Rubber to Rubber Adhesion

Description

RUBBER TO RUBBER ADHESION Readers will get helpful ideas and in-depth knowledge about various aspects of rubber to rubber adhesion with particular reference to theory and practice. This book covers various aspects of rubber to rubber adhesion which is important theoretically, as well as having practical implications. Rubber is a polymer whose glass transition temperature is well below the room temperature and hence the chains are very mobile at room and higher temperatures, making the material very versatile. Rubber is used in a large number of applications ranging from underground mining to tire to space vehicles. In all these cases, compounded rubbers are used in laminates and joined. The higher the adhesion, the higher will be the joint strength. The principles taught in adhesion science and technology are extensively used to prepare better joints and more useful products. The book serves to satisfy a wide range of disciplines (polymers, materials, chemical, chemistry, mechanical, etc.) and starts with an introduction on rubber, then characterization of rubber, rubber surface and joints and, finally, other chapters on rubber to rubber adhesion. Scientific aspects to understand the technology are highlighted. It gives a comprehensive treatment on adhesion between unvulcanized elastomers, self-healing of elastomers, adhesion between compounded elastomers by co-crosslinking, adhesion between partially vulcanized compounded rubber and partially vulcanized compounded rubber, adhesion between vulcanized rubber and unvulcanized rubber- or partially vulcanized rubber, and adhesion between vulcanized rubber and vulcanized rubber. Audience The book will be used by academicians in polymer science, materials science, chemical and mechanical engineering, chemistry, R & D personnel, industry people, as well as rubber and adhesion practitioners. Cover Half-Title Page Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Preface 1 Introduction to Rubber 1.1 History 1.2 What is a Rubber? 1.3 What is the Structure of Rubber? 1.4 Why is Rubber Chosen Over Other Materials? 1.5 Brief Outline of Preparation of Rubber 1.6 Types of Rubber 1.6.1 Natural Rubber (NR) 1.6.2 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 1.6.3 Polybutadiene Rubber (BR) 1.6.4 Nitrile Rubber (NBR) and Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) 1.6.5 Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM/EPM) 1.6.6 Chloroprene Rubber (CR) 1.6.7 Butyl Rubber (IIR) 1.7 Compounding of Rubbers 1.7.1 Rubbers 1.7.2 Vulcanizing Agents 1.7.3 Accelerator and Accelerator-Activators 1.7.4 Age Resistors 1.7.5 Fillers 1.7.6 Processing Aid 1.7.7 Miscellaneous Ingredients 1.8 The Processes of the Rubber Industry 1.9 Why is Adhesion Important in Rubber Science? References 2 Important Physical Properties for Understanding Rubber Adhesion and Measurements of Rubber Adhesion 2.1 Molecular Weight of Polymer 2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 Determination of Molecular Weight and MWD 2.1.3 Relationship Between Adhesion and Molecular Weight in Unvulcanized Rubber References 2.2 Glass Transition Temperature 2.2.1 Introduction and Definition 2.2.2 Glass Transition and Thermodynamics 2.2.3 Factors on Which Tg Depends 2.2.4 Determination of Tg References 2.3 Solubility Parameter, Interaction Parameter and Interface 2.3.1 Solubility Parameter 2.3.2 Interaction Parameter 2.3.3 Interface References 2.4 Spectroscopic Techniques 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy 2.4.3 Principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 2.4.4 Principle of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 2.4.5 Chemical Groups and Adhesion References 2.5 Microscopy 2.5.1 Optical or Light Microscopy 2.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 2.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 2.5.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) References 2.6 Contact Angle, Surface Energy and Surface Roughness 2.6.1 Contact Angle 2.6.2 Surface Energy 2.6.3 Work of Adhesion and Spreading Coefficient 2.6.4 Theoretical Adhesion and Practical Adhesion 2.6.5 Surface Roughness References 2.7 Rheological Properties of Rubber 2.7.1 Definition 2.7.2 Measurement of Viscosity and Elasticity References 2.8 Curing and Crosslinking of Rubber 2.8.1 Concepts and Definitions 2.8.2 Measurements 2.8.3 Determination of Crosslink Density 2.8.4 Relationship Between Adhesion Strength and Crosslinking References 2.9 Mechanical Properties 2.9.1 Tensile Properties 2.9.2 Tearing Energy/Tear Strength 2.9.3 Fatigue, Stress Relaxation and Creep of Rubber References 2.10 Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 2.10.1 Introduction 2.10.2 Operating Principles 2.10.3 Temperature Sweep Test Using DMA 2.10.4 Frequency Sweep Master Curves from TimeTemperature Superposition (TTS) Using DMA References 2.11 Diffusion and Adhesion 2.11.1 Concepts 2.11.2 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion 2.11.3 Methods to Identify Diffusion Across the Interface 2.11.4 Self-Diffusion Coefficient 2.11.5 Concept of Tack, Diffusion and Viscosity 2.11.6 Models Related to Diffusion of Polymers References 2.12 Test Methods for Rubber to Rubber Adhesion and Self-Healing 2.12.1 Unvulcanized Rubber Test 2.12.2 Vulcanized Rubber Test 2.12.3 Tests for Self-Healing References 3 Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Elastomers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Autohesive Tack 3.2.1 Autohesive Tack Criterion 3.2.2 Theories Related to Autohesive Tack 3.2.3 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Formation Process 3.2.4 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Destruction Process 3.2.5 Effect of Molecular Properties on Autohesive Tack 3.2.6 Environmental Effects on Autohesive Tack 3.2.7 Effect of Compounding Ingredients on Autohesive Tack 3.2.8 Effect of Fillers References 4 Self-Healing of Elastomers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Examples 4.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding 4.2.2 Thermo Reversible Diels-Alder Chemistry 4.2.3 Ionic Bonding 4.2.4 Coordination Complexes 4.2.5 Exchange of Disulfide Bonds 4.2.6 Other Reactions 4.3 Reactions on Various Rubbers 4.4 External Healing Agents 4.5 Self-Healing in Tire Industry 4.6 Summary of Self-Healing System References 5 Adhesion Between Compounded Elastomers by Co-Crosslinking 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Co-Crosslinking 5.2.1 Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) by Co-Crosslinking References 6 Adhesion Between Partially Vulcanized Rubber and Partially Vulcanized Rubber 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Experiments of Chang and Gent 6.3 Experiments of Bhowmick and Gent 6.4 Experiments of Chun and Gent 6.5 Experiments of Sarkar and Bhowmick 6.6 Experiments of Gent and Lai 6.7 Experiments of Ruch, David and Vallat References 7 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber or Partially Vulcanized Rubber 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) 7.3 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Partially Vulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) References 8 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Vulcanized Rubber References Index About the Authors Also of Interest