Yungang: Art, History, Archaeology, Liturgy

Description

The first-ever comprehensive analysis of its kind in any western language, this unique volume provides a social art history of Yungang: a 5th-century rock-cut court cave complex, UNESCO World Heritage site, and one of the greatest Buddhist monuments of all time. Yungang asks why, when, and under what circumstances this impressive cave sanctuary was made, and who played significant roles at various stages. Recent economic changes in China including the expansion of roads have led to unprecedented numbers of objects being unearthed on site and near the cave-chapels. Archaeological discoveries in 2010 have shed significant new light on the architectural configuration of monasteries in the capital and the functions of different sections of the cave complex, as well as monastic life within it. For the first time, it is possible to reconstruct where the monks lived and translated sacred literary texts, and to fully understand that freestanding monasteries are an important component of the rock-cut cave complex. Illustrated throughout with remarkable full-colour photographs, this re-examination of the cave-chapels, which brings together previous scholarship, primary documentation, and more than a decade of first-hand field research, will not only fill in the gaps in our knowledge about Yungang, but also raise, and perhaps answer, new questions in art history. Cover Title Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgments Chronology of Chinese Dynasties 1 Introduction Chinese antiquarian documentation Pioneering Japanese expeditions Chinese scholarship Western research Purpose and organization of the book 2 The sacred site of Yungang Making the sacred cave temples of Yungang Auspicious geographical environment of Yungang Archaeological excavations and related issues Art and architecture 3 Phase one – emperor as Tathāgata The imperial five Tanyao caves Dates of excavation of the five Tanyao caves Emperor as the living Tathāgata in the cave temple Tanyao and the significance of the translation of sacred books in Yungang Concluding remarks 4 Phase two – political struggles and chronicles reconsidered Dates of caves 11–13 reconsidered Reconstructing a chronological sequence of the second-phase cave temples Summary of the chronology of the second-phase cave temples 5 Considering karmic narratives and liturgical functions Reading the iconography Modes of narratives and viewers’ response Ritual and function in a rock-cut cave sanctuary Folk faith, karmic practice, and the Tiwei Boli jing Concluding remarks 6 Phase three – the remaining splendor Architectural structure Iconographic composition Telling tales: narrative stories and visual representations Iconographic style Classification, dating, and chronological sequence Concluding remarks One final remark: Buddhist sinicization reconsidered 7 Postscript Classification of the caves in the third phase Groups and periodization of the third-phase caves Character glossary Selected bibliography Index