Multimessenger Astronomy (Astronomers' Universe)

Description

Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents 1: Optical Astronomy 1.1 The Instruments of Optical Astronomy 1.1.1 Telescopes 1.1.2 Spectrographs 1.1.3 Detectors 1.1.3.1 Photographic Plates 1.1.3.2 Photoelectric Detectors 1.1.3.3 Charge Coupled Devices 1.2 Some Essential Results from Optical Astronomy 1.2.1 Photometric Measurements 1.2.1.1 Stellar Magnitudes 1.2.2 The Importance of the Cepheid Variables 1.2.2.1 The Hubble-Lemaître Parameter and the Expansion of the Universe 1.2.2.2 The Hertzprung–Russell Diagram 1.2.2.3 Two-Dimensional Photometry of Galaxies 1.2.3 Optical Spectroscopic Observations 1.2.3.1 Abundances of the Chemical Elements 1.2.3.2 Abundance Measurements in HII Regions 1.2.3.3 Rotation Curves of Galaxies: Dark Matter Further Reading 2: Radioastronomy 2.1 The Beginnings of Radioastronomy 2.2 Radiotelescopes: Single Dishes and Interferometers 2.2.1 Early Interferometers and Their Results 2.3 Synchrotron Radiation 2.3.1 The Crab Nebula 2.4 Radio Galaxies 2.4.1 The Discovery of Quasars 2.4.2 The Discovery of Pulsars 2.4.3 Pulsars and General Relativity 2.5 CO and the Three Phases of the Interstellar Medium 2.5.1 Molecular Radioastronomy 2.6 The Cosmic Microwave Background 2.7 Very Long Baseline Interferometry 2.8 The Square Kilometre Array Further Reading 3: Infrared Astronomy 3.1 Pioneers of Infrared Astronomy 3.2 Why Astronomers Want to Use the Infrared 3.3 The Problem of Interstellar Dust 3.4 The Start of Modern Infrared Astronomy 3.5 Observational Platforms for Infrared Astronomy 3.5.1 Infrared Astronomy from Aircraft 3.5.2 Infrared Astronomy Satellites 3.5.2.1 IRAS: The Pioneer 3.5.2.2 ISO 3.5.2.3 Spitzer 3.5.2.4 The Herschel Space (Far Infrared) Observatory 3.5.2.5 The James Webb Space Telescope Further Reading 4: Ultraviolet Astronomy 4.1 Why Study Astronomy in the Ultraviolet? 4.2 Ultraviolet from Rockets and Satellites 4.2.1 Early UV Observations from Rockets and Satellites 4.2.2 IUE 4.2.3 The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) 4.2.4 The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) 4.2.5 The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the UV 4.3 Specific Studies and Results of UV Astronomy 4.3.1 The Sun 4.3.2 Comets, Planets and Exoplanets 4.3.3 Pre-main Sequence Stars and Cool Stars 4.3.4 Hot Stars 4.3.5 UV from Shocked Regions in the Interstellar Medium 4.3.6 The Interstellar Medium and the Cosmic Deuterium Abundance 4.3.7 Galaxies in the UV 4.3.8 Supernova 1987A 4.3.9 The Lyman-α Forest, Quasars, and the Reionisation of the Universe Further Reading 5: X-Ray Astronomy 5.1 First Steps in X-Ray Astronomy: Rockets, Balloons, and Early Satellites 5.2 X-Ray Detectors and Telescopes 5.2.1 Grazing Incidence Optics: Einstein and Rosat X-Ray Satellites 5.2.2 The Chandra X-Ray Observatory 5.2.3 XMM-Newton 5.3 What We Learn from X-Ray Astronomy 5.3.1 What Kinds of Objects Produce X-Rays 5.3.1.1 Solar X-Rays 5.3.1.2 X-Rays from the Local Interstellar Medium 5.3.1.3 X-Rays from Stars 5.3.2 Hot Stars, Young Stars 5.3.3 X Ray Binaries 5.3.4 Pulsars and Supernova Remnants 5.3.5 X-Ray Emission from Galaxies 5.3.6 X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies 5.3.7 Spectr-RG Maps the Whole Sky in X-Rays Further Reading 6: Gamma Ray Astronomy from Space 6.1 Why Observe the Universe in Gamma-Rays? 6.2 What, Specifically, Can We Hope to Learn from Gamma-Ray Astronomy 6.3 A Brief Time-Line of Gamma Ray Observations from Space 6.4 Gamma-Ray Telescopes 6.5 What Gamma-Ray Astronomy Is Telling Us 6.5.1 The Gamma-Ray Sky 6.5.2 Gamma-Rays Tracing the Origin of Cosmic Rays: Supernova Remnants 6.5.3 Gamma-Rays from Pulsar Winds 6.5.4 Gamma-Ray Detection from Other Galaxies: Escape of Cosmic Rays into the Intergalactic Medium 6.5.5 The Fermi Bubbles 6.5.6 Gamma Ray Bursts 6.5.7 Dark Matter Particle Annihilation Searches Further Reading 7: Neutrino Astronomy 7.1 What Is a Neutrino? 