Genetics, Physiology and Cultivation of Moth Bean, Cowpea and Horse Gram

Description

This authored book gives insight into the morphology, physiology, genetics, plant protection and biotechnology of three important arid legumes, viz., moth bean, cowpea and horse gram. There are seven chapters for each crop that provide in-depth information on cultivation, genetic improvement, plant protection measures, management of physiological and abiotic stresses along with related genetic markers and biotechnological advances pertaining to these legumes. The chapters present research findings and brief reviews concerning the advances made in the improvement of these legumes.Legumes are utilized as pulses or grains aiding as an important source of protein for both human and animal consumption and also provide raw materials to the food and feed industries. They are also valuable for soil building, improving soil quality and biological nitrogen fixation. Physiology and genetics provide an inimitable source of information on the distinct aspects of basic and applied legume research for general readers, students, academicians and researchers. Arid legumes are crops characterized by inherent features and capabilities to withstand adverse and harsh climatic conditions, significantly replenish the soil, as well as provide protein and micronutrients. Adaptability to several stresses including drought makes them key to agriculture in areas receiving scanty rainfall. This comprehensive book disseminates significant information on the genetic diversity, cultivation, manipulation through mutagenic techniques, molecular biology and other breeding techniques. The book, therefore, is of importance to teachers, researchers and policymakers who are interested to acquire knowledge about moth bean, cowpea and horse gram. It also serves as an additional reading material for MSc and PhD students of agriculture and environmental sciences. The book is also useful to national and international agricultural scientists and policymakers. Preface About the Book Contents About the Author Part I: Cowpea 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Floral Characteristics 1.3 Taxonomic Classification 1.4 Botany 1.5 Origin 1.6 Cytogenetics 1.7 Molecular Biology 1.8 Uses 1.9 Prospects 1.10 Constraints References 2: Genetic Improvement and Variability 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Morphometric Characterization 2.3 Genetic Divergence 2.4 Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis 2.5 Hybridization 2.6 Inheritance Studies 2.7 Combining Ability and Diallel Analysis 2.8 Heterosis 2.9 Genetic Variability 2.9.1 Genotypic and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation 2.9.2 Heritability and Genetic Advance 2.10 Genotype-Environmental Interaction 2.11 Mutation 2.12 Nitrogen-Fixing Ability References 3: Quality and Nutrition 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nutrient Value 3.3 Anti-nutritional Factors 3.4 Cooking Time 3.5 Medicinal Values 3.6 Nutraceutical Properties of Cowpea 3.7 Uses References 4: Cultivation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Climate 4.3 Soil 4.4 Field Preparation 4.5 Sowing Time 4.6 Seed Rate 4.7 Method of Sowing 4.8 Germination 4.9 Irrigation 4.10 Fertilizer 4.11 Weed Management 4.12 Cowpea Under Intercropping System 4.13 Cowpea Under Crop Rotation System 4.14 Seed Treatment and Inoculation with Bacterial Culture 4.15 Harvesting and Threshing 4.16 Photoperiodism 4.17 Cowpea Varieties Developed in India 4.18 Cowpea Production in India References 5: Plant Protection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fungal Disease 5.2.1 Cowpea Rust 5.2.2 Anthracnose 5.2.3 Blight 5.2.4 Wilt 5.2.5 Leaf Spot 5.2.6 Powdery Mildew 5.2.7 Root Rot 5.2.8 Basal Stem Rot 5.2.9 Seedling Mortality 5.3 Bacterial Diseases 5.3.1 Blight 5.3.2 Bacterial Spot 5.4 Viral Diseases 5.4.1 Cowpea Mosaic 5.4.2 Cowpea Yellow Mosaic 5.5 Insect Pests of Cowpea and Their Management 5.5.1 Pod Borer 5.5.2 Leaf Hopper and Foliage Beetles 5.5.3 Thrips 5.5.4 Weevil 5.5.5 Aphids 5.5.6 Pod-Sucking Bugs 5.5.7 Blister Beetle 5.5.8 Bean Fly 5.5.9 White Fly 5.5.10 Jassids 5.5.11 Cut Worm 5.5.12 White Grub 5.6 Striga Gesnerioides 5.7 Nematodes 5.8 Storage Grain Pest 5.9 Disease and Pest Linked Resistance Markers 5.10 Termites 5.11 Integrated Pest Management References 6: Physiology and Abiotic Stresses 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Seed Coat Colour 6.3 Germination and Seedling Growth 6.4 Storage 6.5 Water Stress and Drought Tolerance 6.6 Salt Tolerance 6.7 Other Abiotic Stress References 7: Genetic Markers and Biotechnology 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Biochemical Markers 7.3 Molecular Markers 7.4 PCR-Based Markers 7.4.1 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) 7.4.2 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) 7.4.3 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) 7.4.4 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) 7.4.5 DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF) 7.4.6 Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) 7.5 Genetic Linkage Studies and Inheritance 7.6 Genetic Map Studies 7.7 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) 7.8 Transcriptomic Studies 7.9 Callus Induction and Regeneration Protocol References Part II: Horsegram 8: Introduction 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Origin and Distribution 8.3 Descriptive