Microbial Biocontrol: Sustainable Agriculture and Phytopathogen Management: Volume 1

Description

This first volume of a two-volume work presents the manifold applications of beneficial microbes and microbiomes in plant growth promotion, in enhancing crop resilience and in control of phytopathogens through microbial antagonists. In-depth insights into latest technologies such as biopriming of seeds and soil inoculation of rhizosphere microorganisms are provided. The two-volume work “Microbial Biocontrol” introduces mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and explores latest strategies of how microbes can be applied in biocontrol and management of plant pathogens, replacing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The book covers different groups of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, but also the interplay of entire microbiomes, and reviews their specific benefits in crop growth promotion, in enhancing the plants’ tolerance against biotic and abiotic stress as well as in post-harvest management of various plant diseases. Novel tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 and microbe derived nanoparticles are also addressed besides the legal aspects of biocontrol applications. Today, rising global population and changing climatic conditions emerge as a major challenge for agronomist farmers and researchers in fulfilling the requirements of global food production. The conventional agricultural practices utilize undistributed use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enhance growth and yield of agricultural products and fresh foods, but their extensive and continuous use have led to a range of negative consequences on the food quality and safety, to environment as well as to human and animal health. Microbial biocontrol applications are presented as a solution, paving the way to a sustainable agriculture in compliance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The book addresses researchers in academia and agriculture. Contents 1: Beneficial Fungal Strain: Molecular Approaches in Plant Disease Management 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Cross Communication Between Kingdoms: Beginning of Symbiosis (Induced Systemic Resistance) 1.3 Molecular Aspect to Biocontrol Mechanisms 1.3.1 Molecular Mechanism of Competition-Mediated Biocontrol 1.3.2 Molecular Mechanism of Mycoparasitism (Hyperparasitism)-Mediated Biocontrol 1.3.3 Molecular Mechanism of Antibiosis-Mediated Biocontrol 1.3.4 Molecular Mechanism of Siderophore-Mediated Biocontrol 1.3.5 Molecular Mechanism of Hypovirulence-Mediated Biocontrol 1.4 Some Model Fungal Strain and Biocontrol Mechanism 1.4.1 A Model Species of Trichoderma ssp. and Molecular Mechanism of Pathogen Management 1.4.2 AMF and Molecular Mechanism of Pathogen Management 1.5 Concluding Remarks References 2: Host-Induced Gene Silencing: Approaches in Plant Disease Management 2.1 Introduction 2.2 RNAi Mechanism 2.3 Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) Method 2.4 Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) 2.5 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 2.6 Viral Based Vectors for Host and Pathogen Interactions 2.7 Small RNAs in Plant Immunity 2.8 Secondary siRNAs in the HIGS System 2.9 HIGS Strategy AGAINST Plant Pathogenic Viruses 2.10 HIGS Strategy Against Plant Pathogenic Bacteria 2.11 HIGS Strategy Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi 2.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 3: Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria: Aspects in Metal Bioremediation and Phytopathogen Management 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Impact of Heavy Metals in the Environment and Their Biological Removal 3.3 Plant Disease Control by Growth Promoting Bacteria 3.4 Techniques for Screening of Plant Growth Promoter Bacteria for HM Remediation and Phytopathogen Control 3.5 Concluding Remarks References 4: Life Inside Plants: Insights into the Lifestyle, Diversity, and Metabolites of Endophytic Bacteria Involved in Plant Defens... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Endophytic Lifestyle 4.3 Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria Involved in Plant Defense Against Phytopathogens 4.4 Endophytic Metabolites Involved in Plant Defense Against Phytopathogens 4.4.1 Antibiotics 4.4.2 Lytic Enzymes 4.4.3 Siderophores 4.4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 4.5 Emerging Gaps and Perspectives 4.6 Concluding Remarks References 5: Plant Disease Management Through Microbiome Modulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Rhizosphere and the Microbiome 5.3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) 5.4 Biocontrol-PGPR and Plant Disease Management 5.5 Microbiome-Mediated Disease Management Mechanisms 5.5.1 Induced Systemic Resistance 5.5.2 Competition 5.5.3 Lytic Enzymes 5.5.4 Antibiosis 5.5.4.1 Phenazines 5.5.4.2 2,4-Diacetyle Phloroglucinol (DAPG) 5.5.4.3 Pyrrolnitrin (Prn) 5.5.4.4 Pyoluteorin (Plt) 5.5.4.5 Biosurfactants Rhamnolipids Cyclic Lipopeptides (CLPs) of Pseudomonas Surfactins Iturins Fengycin 5.6 Recent Trends in Microbiome Modulation 5.6.1 Higher Cell Density Inoculation 5.6.2 Engineering of Plant Microbiome 5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 6: Rhizosphere Bacteria and Rhizobacterial Formulations: Small Weapons in the Big Battle of Plant Disease Management 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mechanisms of Rhizobacterial Plant Disease Management 6.2.1 Rhizobacterial Metabolites 6.2.1.1 Siderophores 6.2.1.