Environmental Toxicology and Ecosystem

Description

This book covers varied aspects of environmental contaminants and their effect on the living organisms. It addresses the basics of ecotoxicity assessment, interaction of the abiotic or biotic factors with the novel chemical entities, and the fate of the natural organic matter upon interaction with new chemical entities. It further includes models for ecotoxicity studies and high-throughput approaches including OMICS. It provides an overview of the ecological risk assessment, regulatory toxicology guidelines, and possible roadmaps for protection of environmental health. Features Discusses environmental toxicology facets and their effects on the ecosystem. Provides an introduction of environmental toxicology keeping in view the paradigm shift on entry of novel materials in the environment. Includes bioavailability, bioconcentration, and biomagnification of trophic transfer of pollutants. Covers high-throughput approaches for ecotoxicity assessment. Explores roadmaps for environmental protection and sustainable development. This book is geared toward graduate students and researchers in Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Toxicology, and Ecology. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editor Biography Contributors 1 Environmental Paradigm Change and Risk Assessment 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Risk Assessment 1.3 Uncertainties That May Hamper the Process of Evaluation of Risk 1.4 Historical Perspective and Current Approaches 1.4.1 General Outline of Environmental Risk Assessment in the European Union 1.4.2 General Outline of Environmental Risk Assessment in United States 1.5 Tools Used for Environmental Risk Assessment 1.5.1 European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) 1.5.2 European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) Targeted Risk Assessment (TRA) 1.5.3 EcoFate 1.5.4 Exposure Model for Soil-Organic Fate and Transport (EMSOFT) 1.6 Future Trends and Challenges Acknowledgments References 2 Environmental and Ecotoxicological Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Regulation of Nanomaterials Risk Assessment 2.3 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 2.4 Role of Physicochemical Properties in Nanoparticles Toxicity 2.4.1 Shape 2.4.2 Size 2.4.3 Surface Charge 2.4.4 Morphology 2.4.5 Degree of Agglomeration 2.5 Toxicity Mechanism in Natural Ecosystem Induced By Nanoparticles 2.6 Toxicity Mechanism in Plants Induced By Nanoparticles 2.6.1 Effect of Nanoparticles On Crop Quality 2.7 Mechanism of Plant-Nanoparticles Interaction 2.8 Nanoparticles Exposure to Humans via Potential Routes and Toxicity 2.8.1 Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) 2.8.2 Respiratory Tract 2.9 Dermal Penetration 2.10 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 3 Toxicology of Metal Ions, Pesticides, Nanomaterials, and Microplastics 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Environmental Toxicology 3.2 Emerging Environmental Contaminants 3.2.1 Metal Ions 3.2.1.1 Routes of Exposure 3.2.1.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action 3.2.2 Pesticides 3.2.2.1 Routes of Exposure 3.2.2.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action 3.2.3 Nanomaterials 3.2.3.1 Routes of Exposure 3.2.3.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action 3.2.4 Micro- and Nanoplastics 3.2.4.1 Routes of Exposure 3.2.4.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action 3.3 Conclusion References 4 Natural Organic Matter: A Ubiquitous Adsorbent in Aquatic Systems to Probe Nanoparticles Behavior and Effects in Ecosystem 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Release of Engineered Nanomaterials in Environmental Matrices 4.3 Environmental Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials 4.3.1 Different Routes of Nanomaterial Exposure On the Aquatic Organisms 4.3.2 Fate of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment 4.3.3 Interactions Between the Natural Organic Matter and Engineered Nanomaterial 4.3.4 Effect of Natural Organic Matter in the Toxicity of the Nanoparticles to the Organisms and Food Chain 4.4 Trophic Transfer and Biomagnification Potential of Engineered Nanomaterial 4.5 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials On the Producers of the Ecosystem 4.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments Note References 5 Analysis of Emerging Contaminants in Water Samples: Advances and Challenges 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Environmental Chemistry of Emerging Micro-Pollutants 5.3 Sampling, Extraction, and Quantification 5.3.1 Sample Collection 5.3.2 Sample Extraction 5.3.3 Sample Preparation Techniques 5.3.4 Water Analysis 5.3.5 Optimization of GC-MS/MS 5.3.6 Optimization of LC-HR/MS 5.