Ancient Southeast Asia

Description

Ancient Southeast Asia provides readers with a much needed synthesis of the latest discoveries and research in the archaeology of the region, presenting the evolution of complex societies in Southeast Asia from the protohistoric period, beginning around 500BC, to the arrival of British and Dutch colonists in 1600. Well-illustrated throughout, this comprehensive account explores the factors which established Southeast Asia as an area of unique cultural fusion. Miksic and Goh explore how the local population exploited the abundant resources available, developing maritime transport routes which resulted in economic and cultural wealth, including some of the most elaborate art styles and monumental complexes ever constructed. The book s broad geographical and temporal coverage, including a chapter on the natural environment, provides readers with the context needed to understand this staggeringly diverse region. It utilizes French, Dutch, Chinese, Malay-Indonesian and Burmese sources and synthesizes interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives and data from archaeology, history and art history. Offering key opportunities for comparative research with other centres of early socio-economic complexity, Ancient Southeast Asia establishes the area s importance in world history. " Cover Title Copyright Contents List of figures A note on spelling 1 Introduction: History, culture, and art in Seasia Defining Seasia Seasian demography A region in search of a name and an identity Theory in Seasian historical archaeology The importance of inter-regional comparisons The importance of links between Seasia and the world World-systems theory, globalization, and interaction spheres Cultural evolution and environmental adaptation Periods of Seasian history, 500 bce to 1600 ce Art, technology, and society The role of the artist in early Seasia The role of the written word in early Seasia Archaeology in Seasia Ethnicity and archaeology Dimensions of cultural evolution in Classic Seasia Urbanization Maritime trade Religion Technology and art Monumental construction Status of women Historiography of Seasia A framework for analysis of Classic Seasia: Political, artistic, and economic variables Cities and settlement patterns Seasian concepts of settlement types Conclusion 2 Environments, languages, cultures, and people Geography and climate Biodiversity and exchange networks Seasonality and culture Equatorial ecology and human adaptation Genes, artifacts, and languages Language distribution Subregions and mandalas Settlement pattern studies in Seasia Topography: The sea unites, the land divides Subregions of the tropical mainland: Defining subregions Subregions of Seasia Type 1: Mainland river systems: Chao Phraya, Ayeyarwadi, Mekong, and Red Subregions along the Mekong Lower Mekong: Northern portion Foothills of the Seasian massif Khorat Plateau The North Cambodian subregion The Mekong Delta Chao Phraya Ayeyarwadi (Irrawaddy) The Dry Zone of central Myanmar Rakhine (Arakan) Red River South Vietnam littoral Type 2: The mainland massif The Shan Plateau The Cardamom Mountains Central highlands of Vietnam Subregions of the equatorial region and the eastern isles Type 3: Siamo-Malay peninsula and the Seasian archipelago The isthmian region: From the Isthmus of Kra to the fringe of the equatorial zone Peninsular Malaysia The South China Sea Mangrove fringes and sea nomads Islands west of the Wallace Line Sumatra North coast Sumatra (Barus, Aceh, Kota Cina) Southeast Sumatra North coastal Java: The pesisir North Bali Kalimantan (Borneo) Philippines Type 4: Island hinterlands Sumatra: Central Rift valleys, Pasemah, Rejang Lebong Java: The pedalaman, or hinterland South Bali Lombok Sulawesi 3 Prehistory: Two million to 2,000 years ago The end of the Palaeolithic and the beginning of the next phase The Palaeolithic-Neolithic-Bronze-Iron Age system and its discontents Diffusion vs. independent origin; influence vs. appropriation Migration and in situ evolution The Preclassic period Megaliths Maritime skills Pleistocene: Palaeolithic tools and human fossils Early research on Seasian palaeontology Pleistocene technology Palaeolithic artifacts beyond Java Upper Palaeolithic Summary The Holocene: From the end of the Ice Age to the beginning of history Hoabinhian Neolithic = agriculture? Toalian The early Metal Age: Metal and society Dongson culture: 500 bce to 200 ce Dongson drum distribution as an indicator of a sphere of artistic interaction Co Loa Moats, ramparts, mounds, and settlement patterns of mainland Seasia The oldest ramparted and moated sites: The banteay kou of Cambodia and Vietnam Moats and ramparts in the Angkor area Khorat Sites, cemeteries, and artifacts Moats and nature Early miners Chao Phraya valley The Iron Age of central and northeast Thailand The growth of trade Iron Age influence from India? Trading ports of the Preclassic era Regional symbiosis in the Preclassic? Khao Sam Kaeo Evidence for a foreign enclave The western terminus: Phu Khao Thong Southern peninsular ports of the Preclassic Mainland markets: Ban Don Ta Phet, Chansen Preclassic cultures of the South China Sea: Sahuynh and Kalanay Artifacts and interaction spheres The Protoclassic in the eastern archipelago Bali Kalimantan (Borneo) The Sikendeng Buddha 4 Protoclassic: 1 to 600 ce Historical sources Geomorphology and history Settlement patterns: Dendritic and central place models Relations between Buddhism and Hinduism Nan Yue and Sinification Au Lac Nan Yue Sinification of northern Vietnam Funan Archaeology of Funan Epigraphy of Funan Angkor Borei Ceramics Oc-èo’s hinterland Banteay Prei Nokor Prohear Angkor region Upper Mun valley, Khorat Plateau: Non Ban Jak Seasia and South Asia Kings, gods, and gods of the kings (devaraja) Temples Gods, gurus, and ancestors Caste system Writing and literature Historiography of Indian contact with Seasia Seasians in India The isthmian region and early maritime trade Dunsun Panpan Visnu images and Buddhist stupas Langkasuka Tha Chana Khao Sam Kaeo Khlong Thom (Khuan Luk Pat), Krabi Champa Champa and Lin Yi Vocanh Devanika and overland trade Singapura My Son Art Archaeology Central and northeast Thailand: Prelude to Dvaravati Coinage Protoclassic sites in central Thailand U Thong Phong Tuek Chansen Phromthin Tai Nakhon Pathom Ban Khu Muang Northeast Thailand Walled settlements in Myanmar’s dry zone Beikthano Halin Maingmaw Wadi Sri Ksetra Dating the sites Walls, moats, and other structural features Site sizes Location and topography Artifacts An archaeological culture? Early urban sites? The Protoclassic period in the Straits of Melaka (peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra) The effect of wind on history Protoclassic sites: Sentang, Air Sugihan, and Karangagung Tengah, South Sumatra Kota Kapur, Bangka Island Kedah, northwest Malaysia Archaeological research in Kedah: Sungai Mas (Golden River) and Sungai Batu (Stone River) Funan connections and early ships The rise of Sumatra and the decline of Oc-èo Protoclassic Java The Buni Complex Java in early inscriptions and texts Ge-ying He-lo-dan Taruma (Târumâ) The Cibuaya Delta: Batujaya and Cibuaya Early Buddha images 5 Early Classic: 600 to 900 ce Early Classic economy Labour and human relations Indonesian money Urbanization Cities as forts: Warfare in the Early Classic period Architecture: Temple building The sima Early Buddhism Brahminism Rulership in Seasia State formation The mandala model Titles Rules of succession The devaraja