Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology

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Page 1 Titles REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS EDITOR: Frank C. Hawthorne Page 1 Titles ii Reviews in Mineralogy Page 1 Titles SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS in Mineralogy and Geology Page 1 Titles REVIEWS in MINERALOGY, Volume 18 FOREWORD T ABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 G. Calas and F. C. Hawthorne INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS Chapter 2 P. F. McMillan and A. C. Hess SYMMETRY, GROUP THEORY AND Page 2 Titles Chapter 3 F. C. Hawthorne and G. A. Waychunas SPECTRUM-FITTING METHODS Page 3 Titles Chapter 4 P. F. McMillan and A. M. Hofmeister INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Page 4 Titles Chapter 5 Subrata Ghose INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING Page 5 Titles 185 Ferromagnets Antiferromagnets and ferrimagnets Chapter 6 George R. Rossman VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY OF Chapter 7 George R. Rossman OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY Page 6 Titles Chapter 8 Frank C. Hawthorne MbsSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY Page 7 Titles Chapter 9 R. James Kirkpatrick MAS NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF MINERALS Page 8 Titles Chapter 10 Jonathan F. Stebbins NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND DYNAMIC PROCESSES Page 9 Titles Chapter 11 G. E. Brown, Jr., G. Calas, X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS Page 10 Titles Chapter 12 Georges Calas ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE Page 11 Titles Chapter 13 Michael F. Hochella, Jr. AUGER ELECTRON AND X-RAY Page 12 Titles 592 The Auger parameter 593 Chemical shift and shapes of Auger lines 597 eon centric hemispherical analyzer (eHA) 599 Cylindrical mirror analyzer (eMA) 599 General comments on electron energy analyzers 600 Fast entry locks 600 X-ray monochromaters 601 Ion guns 603 Chemical quantification inXPS 604 Chemical quantification in electron stimulated AES 605 Electron induced charging 607 Electron induced damage 609 Angle resolved surface analysis 609 Ion sputtering Chapter 14 Glenn A. Waychunas LUMINESCENCE, X-RAY EMISSION AND 653 Apatite 655 Cassiterite Fluorite Calcite and other carbonates 656 Feldspars 658 Forsterite Pyroxenes Quartz Page 13 Page 1 Titles Chapter 1 G. Calas and F. C. Hawthorne INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS Page 2 Titles [1] p = tlk [2] Page 3 Titles Figure 1. The electromagnetic spectrum. Tables Table 1 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Titles 1 Tables Table 1 Page 7 Titles FMR IR Page 8 Page 9 Titles (;' ~ o -4 0 Page 10 Page 1 Titles Chapter 2 P. F. McMillan and A. C. Hess QUANTUM MECHANICS Page 2 Page 3 Titles o i A = o Page 4 Titles l1l2~ + 112~ + Page 5 Titles o Tables Table 1 Page 6 Titles 16 --------l---------- o (a) (b) z '.J .... x Page 7 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 8 Tables Table 1 Page 9 Page 10 Titles 20 o s r:" v V =3 V=2 V=1 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 11 Page 12 Titles (_l)V eY 1 Tables Table 1 Page 13 Titles o -loa -zoo (v + 112) Page 14 Page 15 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 16 Page 17 Titles I * Page 18 Page 19 Titles ms =+1/2 Page 20 Tables Table 1 Page 21 Page 22 Tables Table 1 Page 23 Titles 33 F B F/ 8. 9. 7. 6 6 Page 24 Page 25 Titles 6 35 6 Page 26 Titles 36 (J(XZ) j O(xy) Page 27 Page 28 Titles ~] Tables Table 1 REV018C002_p39-62.pdf Page 1 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 2 Titles i Tables Table 1 Page 3 Titles ?] Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 4 Page 5 Titles [~] Tables Table 1 Page 6 Tables Table 1 Page 7 Tables Table 1 Page 8 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 9 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 10 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 11 Titles r \ r Page 12 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 13 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 14 Tables Table 1 Page 15 Titles o \ o Tables Table 1 Page 16 Titles h i (\) = h o (, h r \ Tables Table 1 Page 17 Titles 1 1 h \\ Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 18 Titles r Tables Table 1 Page 19 Page 20 Tables Table 1 