States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering

Description

Blocking out, turning a blind eye, shutting off, not wanting to know, wearing blinkers, seeing what we want to see ... these are all expressions of 'denial'. Alcoholics who refuse to recognize their condition, people who brush aside suspicions of their partner's infidelity, the wife who doesn't notice that her husband is abusing their daughter - are supposedly 'in denial'. Governments deny their responsibility for atrocities, and plan them to achieve 'maximum deniability'. Truth Commissions try to overcome the suppression and denial of past horrors. Bystander nations deny their responsibility to intervene. Do these phenomena have anything in common' When we deny, are we aware of what we are doing or is this an unconscious defence mechanism to protect us from unwelcome truths' Can there be cultures of denial' How do organizations like Amnesty and Oxfam try to overcome the public's apparent indifference to distant suffering and cruelty' Is denial always so bad - or do we need positive illusions to retain our sanity' States of Denial is the first comprehensive study of both the personal and political ways in which uncomfortable realities are avoided and evaded. It ranges from clinical studies of depression, to media images of suffering, to explanations of the 'passive bystander' and 'compassion fatigue'. The book shows how organized atrocities - the Holocaust and other genocides, torture, and political massacres - are denied by perpetrators and by bystanders, those who stand by and do nothing. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 The Elementary Forms of Denial Psychological status: conscious or unconscious? Content: literal, interpretive or implicatory? Organization: personal, cultural or official? Time: historical or contemporary? Agent: victim, perpetrator or observer? Space and place: your own or elsewhere? 2 Knowing and Not-Knowing The Psychology of Denial Everyday denial The psychoanalysis of denial Lies and self-deception Cognitive errors 3 Denial at Work Mechanisms and Rhetorical Devices Normalization Defence mechanisms and cognitive errors Accounts and rhetorical devices Collusion and cover-up Everyday bystanders 4 Accounting for Atrocities Perpetrators and Officials Perpetrators: accounts as denials The discourse of official denial 5 Blocking out the Past Personal Memories, Public Histories Prelude: repression Personal memories, personal past Personal denials, public histories Collective denials, public histories 6 Bystander States Prologue: ‘It can’t happen to us’ Internal bystanders External audiences 7 Images of Suffering Appeasing the media beast Representation and the starving African child Enlightenment fatigue 8 Appeals Outrage into Action Appeal narrative Issues 9 Digging up Graves, Opening up Wounds Acknowledging the Past Modes of acknowledgement Acknowledgement and social control Over-acknowledgement 10 Acknowledgement Now The meanings of acknowledgement Telling the truth Intervention: pro-social behaviour and altruism Creating more acknowledgement 11 Towards Cultures of Denial? Intellectual denial More or less denial? The photo never lies Notes Index