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 6.2.1.3 Lytic Enzymes 6.2.1.4 Antibiotics 6.2.2 Induced Systemic Resistance 6.3 Advances in Commercialization of Rhizobacterial Formulations for Plant Disease Management 6.4 Challenges and Opportunities 6.5 Concluding Remarks References 7: Biocontrol Potential of Microbial Consortia: Approaches in Food Security and Disease Management 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Structure and Classification of Microbial Consortia 7.3 The Contributions of Microbial Consortia to Phytopathogen Control 7.4 Action Mechanism of Microbial Consortia in Phytopathogen´s Management 7.4.1 Antibiotics Production 7.4.2 Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes 7.4.3 Volatile Compounds 7.4.4 Siderophores 7.5 Application of Microbial Consortia in Phytopathogen Management 7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 8: Bioprospecting New-Generation Biocontrol Strategies: A Viable Solution for Attaining Agricultural Security and Food Safety 8.1 Introduction: A Need Towards a Sustainable Approach for a Sustainable Agri-Food Compatibility 8.2 The Era of Biocontrol Management 8.3 The Associated Interactions and Mechanisms of Biocontrol Agents 8.4 The Way for Microsatellite Markers: Detecting Specific Biocontrol Agents 8.5 Future Direction and Conclusion References 9: Microbe-Induced Plant Volatiles and Their Role in Plant Disease Management 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Microbe-Induced Plant Volatiles 9.2.1 Rhizosphere-Associated Microbes 9.2.2 Phyllosphere-Associated Microbes 9.3 Biosynthesis of Microbe-Induced Plant Volatiles 9.4 Application of MIPVs 9.5 Future Perspective References 10: Microbial Protein Elicitors in Plant Defense 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Microbial Proteins and Peptides in Plant Defense 10.3 Glycoproteins 10.4 Harpin Proteins 10.5 Proteins/Peptides 10.6 Viral Proteins 10.7 Microbial Protein/Peptide Sensing by Plants 10.8 Molecular Mechanism of Defense Gene Activation in Plants 10.9 Conclusion References 11: Mechanism of Antagonism: Hyperparasitism and Antibiosis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mycoparasitism/Hyperparasitism 11.2.1 Mycoparasites of Soilborne Plant Pathogens 11.2.2 Necrotrophic Hyperparasitism 11.2.3 Hyperparasites of Foliar Pathogens 11.2.4 Bacteria and Ascomycetes as Hyperparasites 11.3 Antibiosis 11.3.1 Antibiotics Produced by Trichoderma and Gliocladium spp. 11.3.2 Antibiotics Produced by Bacteria 11.4 Improved Biocontrol Activity by Genetic Engineering in Microorganisms 11.5 Improvement of Biocontrol Ability of Trichoderma 11.6 Concluding Remarks References 12: Reviving Back the Ecological Sustainability Through Microbial Bioprospection 12.1 Introduction: Exploring the Biodiversity of Endophytes 12.1.1 Categorizing Various Endophytic Sources: Fungal, Bacterial, and Algal 12.1.1.1 Endophytic Fungi 12.1.1.2 Endophytic Bacteria 12.1.1.3 Endophytic Algae 12.2 Endophytic-Host Plant Interaction 12.3 Bioprospecting Endophytes for Their Potential Application in Environmental Sustainability and Safety 12.3.1 Nutrient Cycling 12.3.2 Role of Endophytes in Promotion of Plant Growth and Health 12.3.2.1 Biodegradation/Bioremediation 12.3.2.2 Phytostimulation 12.3.2.3 Phytovolatilization 12.3.2.4 Biofertilization 12.3.2.5 Extracellular Enzymes Secreted by Potential Endophytes 12.4 Conclusion References 13: Biogenic Nanoparticles as Novel Biocontrol Agents 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Biogenic Nanoparticles for Biocontrol 13.2.1 Bacteriogenic Nanoparticles 13.2.2 Mycogenic Nanoparticles 13.2.3 Phytogenic Nanoparticles 13.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 14: Molecular Genetics of Biotic Stress Management for Crop Improvement 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Approaches for Sustainable Crop Improvement Using Wild Relatives 14.3 Modern Breeding Methods and Genetic Engineering Approach for Crop Improvements 14.4 Crop Improvements Using RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing 14.5 Insects and Its Resistance to Crop Improvement 14.6 Viral Diseases and Its Managements for Crop Improvement 14.6.1 Role of Coat Protein in Viral Pathogenesis 14.7 Bacterial Diseases and Its Managements 14.8 Fungal Diseases and Crop Improvements 14.9 Nematode Diseases and Its Managements for Crop Improvements 14.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 15: Biopriming of Seeds for Plant Disease Tolerance and Phytopathogen Management 15.1 Introduction 15.2 What Is Seed Priming 15.3 Significance of Seed Priming 15.4 Types of Seed Priming 15.5 Seed Biopriming 15.6 Biopriming Procedure 15.7 Benefits of Seed Biopriming 15.8 Seed Biopriming with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) 15.9 Seed Biopriming with Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF) 15.10 Mechanisms Involved in Seed Biopriming and Subsequent Disease Tolerance in Plants 15.11 Application of Biopriming for Disease Resistance (Some Practical Examples) 15.12 Constraints of Biopriming 15.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects References