ENGLISH

Organic and Inorganic Light Emitting. Diodes Reliability Issues and Performance Enhancement

By T. D. Subash , J. Ajayan , Wladek Grabinski

Book information

Publisher
CRC Press
Year
2023
ISBN
9781032375175, 9781032375182, 9781003340577
Language
english
Format
PDF
Filesize
41 MB (43482041 bytes)
Pages
\198
Time added
2023-04-24 14:53:49

Description

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents About the Editors Contributors Preface 1 Fundamental Physics of Light Emitting Diodes: Organic and Inorganic Technology 1.1 Introduction to LEDs 1.2 Semiconductor Fundamentals 1.2.1 Energy Bands 1.2.2 Types of Semiconductors 1.2.3 Approximation of Charge Carrier Concentration 1.2.4 Electrostatic Potential 1.2.5 Semiconductor P-N Homojunction 1.2.6 Characterizing Parameters of the Homojunction 1.2.7 Current Density in the P-N Junction 1.2.8 P-N Heterojunction 1.2.9 Electron Affinity Rule of Band Alignment 1.3 Junction Characterization Parameters of the Heterojunction 1.4 Carrier Dynamics Inside the Semiconductor 1.4.1 Recombination of Charge Carriers 1.4.2 Semiconductor Under Excitation 1.4.3 Generation Rate 1.5 Light Emission From LED 1.5.1 Homojunction LED 1.5.2 Quantum Well LED 1.5.3 Effect of Thickness and Doping in QW LED 1.5.4 Performance Parameters of LED 1.6 Optical Physics of LED 1.6.1 Photon Spectrum of Ideal LED 1.6.2 Emission Cone and Radiation of LED 1.6.3 Some Practical LED Structures 1.7 Introduction to Organic LED (OLED) 1.7.1 OLED Device Structure 1.7.2 Exciton Decay Mechanism 1.7.3 Elements of the OLED Structure 1.7.3.1 Electrodes 1.7.4 Purpose of HIL and EIL 1.8 OLED Degradation Mechanisms 1.9 OLED Deposition Techniques 1.10 OLED Device Implications 1.11 Types Of OLED Device 1.12 Modelling Approach of an OLED Device 1.12.1 Small Signal Analysis (Impedance Spectroscopy) 1.12.2 Optical Antenna Model for OLED: Photon Extraction 1.12.3 Mode Analysis of Multilayer Device Structures 1.12.4 Luminance, Radiance and Emission Spectrum 1.12.5 Commission Internationale De L ‘Eclairage 1.12.6 Some Result of OLED Models 1.13 Conclusion References 2 Physical Mechanisms That Limit the Reliability of LEDs 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.3 Failure Modes in LED 2.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) On the Markets 2.5 High-Power White LEDs Are Subjected to Reliability Testing 2.6 InGaN LED Chip Degradation 2.7 Diffusion-Related Degradation Processes in LED 2.8 Conclusion References 3 Scattering Effects On the Optical Performance of LEDs 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors Affecting the Scattering 3.2.1 Scatterer-Infusing/Induced Roughness Methods 3.2.1.1 Backscattering 3.2.1.2 Bidirectional Scattering 3.2.1.3 Refractive Index Fluctuation Effect (Rayleigh Scattering) and Micro-Lens Effect 3.2.1.4 Quantum Dot Scattering 3.2.1.5 Fibre and Wire Structure Scattering 3.2.1.6 Inner Scattering Induced Waveguide Effect 3.2.1.7 Aggregation-Induced Scattering 3.2.1.8 Quantum Well-Surface Grating/Interface Effect (Surface Plasmon Generation) 3.2.1.9 Mie Scattering 3.2.1.10 Multiple Scattering 3.2.1.11 Volumetric Scattering 3.2.2 Scatterer Layer-Etched Patterning Methods 3.2.2.1 Grating Effect (Bragg Scattering) 3.2.2.2 Micro-/Nanolens Effect 3.2.2.3 Quantum Well Effect 3.2.2.4 Fresnel Scattering 3.2.2.5 Coherent External Scattering 3.3 Conclusion and Outlook References 4 Challenges in Fabrication and Packaging of LEDs 4.1 Lightning: History and Current Status 4.2 LED Technology Trends 4.3 Technological Advancements in LED Fabrication 4.4 LED Packaging 4.5 LED Packaging Market 4.6 Materials and Packaging Challenges 4.7 Light Extraction 4.8 Thermal Yellowing 4.9 UV Radiation-Induced Yellowing 4.10 Stress/Delamination 4.11 Reliability and Lifetime References 5 Opportunities and Challenges in Flexible and Organic LED 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Thermal Stability of Typical Flexible Substrates 5.3 Mechanical Stability of OLED Structures Upon Rolling and Bending 5.4 Organic Emissive and Charge Carriers Transporting Film Deposition and Patterning Over Flexible Substrates 5.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 6 Light Extraction Efficiency Improvement Techniques in Light-Emitting Diodes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Efficacy of Light Emitting Diodes 6.3 Light Emitting Diodes’ Efficiency Droop 6.4 Light Extraction Efficiency (LEE) Improvement Techniques 6.4.1 Step Stage GaN/InGaN Multi-Quantum Well Structure 6.4.2 Micro-Cavity OLED With Diffusion Layer 6.4.3 ZnO Nanopillar Arrays in Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes 6.4.4 BGaN Quantum Well-Based GaN LED 6.4.5 Compositional Step Graded InGaN Barrier Multiple Quantum Wells Light-Emitting Diode 6.4.6 Efficiency Droop Reduction By Machine Learning Techniques 6.5 Summary References 7 Efficiency Enhancement Techniques in Flexible and Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 7.1 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): An Overview 7.2 An Overview of Blue Organic LEDs 7.3 Inorganic Flexible OLEDs 7.4 Flexible and Stretchable OLEDs 7.5 Summary References 8 Performance Enhancement of Light Emitting Radiating Dipoles (LERDs) Using Surface Plasmon-Coupled and Photonic Crystal-Coupled Emission Platforms 8.1 Introduction: Background to Nanoplasmonics and LERDs 8.2 LERDs in Surface Plasmon-Coupled and Photonic-Crystal Coupled Emission 8.3 Nanoengineering Strategies for Augmenting the Performance of LERDs 8.4 Nanostructure Activity Relationship Towards Dequenching LERDs 8.5 Metal, Dielectric, and Metal-Dielectric Nanohybrids for Biosensing Using LERDs in the SPCE Platform 8.6 Bimetallic Nanohybrids for Biosensing Using LERDs in the SPCE Platform 8.7 Biosensing Using LERDs in the PCCE Platform 8.8 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement References Index

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