Patron-client ties Early classic culture in the Chao Phraya basin and the Khorat Plateau Dvaravati Inscriptions Art of Dvaravati Dharmacakra/wheel of the law Phrakhon Chai hoard Coins and medals Dvaravati sites Nakhon Pathom U Thong Phong Tuek Phanom Surin shipwreck, Samut Sakhon Province Kamphaeng Saen Si Thep Muang Phra Rot Muang Si Mahasot Khorat and the Siamo-Malay Peninsula Sema stones of northeast Thailand Early Classic pottery of Khorat Muang Sema Sri Canasa (Chanasa) Muang Fa Daed Wendan Khmer power in the Mun River valley Early Classic temples in Thailand Early Classic Cambodia The beginning of the Angkor period Wat Phu and Champassak, southern Laos Trans-Annamite Cordillera connections Zhenla Zhenla and Sambor Prei Kuk Return to Angkor Borei Early Classic Angkor Mahendraparvata and Phnom Kulen (Hill of Lychees) Hariharalaya Preah Ko Pre-Bagan Myanmar: Sri Ksetra and Tagaung Tagaung: The polity of the north Early Classic Sri Ksetra Regional connections Summary Walled settlements in lower Myanmar and Arakan: Suvannabhumi and Vesali Lower Myanmar: Suvannabhumi The western littoral: Vesali and Dhanyawadi Kedah and south Thailand in the Early Classic The isthmian region Takuapa Chaiya Langkasuka The Ligor inscription Chitu, the Red Earth kingdom Dandan Kedah: Southern Kalah Kuala Selinsing Srivijaya: At the crossroads of the world Yijing (635–713) Inscriptions of Srivijaya Talang Tuwo inscription Srivijaya’s capital Srivijaya and China The Karimun inscription The religion of Srivijaya Nalanda and Srivijaya Arabo-Persian sources Archaeology of Palembang Trade and society in Srivijaya and Sumatra Local trade in Sumatra Upstream, downstream, and overland Sumatran transport and settlement: Regional analysis Sulawesi and Borneo during the Early Classic East Kalimantan West Kalimantan Sulawesi History of Early Classic Java to 800 Chinese sources and the transfer to central Java Javanese sources of Classic history Tuk Mas Canggal/Mount Wukir Old Malay inscriptions of Java Sailendra (Shailendra) Kings and a queen of Java, ninth century Significant inscriptions Economy and trade in central Java The cash economy The Wonoboyo hoard and the royal hermitage The Belitung shipwreck Legend and history in central Java: Archaeological sites of the ninth century Dieng Plateau Buddhist temples of central Java Kalasan Sewu Plaosan Ratubaka Borobudur Prambanan and the resurgence of Hinduism The end of the Early Classic period in Java Early Classic Bali Champa: The northern phase Champa in texts Religion in Champa Architecture of Champa Protectorate of Annam The ninth-century crisis After Annam: The foundation of independent Vietnam 6 The Middle Classic: 900 to 1200 ce Urbanization Economic systems of the Middle Classic period Chinese immigration Late Srivijaya East Java Clothing and textiles Bagan: Buddhist mandala The Buddhist oecumene Intercultural exchanges within the oecumene Bagan art and architecture Bagan as an urban center The demise of Bagan The triumph of Angkor The Khmer king and the naga queen Harsavarman I (Harśavarman, Harshavarman) Jayavarman IV and the move to Koh Ker The end of the Jayavarman II dynasty and the rise of the Dynasty of the Sun The Mahidharapura dynasty Angkor Wat Jayavarman VII, the builder Angkor Thom Temples of Jayavarman VII Bayon Major monuments of Jayavarman VII Preah Pithu Ta Prohm Banteay Kdei Common people of Angkor The economy Settlement Ceramics in Angkor: Local and Chinese Water and Angkor Religions of the Classic period The Khmer Empire in Khorat and the Chao Phraya basin Phimai Other major Khmer sites in Thailand Tambralingga Geography and resources Archaeology and ceramics Srivijaya, 900 to 1030 The Chola invasion of 1025 Palembang after 1030 Tanah Abang (Bumi Ayu) Kedah archaeology in the Middle