Panda in Sichuan 7.4.2 Assessment of Changes in Core Areas of Giant Panda Habitat 7.4.3 Comparison of Habitat Change Trends at Different Scales 7.5 Habitat Assessment of Giant Pandas Under the Combined Impact of Human Disturbance and Climate Change 7.5.1 Assessment of Giant Panda Habitat Change in Sichuan 7.5.2 Assessment of Giant Panda Habitat Change in Ya’an Research Area 7.5.3 Comparative Study of Habitat Change Trends at Different Scales References 8 Suggestions on Sustainable Development of Giant Panda Habitat 8.1 Conclusion of the Impact of Climate Change on Giant Panda Habitat 8.2 Proposed Protection Measures for the Sustainable Development of Giant Panda Habitat 8.3 Prospect of Space Observation of Giant Panda Habitat 8.4 Recommendations for Achieving the Goals of SDG11.4 for the Protection and Defense of World Heritage Sites References