Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Radar Using Python and MATLAB®

Description

This comprehensive introduction to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a practical guide to the analysis, simulation, and design of SAR systems. The video eBook uses constructive examples and real-world collected datasets to demonstrate image registration and autofocus methods. Both two- and three-dimensional image formation algorithms are presented. Hardware, software, and environmental parameters are used to estimate performance limits for SAR operation and utilization. A set of Python and MATLAB software tools is included and provides you with an effective mechanism to analyze and predict SAR performance for various imaging scenarios and applications. Examples which use the software tools are provided at the end of each chapter to reinforce critical SAR imaging topics such as clutter-to-noise ratio, mapping rate, spatial resolution, Doppler bandwidth, pulse repetition frequency, and coherency. This is an excellent resource for engineering professionals working in areas of radar signal processing and imaging as well as students interested in studying SAR. INTRODUCTION TO SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR USING PYTHON AND MATLAB Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 HISTORY 1.2 FUNDAMENTALS 1.2.1 Operating Frequency 1.2.2 Sensor Polarization 1.3 APPLICATIONS 1.3.1 Remote Sensing 1.3.2 Space Debris Monitoring 1.3.3 Through-Wall Sensing 1.3.4 Military Applications 1.3.5 Alternative Navigation 1.4 SOFTWARE 1.4.1 Python 1.4.2 MATLAB PROBLEMS References Chapter 2 Imaging Modes 2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 2.2 STRIPMAP 2.2.1 Resolution 2.2.2 Pulse Repetition Frequency 2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 2.2.4 Noise Equivalent Sigma Zero 2.2.5 Squint Angle 2.3 SPOTLIGHT 2.3.1 Resolution 2.3.2 Pulse Repetition Frequency 2.3.3 SNR 2.3.4 Squint Angle 2.4 SCANNING SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR 2.5 TERRAIN OBSERVATION BY PROGRESSIVE SCAN 2.6 SWEEPSAR 2.7 INSAR 2.8 POLARIMETRIC SAR 2.9 BISTATIC AND MULTISTATIC SAR 2.10 ISAR 2.11 DIGITAL BEAMFORMING 2.12 EXAMPLES 2.12.1 Stripmap SAR Range Resolution 2.12.2 Stripmap SAR Support Band 2.12.3 Stripmap SAR Point Spread Function 2.12.4 Stripmap SAR Doppler Bandwidth 2.12.5 Stripmap SAR Pulse Repetition Frequency 2.12.6 Stripmap SAR SNR 2.12.7 Stripmap SAR CNR 2.12.8 NESZ 2.12.9 Spotlight SAR Cross-Range Resolution 2.12.10 Spotlight SAR Point Spread Function 2.12.11 Spotlight SAR Doppler Bandwidth 2.12.12 Spotlight SAR PRF 2.12.13 Spotlight SAR SNR PROBLEMS References Chapter 3 Image Formation 3.1 SIGNAL MODEL 3.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANGE PROFILES 3.2.1 Matched Filter 3.2.2 Stretch Processor 3.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING 3.3.1 Range Doppler Algorithm 3.3.2 Polar Format Algorithm 3.3.3 Backprojection Algorithm 3.3.4 Algebraic Methods 3.3.5 Nontraditional Methods 3.4 EXAMPLES 3.4.1 Range Profile— Point Targets 3.4.2 Range Profile— Backhoe 3.4.3 Range Doppler Algorithm — Point Target 3.4.4 Range Doppler Algorithm— Backhoe 3.4.5 Polar Format Algorithm — Point Targets 3.4.6 Polar Format Algorithm — Learjet 3.4.7 Backprojection Algorithm— Point Targets 3.4.8 Backprojection Algorithm— Toyota Avalon PROBLEMS References Chapter 4 Three-Dimensional Imaging 4.1 DEVELOPMENT 4.1.1 Airborne and Spaceborne Systems 4.1.2 Through-Wall Systems 4.1.3 ISAR 4.2 POINT SPREAD FUNCTION 4.3 POLAR FORMAT IMAGING 4.4 BACKPROJECTION IMAGING 4.4.1 Linear Trace Theorem 4.4.2 Filtered Backprojection 4.5 EXAMPLES 4.5.1 Polar Format Algorithm — Point Targets 4.5.2 Backprojection Algorithm— Learjet 4.5.3 Backprojection Algorithm— Backhoe PROBLEMS References Chapter 5 Autofocus 5.1 BACKGROUND 5.2 ERROR MODEL 5.3 MODEL-BASED METHODS 5.3.1 Map Drift 5.4 NONPARAMETRIC METHODS 5.4.1 Inverse Filtering 5.4.2 Phase Gradient 5.4.3 Minimum Entropy 5.5 ADVANCED AUTOFOCUS TECHNIQUES 5.6 EXAMPLES 5.6.1 Map Drift 5.6.2 Inverse Filtering 5.6.3 Phase Gradient 5.6.4 Minimum Entropy PROBLEMS References Chapter 6 Image Registration 6.1 METHODS 6.2 PHASE CORRELATION 6.2.1 Translation 6.2.2 Rotation 6.2.3 Scale Change 6.3 HARRIS CORNER 6.3.1 Corner Detection 6.3.2 Corner Matching 6.4 SCALE INVARIANT FEATURE TRANSFORM 6.4.1 Gaussian Scale-Space Construction 6.4.2 Keypoint Selection 6.4.3 Orientation Assignment 6.4.4 Keypoint Descriptor Creation 6.4.5 Descriptor Matching 6.5 SPEEDED-UP ROBUST FEATURES 6.5.1 Interest Point Selection 6.5.2 Orientation Assignment 6.5.3 Interest Point Descriptors 6.5.4 Descriptor Matc 6.6 ORIENTED FAST AND ROTATED BRIEF 6.6.1 FAST 6.6.2 BRIEF 6.7 WARP FUNCTION EXTRACTION 6.7.1 Formulation 6.7.2 RANSAC 6.7.3 Fast-LTS 6.7.4 EF-LTS 6.8 EXAMPLES 6.8.1 Harris Corner 6.8.2 Phase Correlation 6.8.3 SIFT 6.8.4 ORB PROBLEMS References Chapter 7 Performance Considerations 7.1 SPATIAL RESOLUTION 7.2 SNR 7.2.1 Antenna System 7.2.2 Transmitter 7.2.3 Receiver 7.3 LOSSES 7.3.1 Hardware Loss 7.3.2 Propagation Loss 7.3.3 Signal Processing Loss 7.3.4 Antenna Scan Loss 7.4 UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE 7.5 DATA HANDLING 7.6 EXAMPLES 7.6.1 Spatial Resolution 7.6.2 Windowing Functions 7.6.3 NESZ 7.6.4 Rain Attenuation 7.6.5 Unambiguous Range 7.6.6 RGIQE 7.6.7 RNIIRS PROBLEMS References Chapter 8 Future Directions 8.1 APPLICATIONS 8.1.1 Spaceborne SAR 8.1.2 Airborne SAR 8.1.3 Ground Based SAR 8.2 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 8.2.1 Satellites 8.2.2 Rockets 8.2.3 Downlinks 8.2.4 Signal and Image Processing 8.3 WORKFLOW AND PROCESSES 8.4 MARKET DEMAND References Appendix A: Polarization A.1 COORDINATE CONVENTION A.2 JONES VECTOR A.3 SCATTERING MATRIX A.4 COHERENT AND NONCOHERENT SCATTERING A.4.1 Covariance A.4.2 Coherency A.5 DECOMPOSITIONS A.5.1 Coherent A.5.2 Noncoherent References About the Author