Classic Foreign enclaves in north Sumatra Barus Kota Cina Malayu and Muara Jambi Where did Atisha go? Archaeology of Jambi The economy Inscriptions Candi Gumpung consecration deposits Middle Classic sites of the hinterland: Padang Lawas, Muara Takus Butuan, Mait, and Brunei North Borneo Middle Classic Java The period of east Javanese unity: Wawa to Airlangga Javanese kings of the tenth century Kings of Kediri and Janggala Literature of the Kediri period Archaeological sites of the Middle Classic Penanggungan: The holy mountain of east Java The economy of Middle Classic Java West Java during the Middle Classic Bali The Balinese economy Sembiran edicts Archaeological sites of Middle Classic Bali Shipwrecks of the Middle Classic The Intan The Cirebon (Nanhan) and Karawang The Jepara Dai Viet (Ly dynasty) and Champa Ly kingship Buddhism in Ly dynasty Dai Viet Ly art and iconography The Thang Long Citadel Role of trade in the development of Dai Viet Dai Viet’s relations with Champa Middle Classic Champa Cham architecture Conclusion 7 Late Classic: 1200 to 1400 ce Urban life in China during the Late Classic Money in the Late Classic Early Chinese maritime guidebooks The introduction of Islam Early Islamic sites of Southeast Asia Early Islam in Java: Majapahit Sukhothai, Ayutthaya, Lan Xang, and other early Thai kingdoms Sukhothai and the beginning of Muang Thai Ayutthaya: The golden age Lan Na: “A million ricefields” and the center of the north Lan Xang, “A million elephants”: Progenitor of Laos Fragmented states of Myanmar Myanmar in the Late Classic Late Classic east Java and Bali Singhasari Majapahit Life in the capital city Commerce Archaeology of Majapahit The site of Trowulan Temple sites of the upper Brantas valley Candi Kidal Candi Jago Singhasari Candi Jawi Ngrimbi Panataran Late Classic literature Desavarnana Pararaton Kunjarakarna Sutasoma Parthayajna Sivaratrikalpa Bali Late Classic sites in Borneo Late Classic Sumatra: Malayu Adityavarman Classic archaeology in the west Sumatran highlands A legal code from Kerinci Padang Lawas Tran dynasty and Champa Mongol invasions between 1257 and 1288 Cham invasions of the late fourteenth century Technology and industry during the Tran period Buddhist art, architecture, and iconography Champa Cham architecture Cham kilns End of the Tran dynasty Barus, Aceh, Brunei Aceh: Lambri Samudera-Pasai Muslim tombstones of the Late Classic period Brunei Archaeology of Brunei Temasik Sunda Pajajaran Archaeology of Late Classic west Java Archaeology of Sunda: Banten Girang Underwater archaeology of the Late Classic Pulau Buaya The Java Sea wreck Sabah: The Jade Dragon wreck The Tanjong Simpang Mengayau wreck The Breaker Shoal wreck 8 Postclassic: 1400 to 1600 ce The impact of the Ming dynasty on Seasia and the disappearance of overseas Chinese communities Arrival of Europeans Shipwrecks of the Postclassic period Turiang The Bakau (Maranei) wreck Royal Nanhai Bukit Jakas The Pandanan wreck Cu Lao Cham Brunei Junk Lena Shoal Junk Fall of Angkor, fragmented polities in Vietnam and Champa Fall of Angkor: The move to Longvek and Phnom Penh Fragmented polities in Vietnam and Champa: Ho, Le So, Mac, Le (north), and Nguyen (south) Ho dynasty (1400–1407) Ming occupation of Vietnam (1407–1427) Le So/Le dynasty (1428–1527) Mac Interregnum (1527–1592) Champa and the Nguyen (1558–1788) in the south Heirs of Srivijaya and Malayu: Palembang and Melaka Melaka Postclassic Sanskritic culture in Java Chinese sources Temples and religion of the Postclassic period Penanggungan Lawu West Java Other Postclassic sites of the fifteenth century Sumatra: Aceh Aru Borneo (Brunei) Islam in Java Postclassic Islamic sites: Java Gresik Tuban Demak Melaka’s successor: Banten Lama Arrival of Europeans Bibliography Index