7.2 Solar Neutrinos 7.2.1 The Total Output of Solar Neutrinos 7.2.2 Some Details About How Solar Neutrinos are Produced 7.2.3 Detection of Solar Neutrinos 7.2.4 The Solar Neutrino Mystery 7.2.5 Kamiokande 7.2.6 Superkamiokande 7.3 Neutrinos from Supernova 1987a 7.3.1 SNEWS, the Supernova Early Warning System 7.4 Neutrinos, Antineutrinos and the Asymmetry of the Universe 7.5 High Energy Neutrino Astronomy Further Reading 8: Gravitational Wave Astronomy 8.1 Gravitational Waves and Einstein 8.2 Indirect Evidence for Gravitational Waves: Pulsars in Binary Systems 8.3 Theorists give Reasons for the Detectability of Gravitational Waves 8.4 Experiments to Detect Gravitational Waves 8.4.1 Joseph Weber’s Experiments 8.4.2 Towards a Suitable Detector 8.4.3 The Michelson Interferometer 8.4.4 The LIGO Concept 8.4.5 Projects Which Tested the Use of Laser Interferometers 8.5 The LIGO Project: Conception and Implementation 8.5.1 Some Details of LIGO 8.5.1.1 The Optical Beam Paths 8.5.1.2 Stability of the Optics 8.5.1.3 The Laser and the Optical Path 8.6 The First Detection of Gravitational Waves 8.6.1 The Observation 8.6.2 The Interpretation 8.7 The Stream of GW Detections Begins 8.7.1 GW170817 A Source with Over 4000 Messengers 8.8 The Future of Gravitational Wave Research 8.9 Stop Press Further Reading Books 9: Cosmic Rays? Cosmic Particles 9.1 The Discovery of Cosmic Rays 9.2 What Are Cosmic Rays? 9.2.1 Cosmic Ray Composition, and the Abundances of the Elements 9.3 When Cosmic Rays Played a Key Role in Particle Physics 9.3.1 The Discovery of the Positron 9.3.2 Cosmic Rays Lead to the Discovery of a Number of Subatomic Particles 9.4 The Energy Distribution of Cosmic Rays 9.5 Where Do Cosmic Rays Come From? 9.6 Cosmic Ray Telescopes and Observatories 9.6.1 Ground Based Telescopes 9.6.2 The Pierre Auger Observatory 9.7 Steerable Telescopes for High Energy Gamma-Rays 9.7.1 The MAGIC Telescope 9.7.2 The Cherenkov Telescope Array: Future Prospects Further Reading 10: Cosmology and Particle Physics 10.1 Nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang 10.2 The Baryon Density of the Universe and Dark Matter Candidates 10.3 Neutrino Flavours 10.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background and Precision Cosmology 10.5 How the Theorists Explain the CMB Anisotropies 10.6 The Big Bang and Particle Antiparticle Asymmetry 10.7 Dark Matter Searches Further Reading 11: Hands-on Astronomy: Meteorites and Cosmochemistry 11.1 The Use of Material from Outside the Earth for Astronomy 11.2 Meteorites and What They Can Tell Us 11.2.1 Types of Meteorites 11.2.2 Pre-solar Grains 11.3 Specific Samples of Extraterrestrial Material 11.3.1 Large Meteorites 11.3.1.1 The Murchison Meteorite 11.3.1.2 The Allende Meteorite 11.4 Material from Comets 11.4.1 Material Brought to Earth from a Comet: Comet Wild 2 11.4.2 Other Missions to Comets 11.5 Missions to Retrieve Material from Asteroids 11.5.1 Material Brought to Earth from an Asteroid Itokawa 11.5.2 Hayabusa 2: Asteroid Ryugu 11.5.3 OSIRIS-REx: Asteroid Bennu 11.6 Rocks from the Moon 11.6.1 Are the Tektites of Lunar Origin? 11.7 The Genesis Mission: Oxygen Isotopes in the Solar Wind 11.8 Martian Meteorites on Earth 11.9 In Situ Measurements of Martian Composition Further Reading 12: Comparing the Messages 12.1 Jupiter 12.2 The Sun 12.3 The Milky Way 12.4 Supernova Remnants 12.4.1 The Crab Nebula 12.4.2 The Veil Nebula 12.4.3 Cassiopeia A 12.5 The Andromeda Galaxy 12.6 Epilogue Appendix: Astronomical Distance and Energy Units Astronomical Distances Energies of Particles and Radiation at X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Wavelengths Index of Objects Name Index Subject Index