Designing Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Post-Lithium Batteries

Description

Every electrochemical source of electric current is composed of two electrodes with an electrolyte in between. Since storage capacity depends predominantly on the composition and design of the electrodes, most research and development efforts have been focused on them. Considerably less attention has been paid to the electrolyte, a battery’s basic component. This book fills this gap and shines more light on the role of electrolytes in modern batteries. Today, limitations in lithium-ion batteries result from non-optimal properties of commercial electrolytes as well as scientific and engineering challenges related to novel electrolytes for improved lithium-ion as well as future post-lithium batteries. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction: Challenges toward Designing Novel Electrolytes for Modern Lithium-Ion and Post-Lithium Batteries Part I Novel Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries 1 New Strategies in Designing Salts and Solutions for the New Generation of Electrolytes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Anion Structure Impact 1.3 Requirements toward Electrolyte 1.4 Classes of Anions Investigated So Far 1.5 Properties of Anion Classes Investigated So Far 1.6 Properties of Commonly Used Salts 1.7 Strategy for New Anion Design 1.8 Anions Designed with the New Described Strategy 1.9 Other Concepts 1.10 Electrolyte Design: Solvent Effect 1.11 Electrolyte Design: Maximizing Parameters 1.12 Other Electrolytes for Li-Ion Cells 1.13 Anions for Post-Li-Ion Cells 1.14 Examples of Electrolytes for Li-Ion Cells 2 X-Ray Crystallography in Developing New Electrolyte Systems Based on Heterocyclic Anions 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Aggregation Phenomena: Solid-State and Concentrated Liquid Electrolytes 2.3 Crystal Structure Analysis: Hints about the Properties of Heterocyclic Anions 2.4 Structural Studies of LiTDI Solvates with Glymes: Disproportionation Mechanism 2.5 Structural Studies of Sodium Salts with Heterocyclic Anions 2.6 Structural Studies of Lithium Salt Hydrates with Dicyanoimidazole Anions 2.7 Conclusions 3 Overview of Polymer and Solid Electrolytes: Towards All Solid-State Batteries 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of Polymer Electrolytes 3.3 Dissociation and Transport of Ions: Microscopic View 3.3.1 Dissociation 3.3.2 Ion Transport 3.4 Quantitative Models for Describing Ion Transport 3.4.1 Arrhenius Model 3.4.2 Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher Model 3.4.3 Conductivity of an Inhomogeneous Medium: Percolation Models 3.5 Lithium Transference Numbers 3.6 Polymer Electrolyte as an Element of the Cell: Electrolyte/Electrode Interface 3.7 Examples of Solid Polymer Electrolytes 3.7.1 Polymer with a Salt 3.7.1.1 Electrolytes based on PEO 3.7.1.2 Electrolytes based on other polymers 3.7.2 Organic/Inorganic Composite Systems 3.7.3 Polymer in a Salt and Systems with Ionic Liquids 3.7.4 Polyelectrolytes and Oligomeric Salts 3.8 Ceramic Electrolytes 3.8.1 NASICON-Type Conductors 3.8.2 Electrolytes with Perovskite Structure 3.8.3 Lithium Sulfides 3.8.4 Electrolytes with a Garnet Structure Part II Electrolytes for Post-Lithium-Ion Systems 4 Electrolytes for Sodium and Sodium-Ion Batteries 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Electrolyte 4.2.1 Solvents and Systematics 4.2.1.1 Liquid electrolytes 4.2.1.2 Ionic liquid–based electrolytes 4.2.1.3 Gel systems 4.2.1.4 Polymer electrolytes 4.2.2 Salts 4.3 Summary 5 Multivalent Cation Systems: Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries 5.1 Electrolytes Evolved from Grignard Compounds 5.2 Electrolytes with Boron Compounds 5.3 Electrolytes with Hexamethyldisilazide Ions 5.4 Simple Inorganic Electrolyte 5.5 Electrolytes with TFSI Anion 5.6 Miscellaneous Electrolytes 5.7 Comparison of Various Electrolyte Systems 5.8 Problem of Dendrites 5.9 Summary 6 Multivalent Cation Systems: Toward Aluminum, Zinc, and Calcium Batteries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Aluminum 6.2.1 Water-Based Electrolytes 6.2.2 Nonaqueous Systems 6.3 Calcium 6.4 Zinc 6.5 Conclusions 7 Electrolytes for Metal-Air Batteries 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Lithium-Air Systems 7.2.1 Organic and Polymeric Electrolytes 7.2.2 Aqueous 7.2.3 Ceramic and Glassy 7.2.4 Hybrid Systems 7.3 Sodium 7.4 Potassium 7.5 Magnesium 7.6 Calcium 7.7 Aluminum 7.8 Zinc 7.9 Miscellaneous 7.10 Conclusions 8 Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Electrolyte Requirements 8.3 Liquid Electrolytes 8.3.1 Carbonates 8.3.2 Ethers 8.3.3 Sulfones 8.3.4 Ionic Liquids 8.3.5 Concentrated Electrolytes 8.3.6 Novel Approach 8.4 Solid Electrolytes 8.4.1 Polymer Electrolytes 8.4.2 Ceramic Electrolytes 8.5 Additives 8.6 Summary Index