Environmental Compliance Handbook: Land

Description

Environmental laws and regulations are extremely complex and difficult to understand. In order to comply with them, they need to be explained in layperson’s terms. The handbook identifies many changes in regulations and recommends ways to apply and implement them. Containing the latest environmental information, this third volume addresses environmental compliance with land and provides a historical perspective to help follow the logical growth and increased complexity of land regulations through time. Structured as a “step-by-step how-to” book, readers will find real-life examples for the most important aspects of language, permit terms, demonstrating compliance, and organization for land projects. Features: Introduces all land pollution control regulations and the requirements of any land pollution control permits available up to dateAnswers in depth all practical questions that arise when working on compliance projects in a "how-to" methodAddresses a wider spectrum of issues that go beyond chemical-based contamination and environmental regulations and examines the impacts of climate changeIncludes many real-life examples and case studies from industry and institutions that comply with land use regulationsIt is global in coverage and very useful to companies that have expanded operations outside their country of origin Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Acronyms, Elements, Symbols, Molecules, and Units of Measure Chapter 1 Themes and Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Major Themes of This Book 1.3 Theme 1: No Matter Where You Are, It’s All the Same 1.4 Theme 2: Pollution and Its Behavior in Nature 1.5 Theme 3: Land Use and Where Cities Are Built 1.6 Theme 4: History of Environmental Regulations 1.7 Theme 5: Complexity and Effectiveness of Environmental Regulations 1.8 Theme 6: Environmental Regulations and Pollution of the World 1.9 Theme 7: Maintaining Compliance with Environmental Regulations 1.10 Summary 1.11 References Chapter 2 History of Land Pollution and the Beginning of Environmental Regulations in the United States 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of Environmental Regulations for Land in the United States 2.3 The Birth of the Environmental Movement and Regulations in the United States 2.4 Formation of National Policy and the Environmental Protection Agency 2.5 Environmental Laws of the United States 2.6 National Environmental Protection Act 2.7 Environmental Justice 2.8 Environmental Enforcement 2.9 Current Status of Land Pollution in the United States 2.10 Summary of Land Pollution Regulations in the United States 2.11 References Chapter 3 Land Contamination 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Need for Regulation 3.3 Toxicity of Contamination 3.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 3.4.1 Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids 3.4.2 Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids 3.4.3 Trihalomethanes 3.5 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 3.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 3.7 Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds 3.7.1 Phthalates 3.7.2 Phenol 3.7.3 Amines 3.7.4 Esters 3.8 Heavy Metals 3.9 Pesticides and Herbicides 3.10 Dioxins 3.11 Fertilizers 3.12 Cyanide 3.13 Asbestos 3.14 Acids and Bases 3.15 Radioactive Compounds 3.16 Greenhouse Gases 3.17 Carbon Dioxide 3.18 Carbon Monoxide 3.19 Ozone 3.20 Sulfur Dioxide 3.21 Particulate Matter 3.22 Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses 3.23 Invasive Species 3.24 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 3.25 Emerging Contaminants 3.26 Summary and Conclusion 3.27 References Chapter 4 Nature’s Response to Land Contamination 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Release of Contamination into the Environment 4.3 Principles of Contaminant Fate and Transport 4.3.1 Basic Contaminant Transport Concepts 4.3.2 Basic Contaminant Degradation Concepts 4.3.2.1 Biotic Degradation 4.3.2.2 Abiotic Degradation 4.3.3 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in Soil 4.3.4 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in Surface Water 4.3.5 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater 4.3.6 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Atmosphere 4.4 Fate and Transport of Contaminants 4.4.1 VOCs 4.4.2 PAHs 4.4.3 PCBs 4.4.4 SVOCs 4.4.5 Heavy Metals 4.4.6 Pesticides and Herbicides 4.4.7 Dioxins 4.4.8 Fertilizers 4.4.9 Cyanide 4.4.10 Asbestos 4.4.11 Acids and Bases 4.4.12 Radioactive Compounds 4.4.13 Greenhouse Gases 4.4.14 Carbon Dioxide 4.4.15 Carbon Monoxide 4.4.16 Ozone 4.4.17 Sulfur Dioxide 4.4.18 Particulate Matter 4.4.19 Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses 4.4.20 Invasive Species 4.4.21 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 4.4.22 Emerging Contaminants 4.5 Summary and Conclusion 4.6 References Chapter 5 Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act, Medical Waste, and Low-Level Radioactive Waste 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Subtitle D—Non-Hazardous Waste 5.3 Subtitle C—Hazardous Waste 5.3.1 Characteristic Hazardous Waste 5.3.2 Listed Hazardous Waste 5.3.3 