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments Abbreviations References 6 Advanced Techniques for Detection of Environmental Pollutants and Recent Progress 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basics of Traditional Environmental Pollutant Monitoring and Detections 6.3 Types of Environmental Pollutions 6.3.1 Air Pollution 6.3.2 Water Pollution 6.4 Detection of Environmental Pollutant By Instrumental Technique 6.4.1 Spectroscopy Techniques for Analysis 6.4.2 Separation Techniques for Analysis 6.5 Detection of Environmental Pollutants Using Nano-Enabled Sensors 6.5.1 Optical Method 6.5.2 Electrochemical Method 6.5.3 Magnetic Method 6.5.4 Paper-Based Detection Method 6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective Acknowledgments References 7 Impact of Heavy Metals On Different Ecosystems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 What Are HMs? 7.3 Major HMs in the Environment 7.3.1 Cadmium (Cd) 7.3.2 Chromium (Cr) 7.3.3 Lead (Pb) 7.3.4 Mercury (Hg) 7.3.5 Arsenic (As) 7.4 HMs and Their Effects On Different Types of Ecosystem 7.4.1 Forest Ecosystem 7.4.2 Grassland Ecosystem 7.4.3 Fresh Water Ecosystem 7.4.4 Marine Ecosystem 7.4.5 Mangrove Ecosystem 7.4.6 Coral Reefs 7.5 Sources of HMs 7.6 Responsible Factors 7.6.1 Bio-Availability 7.6.2 Uptake 7.6.3 Bioaccumulation 7.6.4 Biomagnification 7.6.5 Tropic Transfer 7.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 8 Metabolism of Environmental Pollutants With Specific Reference to Pesticides, Endocrine Disrupters, and Mutagenic Pollutants 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Cytochrome P450 8.3 Pesticides as an Environmental Pollutant 8.3.1 Adverse Effects of Pesticides 8.3.2 Routes of Entry for Pesticides 8.3.3 Metabolism of Pesticides 8.4 Metabolism of Endocrine Disruptors 8.5 Mutagenic Pollutants 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Bioavailability, Bioconcentration, and Biomagnification of Pollutants 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Food Chain and Food Web 9.2.1 Trophic Levels 9.2.2 Bioavailability, Bioconcentration, and Biomagnification – A Comparison 9.3 Pollutants 9.3.1 Heavy Metal Wastes 9.3.1.1 Bioavailability of Heavy Metals 9.3.1.2 Bioconcentration Or Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals 9.3.1.3 Biomagnification of Heavy Metals 9.3.1.4 Radioactive Wastes 9.3.1.5 Bioavailability, Bioaccumulation, and Biomagnification of Radioactive Isotops of Metals 9.3.2 Organic Pollutants 9.3.2.1 Bioavaibility of Organic Pollutants 9.3.2.2 Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants 9.3.2.3 Biomagnification of Organic Pollutants 9.3.3 Microplastic Wastes 9.3.3.1 Bioavailability of Microplastics 9.3.3.2 Bioaccumulation Or Bioconcentration of Microplastics 9.3.3.3 Biomagnification of the Microplastics 9.3.4 Nanomaterial Pollutants 9.3.4.1 Bioavailability of Nanomaterials 9.3.4.2 Bioaccumulation Or Bioconcentration of Nanomaterials 9.3.4.3 Biomagnification of Nanomaterials 9.4 Conclusion References 10 High Throughput Approaches for Engineered Nanomaterial-Induced Ecotoxicity Assessment 10.1 Introduction 10.2 HTS: Experimental Design and Imaging Techniques 10.2.1 Cell-Based and Biochemical Assays for HTS 10.2.2 Imaging Techniques 10.3 HTS Contribution in Ecotoxicity Acknowledgments References 11 Impact of Heavy Metals On Gut Microbial Ecosystem: Implications in Health and Disease 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Heavy Metals 11.3 Gut-Microbiome 11.3.1 GMB: Modulation of Xenobiotics Exposures 11.3.2 GMB: Biosynthesis of Important Secondary Metabolites 11.4 The Bidirectional Relationship in HMs and GMB 11.4.1 Lead (Pb) 11.4.1.1 Pb and GMB 11.4.2 Chromium (Cr) 11.4.2.1 Cr and GMB 11.4.3 Cadmium (Cd) 11.4.3.1 Cd and GMB 11.4.4 Arsenic (As) 11.4.4.1 As and GMB 11.4.5 Mercury (Hg) 11.5 Future Prospectives and Conclusion References 12 Roadmaps for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Ecological Roles 12.2.1 Lotic Ecosystems 12.2.2 Lentic Ecosystems 12.2.3 Wetland Ecosystems 12.2.4 Ground Water Table and Aquifers 12.3 Impacts On Freshwater Ecosystems 12.3.1 Urbanization 12.3.2 Climate Change 12.3.3 Introduction of Exotic Species 12.4 Roadmaps Towards Sustainable Development 12.4.1 Monitoring 12.4.1.1 Monitoring Water Quality 12.4.1.2 Monitoring Biodiversity 12.4.1.3 Monitoring Toxicity 12.4.1.4 Monitoring Using Molecular Biomarkers 12.4.2 Restoration 12.4.2.1 Restoration of Lotic Systems 12.4.2.2 Restoration of Lentic Systems 12.4.3 Protection and Sustainable Development 12.5 Future Goals and Conclusion Author Contributions References Index