Botany and Taxonomy 8.4 Taxonomic Classification 8.5 Botany 8.6 Constraints 8.7 Prospects References 9: Genetic Improvement and Variability 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Morphometric Characterization 9.3 Genetic Divergence 9.4 Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis 9.5 Hybridization 9.6 Inheritance Studies 9.7 Diallel Analysis 9.8 Heterosis 9.9 Genetic Variability 9.9.1 Genotypic and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation 9.9.2 Heritability and Genetic Advances 9.10 Genotype-Environmental Interaction 9.11 Mutation 9.12 Nitrogen Fixing Ability References 10: Quality and Nutrition 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nutrient Value 10.3 Anti-nutritional Factors 10.4 Medicinal Values 10.5 Nutraceutical Properties of Horsegram 10.6 Chemical Compound 10.7 Uses References 11: Cultivation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Soil and Climate 11.3 Horsegram Under Intercropping System 11.4 Horsegram Under Crop Rotation System 11.5 Sowing Method 11.6 Seed Rate 11.7 Spacing 11.8 Sowing Time 11.9 Fertilizer Management 11.10 Seed Treatment and Inoculation with Bacterial Culture 11.11 Irrigation Management 11.12 Weed Management 11.13 Harvesting and Threshing 11.14 Photoperiodism 11.15 Horsegram Production in India 11.16 Horsegram Varieties Developed in India References 12: Plant Protection 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Proteases and Bowman-Birk Inhibitors 12.3 Fungal Disease 12.3.1 Anthracnose 12.3.2 Powdery Mildew 12.3.3 Dry Root Rot 12.3.4 Leaf Spot 12.3.5 Rust 12.3.6 Blight 12.3.7 Wilt 12.4 Viral Diseases 12.4.1 Yellow Mosaic Virus 12.5 Bacterial Disease 12.5.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot 12.6 Nematode 12.7 Insect Pests of Horsegram 12.7.1 Pod Caterpillar 12.7.2 Leaf Miner 12.7.3 Leaf Hopper 12.7.4 Pod Bug 12.7.5 Pod Fly 12.7.6 Thrips 12.7.7 White Fly 12.7.8 Pod Borer 12.7.9 Leaf Roller 12.7.10 Hairy Caterpillar 12.8 Integrated Disease Management References 13: Physiology and Abiotic Stresses 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Seed Coat Colour 13.3 Germination and Seedling Growth 13.4 Storage 13.5 Water Stress and Drought Tolerance 13.6 Salt Tolerance 13.7 Heavy Metal References 14: Genetic Markers and Biotechnology 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Biochemical Markers 14.3 Molecular Markers 14.4 PCR-Based Markers 14.4.1 RAPD and ISSR 14.4.2 SSR, EST and ILP 14.5 Transcriptomic Studies 14.6 Callus Induction and Regeneration Protocol References Part III: Moth Bean 15: Introduction 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Origin 15.3 Taxonomic Classification 15.4 Botany 15.5 Floral Characteristics 15.6 Cytogenetics 15.7 Molecular Biology 15.8 Uses 15.9 Prospects 15.10 Constraints References 16: Genetic Improvement and Variability 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Genetic Divergence 16.3 Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis 16.4 Hybridization 16.5 Genetic Variability 16.5.1 Genotypic and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation 16.5.2 Heritability and Genetic Advance 16.6 Genotype-Environmental Interaction 16.7 Mutation 16.8 Nitrogen Fixing Ability References 17: Quality and Nutrition 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Phytochemical Composition 17.3 Nutrient Value 17.4 Anti-nutritional Factors 17.5 Cooking Time 17.6 Nutraceutical Properties of Moth Bean 17.7 Uses References 18: Cultivation 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Climate 18.3 Soil 18.4 Field Preparation 18.5 Sowing Time 18.6 Row Spacing 18.7 Seed Rate 18.8 Method of Sowing 18.9 Irrigation 18.10 Fertilizer 18.11 Weed Management 18.12 Moth Bean Under Intercropping System 18.13 Seed Treatment and Inoculation with Bacterial Culture 18.14 Harvesting and Threshing 18.15 Moth Bean Varieties Developed in India 18.16 Moth Bean Production in India References 19: Plant Protection 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Fungal Disease 19.2.1 Anthracnose 19.2.2 Web Blight 19.2.3 Wilt 19.2.4 Leaf Spot and Pod Infection 19.2.5 Cercospora Species 19.2.6 Colletotrichum 19.2.7 Myrothecium 19.2.8 Alternaria 19.2.9 Curvularia 19.2.10 Powdery Mildew 19.2.11 Root Rot 19.2.12 Seedling Mortality 19.2.13 Seedling Rot 19.2.14 Pod Rot 19.2.15 Seed Microflora 19.3 Bacterial Diseases 19.3.1 Blight 19.3.2 Bacterial Leaf Spot 19.3.3 Witches´ Broom of Moth Bean 19.4 Viral Diseases 19.4.1 Yellow Mosaic Virus 19.4.2 Leaf Crinkle Virus 19.5 Insect Pests of Moth Bean and Their Management 19.5.1 Thrips 19.5.2 Weevil 19.5.3 Aphids 19.5.4 Storage Grain Pest 19.5.5 White Fly 19.5.6 Jassids 19.5.7 White Grub 19.6 Termites 19.7 Disease- and Pest-Linked Resistance Markers 19.8 Parasitic Plant 19.8.1 Cuscuta 19.8.2 Striga Species 19.9 Nematodes 19.10 Integrated Pest Management References 20: Physiology and Abiotic Stresses 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Seed Coat Colour 20.3 Storage 20.4 Water Stress and Drought Tolerance 20.5 Salt Tolerance 20.6 Other Abiotic Stresses References 21: Genetic Markers and Biotechnology 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Classical Markers 21.2.1 Morphological Markers 21.2.2 Biochemical Markers 21.2.3 Molecular Markers 21.2.4 PCR-Based Molecular Markers 21.3 Genetic Map Studies 21.4 Protein Profiling and Expressed Sequence Tags 21.5 Callus Induction and Regeneration Protocol 21.6 Protoplast Culture References