Universal Hazardous Waste 5.3.4 Used Oil 5.3.5 Contained-In Policy and Derived-From Rule 5.3.6 Land Disposal Restrictions 5.3.7 Analytical Methods 5.3.8 Hazardous Waste Manifests 5.4 Subtitle I-Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks 5.5 Summary of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 5.6 Medical Waste 5.7 Low-Level Radioactive Waste 5.8 References Chapter 6 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Potential Responsible Parties 6.3 CERCLA History 6.3.1 Times Beach 6.3.2 Love Canal 6.3.3 Valley of the Drums 6.3.4 Wells G and H Superfund Site in Woburn, Massachusetts 6.3.5 Ciba-Geigy and Reich Farm Site in Toms River, New Jersey 6.3.6 PG&E Hinkley Site in California 6.3.7 Summary of CERCLA History 6.4 Site Scoring 6.5 Remediation Criteria 6.6 Summary of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 6.7 References Chapter 7 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act, Toxic Substance Control Act, Pollution Prevention Act, Brownfield Revitalization Act 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 7.2.1 Material Designation and Labeling 7.3 Toxic Substance Control Act 7.3.1 Restricting Chemicals 7.3.2 Regulating PCBs under TSCA 7.4 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 7.5 Pollution Prevention Act 7.6 Brownfield Revitalization Act 7.7 Summary and Conclusions 7.8 References Chapter 8 Land-Related Environmental Regulations of the United States 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Insecticide Act; Feed, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 8.2.1 The Insecticide Act of 1910 8.2.2 The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 8.2.3 The Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947 8.3 Occupational Safety and Health Act 8.4 Lacey Act of 1900 8.5 Antiquities Act of 1906 8.6 Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1916 8.7 National Parks Act of 1916 8.8 Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 8.9 Federal Power Act of 1935 8.10 Atomic Energy Act of 1954 8.11 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 8.12 Endangered Species Act of 1973 8.13 National Forest Management Act of 1976 8.14 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 8.15 Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 8.16 Energy Policy Act of 1992 and 2005 8.17 Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 8.18 Summary of Environmental Regulations of the United States 8.19 References Chapter 9 Review of Global Assessments and Standards for Land Contamination 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Climate and Geographic Influences 9.3 Global Assessments and Environmental Standards for Land Pollution 9.4 Summary of Global Assessments and Standards 9.5 References Chapter 10 Land Pollution Regulations of North America 10.1 Introduction to North America 10.2 Canada 10.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Canada 10.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 10.2.3 Remediation Standards 10.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Canada 10.3 Mexico 10.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Mexico 10.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 10.3.3 Remediation Standards 10.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Mexico 10.4 Summary and Conclusion 10.5 References Chapter 11 Land Pollution Regulations of Europe 11.1 Introduction 11.2 European Union 11.2.1 European Union Environmental Regulatory Overview 11.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 11.2.3 Remediation 11.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of the European Union 11.3 Russia 11.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview and History of Russia 11.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 11.3.3 Environmental Impact Assessments 11.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations and Protection in Russia 11.4 Norway 11.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Norway 11.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 11.4.3 Remediation 11.4.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Norway 11.5 Switzerland 11.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Switzerland 11.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 11.5.3 Remediation 11.5.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Switzerland 11.6 Turkey 11.6.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Turkey 11.6.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 11.6.3 Remediation 11.6.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Turkey 11.7 Summary and Conclusions 11.8 References Chapter 12 Land Pollution Regulations of Africa 12.1 Introduction 12.2 South Africa 12.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of South Africa 12.2.2 Waste Management 12.2.3 Remediation Standards 12.2.4 Summary of South Africa Land Environmental Regulations 12.3 Kenya 12.3.1 Overview of Kenya Environmental Regulations 12.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 12.3.3 Remediation Standards 12.3.4 Summary of Land Environmental Regulations of Kenya 12.4 Tanzania 12.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Tanzania 12.