Page 21 Page 22 Titles "nm Page 23 Page 24 Page 1 Titles Chapter 3 F. C. Hawthorne and G. A. Waychunas Page 2 Tables Table 1 Page 3 Titles 8(1)' -, -, 8(2)' (b) B(1)' B(2)' Page 4 Titles P(X. n, p) = (¥) pX(l_p)"-x (1) (3) X = µ ~) (5) µ = X (6) r = 2.354 a (7) Tables Table 1 Page 5 Titles P(x, µ, n = 1f 2 2 (8) (x-µ) + tr 12) y=mx+c (9) Page 6 Titles -r -r/2 o r ( (n) n-x a.J21l 2 a Tables Table 1 Page 7 Titles y x~ y = Hx] (10) (11) y(x) = fo(x) (12) 1 [1 (Y. -Y(Xi})2] p. = -- exp - - _1__ (13) 1 o.lli 2 0i P(fo) = *Pi = * _1_ exp[- 1 ~ (Yi-Y(~))2] (14) P(f) = * _1_ exp[- 1 ~ (BYi)2] (15) Page 8 Titles (16) MINIMIZATION METHODS Page 9 Tables Table 1 Page 10 Titles (17) Page 11 Titles (18) ax2 x2(a. + wlia.) - x2a (IiX 2). = _ rv J J J J aaj wliaj (19) o (i l,n) (20) (21) l,n) (22) Page 12 Titles . (23) or R = a M (24) Mjk = .~ [ 12 [i(Xi) fk(Xi)] aMM-I = RWI = a (27) aJ = 2: Rk M k (28) (29) Tables Table 1 Page 13 Titles y(x) (30) in y(x) = in a + bx (31) y(x) (32) y(x) = y(a) + y'(a) (x-a) + yn'(a) Ix-al" + ... + n! (33) (34) 1 ( n [ay lx.l 2] 02 Yj-y)x) -.2: ~ bajl) (35) Page 14 Titles L R = baM L (37) (38) (39) SOME ASPECTS OF SPECTRUM REFINEMENT Page 15 Titles ~ = 2: hi f(~) (40) Page 16 Tables Table 1 Page 17 Titles D = ~ [[(Ycm - Yd(I)))2 - ,] !7i ~Yd(I) (41) Page 18 Titles (42) aM (43) R (44) RI [P ]2 Tables Table 1 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Titles 83 t2 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.1 o o Doppler velocity (cm Isec 1 Tables Table 1 Page 22 Titles 84 , . (a) - ..... ! \ • . ,,~ . . : -1.0 0 Doppl er velocity .. . I +1.0 Tables Table 1 Page 23 Titles (b) c .2 .... -0.6· 121.121 0.6 em/sec -121.6 0.121 0.6 85 Tables Table 1 Page 24 Page 25 Titles F(s) -co F(s) = rco -co (48) Page 26 Titles 88 ~ I , 2 t O(s) x 11(a)~ Page 27 Titles (a) I f(xl ~ x ~ 89 (b) 1 Page 28 Titles r f*(u) f(u + x) du r If(x)12 dx = r IF(s)12 ds f(x)*g(x) = r f(u) glx-u) du Page 29 Titles r f*[u) g[u+x) du [53) Page 30 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 31 Titles ... I ... ... 121. -6 . 121.5 121.4 121.3 121.2 121. 1 121. 121 K (INVERSE ANGSTROMS) (b) 93 121. 121 1. 121 2. IZl 3.121 4.121 5.121 R (ANGSTROMS) ... 2. o ~ 121. 5 -2 . ... III -4. 4 7 1121 K (INVERSE ANGSTROMS) Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Titles , A(1) µ ~ X A(3) Page 35 Titles ex ;: lim [ N1 ~ Ix,-µI 1 A(7) 1 N lim -Nl ~ [(X, - xlly - 51)] a = [a2 Page 36 Titles A(l2] A(l3) Page 1 Titles Chapter 4 P. F. McMillan and A. M. Hofmeister INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Page 2 Page 3 Titles + / ~ + Page 4 Titles 102 sample (a) incident p Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 5 Page 6 Titles 104 (a) (b) 11111 ILl A = 2.0 k = 0 k = ~ o k 3n - 3 Tables Table 1 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Titles 108 DO -' : ZPD o + Tables Table 1 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Titles N ..... Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Titles 117 n 1 n' n' , + E + s, t! '." -I '\ I.c:== E- O .? :> oJ 0 7 V I I I ," I AJ I I 1 R Page 20 Page 21 Titles n Page 22 Titles + I: f. ~~ / (v'2: - ~2 + i ~f .> Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Tables Table 1 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Titles __/'Je Page 31 Page 32 REV018C004_p131-160.pdf Page 1 Titles ." 131 Ij ..,. R% 5 4 2 Page 2 Page 3 Titles M9Si~ ilmnQnitQ R % (b) .. _ Tables Table 1 Page 4 Page 5 Titles 0.103, MgSi03 Perovskite z )-Y x ~o « WAVENUMBER (crrt") Page 6 Page 7 Tables Table 1 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Titles • " .s soc 7SO lOCO Ra.an .n1f't Ccm-D J) . BOO .BOO.L I .200 38IlIl. 0 Tables Table 1 Page 13 Page 14 Titles "' "' '" Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Titles 147 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Titles 150 REFERENCES Page 21 Titles 151 Page 22 Titles 152 Page 23 Titles 153 Page 24 Titles 154 Page 25 Titles 155 Page 26 Titles 156 Page 27 Titles 157 Page 28 Titles 158 Page 29 Titles 159 Page 30 Page 1 Titles Chapter 5 Subrata Ghose INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING Tables Table 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Tables Table 1 Page 5 Titles INMd Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Titles L Page 9 Tables Table 1 Page 10 Titles T >5' Q - (a) (b) Tables Table 1 Page 11 Page 12 Titles 172 OOOJr---------r---------r-------~ (a) Tables Table 1 Page 13 Page 14 Titles 174 PHONON WAVE VECTOR Tables Table 1 Page 15 Tables Table 1 Page 16 Titles 176 , ~ .. , ~ .. , ~ ... , . ' .... , .... " ........ ,~------------------~ - It" " .• , ........ -.- Page 17 Titles 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.. 0.5 0.. 0.3 0.2 0.1 0-4 0.5 . o "3 ::j 0.' ":: . "I' '. 1 ~~ .::v- ~I ~. i I:: • f--._o...._/ • "' . ",' . r or-et.er i t.e . r e pr- '''0' 0' ion relations l;illed circles 1. Phonon dis~e~~n model; tha~., 1987). Figure 1. d "molecular . g (Ghose et from ri,gl neutron s cat t er-t n i ne Las t Lo Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 18 Titles ~ I .!.. Q 2Ie~12_1_. Page 19 Titles 179 6.2m ../ I . !A! '\ u« \//'-.1'\ .. z ~AVELENGTH (lOt, Andalusite r\fJ : \ ., v " o Rhodochrosite Wavenumber (cm-i) Wavelength (nm) WAVENUMBER, em-I ANDRADITE 4ee see see zea see gee t aae WAVELENGTH, nm Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 14 Page 15 Titles 221 ii (kK) 15 12 w 5.0~ ~ I Phosphosiderite u WAVELENGTH (nml \\ \\ \ \ '\ 20 Tables Table 1 Page 16 Titles WAVENUMBER, em-I ORTHOCLASE WAVELENGTH, nm sooo ~ ~ 222 WAVENUMBER "H-I) CALCITE WAVENUMBER, « WAVELENGTH (NH) ANNABERGITE a: o Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Page 17 Page 18 Titles 224 Table 3. References to Optical Spectroscopic data on Minerals. ----------------------------------------------------------- Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 19 Titles 225 Page 20 Titles 226 Page 21 Titles 227 Page 22 Titles 228 Tables Table 1 Page 23 Titles 229 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 24 Titles 230 ~;g~ation centers Page 25 Titles 231 Page 26 Titles 232 Tables Table 1 Page 27 Titles 233 REFERENCES Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 28 Titles 234 Page 29 Titles 235 Page 30 Titles 236 Page 31 Titles 237 Page 32 Titles 238 Page 33 Titles 239 Page 34 Titles 240 Page 35 Titles 241 Page 36 Titles 242 Page 37 Titles 243 Page 38 Page 39 Titles 245 - --- - ---- - - ---- - - - ---- -- --- -- - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - --- - -- - - - _- - ---- ----- - - --- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - .-- -- - - - -- - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - .-- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- c, -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- L. ORTHOPYROXENE 1.1(2) SITE ORTHOPYROXENE Mil) SITE Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 40 Page 41 Titles 247 ~C2 ~-z WAVENUMBER (CH-I) WAVENUMBER (em-I) WAVELENGTH (NM) Tables Table 1 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Tables Table 1 Page 45 Titles E 1 1 C2 1 a(xz) a(yz) -1 Page 46 Tables Table 1 Page 47 Titles FREE 253 ISO r-------~-----_, « o Page 48 Titles REFERENCES - APPEND! X Page 1 Titles Chapter 8 Frank C. Hawthorne Page 2 Tables Table 1 Page 3 Titles (for emission) (for absorption) (3) (4) tlk (5) Page 4 Titles Mv~ p2 2M (6) (7) Tables Table 1 Page 5 Titles (8) ETOT = hw(n + !) h (9) (10) (12) (14) Ix A ~E = 3~i 0 REV018C013_p605-638.pdf Page 1 Titles (20) Page 2 Titles 606 5 2 2 Qt 3 4 5 6 7 16. 17. - Z Si o 200 400 600 electron energy (eV) Page 3 Page 4 Titles 608 a ~ C Ca o b w ..... o Ca 3;>" Page 5 Titles d = 3ACOSO Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Titles 612 20. A 21. ..~l s= .. :'.-."_. -, ' .....• ~, '. 23. 22. Page 9 Page 10 Titles 614 Nontronite Fe 2P3l1 a b .v 25. 26. / Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Titles 617 .~---. ~ . "' Page 14 Page 15 Titles 619 29. 30. ~r------.-------.-------r------'-------' TIME (hDIn) Tables Table 1 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Titles 623 A 34. B 33. • .... , 0 ~ :~ '\ ;:... :.l/\~\. 945 950 955 960 Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Titles 01 s: NAS GLASSES (A = 0.57) BINDING ENERGY (eV) , .. .,. Tables Table 1 Table 2 Page 23 Page 24 Tables Table 1 Page 25 Page 26 Titles ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 1 Titles Chapter 14 Glenn A. Waychunas LUMINESCENCE, X-RAY EMISSION AND Page 2 Titles 640 a ~~--i I Jo C J ~. _;p b S UVor M ~< ~ -- : If ~ ~ " "E.:i ~ ... '~S ­ CHANNEL ZERO-LOSS LOW-LOSS ENERGY (eV) HIGH-LOSS Mn02 Page 23 Page 24 Tables Table 1 Page 25 Titles 693 ENERGY LOSS. Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Titles 696 Page 29 Page 30