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 12.4.3 Remediation Standards 12.4.4 Summary of Land Environmental Regulations of Tanzania 12.5 Egypt 12.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Egypt 12.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 12.5.3 Remediation Standards 12.5.4 Summary of Egyptian Land Environmental Regulations 12.6 Summary and Conclusion 12.7 References Chapter 13 Land Pollution Regulations of Asia 13.1 Introduction 13.2 China 13.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of China 13.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 13.2.3 Remediation Standards 13.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in China 13.3 Japan 13.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Japan 13.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 13.3.3 Remediation Standards 13.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Japan 13.4 India 13.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of India 13.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 13.4.3 Remediation Standards 13.4.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of India 13.5 South Korea 13.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of South Korea 13.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 13.5.3 Remediation Standards 13.5.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Korea 13.6 Saudi Arabia 13.6.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Saudi Arabia 13.6.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 13.6.3 Remediation Standards 13.6.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Saudi Arabia 13.7 Indonesia 13.7.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Indonesia 13.7.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 13.7.3 Remediation Standards 13.7.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Indonesia 13.8 Malaysia 13.8.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Malaysia 13.8.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 13.8.3 Remediation Standards 13.8.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Malaysia 13.9 Summary and Conclusion 13.10 References Chapter 14 Land Pollution Regulations of Oceania 14.1 Oceania 14.2 Australia 14.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Australia 14.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 14.2.3 Remediation Standards 14.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Australia 14.3 New Zealand 14.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of New Zealand 14.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 14.3.3 Remediation Standards 14.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of New Zealand 14.4 Summary and Conclusion 14.5 References Chapter 15 Land Pollution Regulations of South America 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Argentina 15.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Argentina 15.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 15.2.3 Remediation Standards 15.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Argentina 15.3 Brazil 15.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Brazil 15.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 15.3.3 Remediation Standards 15.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Brazil 15.4 Chile 15.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Chile 15.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 15.4.3 Remediation Standards 15.4.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Chile 15.5 Peru 15.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Peru 15.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste 15.5.3 Remediation Standards 15.5.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Peru 15.6 Summary and Conclusion 15.7 References Chapter 16 Current Status of Land Pollution and Regulations of the World 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Antarctica 16.2.1 Pollution in Antarctica 16.2.2 Environmental Regulations of Antarctica 16.2.3 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Antarctica 16.3 Oceans 16.3.1 Ocean Pollution 16.3.2 Environmental Regulations of the Oceans 16.3.3 Summary of Environmental Regulations of the Oceans 16.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations and Water Pollution of the World 16.4.1 Evaluating and Ranking Each Country’s Regulatory Effectiveness for Land 16.4.2 Environmental Challenges of Each Country 16.5 Summary and Conclusion 16.6 References Chapter 17 Achieving and Maintaining Compliance with Land Regulations 17.1 Introduction 17.2 USEPA Audit Policy 17.3 Starting the Process 17.4 Conducting an Environmental Audit 17.4.1 Categories of Findings 17.4.2 Document List 17.4.3 Opening Meeting 17.4.4 Environmental Audit Checklist 17.4.4.1 Hazardous Waste 17.4.4.2 Solid Waste 17.4.4.3 Used Oil 17.4.4.4 Universal Waste 17.4.4.5 Company Owned or Operated Landfills 17.4.4.6 Spills 17.4.4.7 PCBs 17.4.4.8 Storage Tanks 17.4.4.9 Hazardous Materials 17.4.4.10 Toxic Substance Control Act 17.4.4.11 Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know-Act 17.4.4.12 Site Inspection 17.4.4.13 Closing Meeting 17.4.4.14 Report Preparation 17.5 Agency Inspections 17.6 Environmental Audits and Sustainability 17.7 Summary of Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Compliance 17.8 References Index