Encyclopedia of Pain (7 Volume Set)

Description

The Encyclopedia of Pain includes more than 3,000 entries and provides clear, detailed and up-to-date coverage of the current state of research, and treatment of pain. In addition, detailed essays provide in-depth information on all aspects of nociception and pain, including substrates, causes, pathophysiology, symptoms and signs, diagnoses and treatment. A thousand color figures enhance understanding of this too-little-understood topic. The book is available in print, in online only form, or in a print-online bundle. Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition About the Editors Section Editors Contributors A α2A or α2C-Adrenoceptor Agonists α2-Adrenergic Agonists α-Agonists Adelta-mechanoreceptor A Afferent Fibers (Neurons) Definition Cross-References A Delta(delta)-mechanoheat Receptor A Fibers (A-Fibers) Definition Cross-References AAV Abacterial Meningitis Abdominal Skin Reflex Definition Cross-References Abduction Definition Cross-References Aberrant Drug-Related Behaviors Definition Cross-References Ablation Definition Cross-References Abnormal Illness Affirming States Definition Cross-References Abnormal Illness Behavior Definition Cross-References Abnormal Illness Behavior of the Unconsciously Motivated, Somatically Focussed Type Abnormal Sensation Abnormal Temporal Summation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Abnormal Ureteric Peristalsis in Stone Rats Definition Cross-References Abscess Definition Cross-References Absorption Definition Cross-References ACC Accelerated Recovery Programs Acceleration-deceleration Injury Accelerometer Definition Cross-References Acceptance Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Expanded Definition Evidence for Acceptance Wider Psychological Model Measures of Acceptance References Acceptance-based Treatment Accommodation (of a Nerve Fiber) Definition Cross-References Accuracy and Reliability of Memory Definition Cross-References ACE Inhibitors, Beta(beta)-Blockers Definition Cross-References Acetaminophen Acetylation Definition Cross-References Acetylcholine Synonyms Definition Cross-References Acetylcholine Receptors Definition ACh Ache in First Trimester or in Early Gestation Acidosis Definition Cross-References Acid-Sensing Ion Channels Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Acinar Cell Injury Acting-out Action Potential Definition Cross-References Action Potential Conduction of C-Fibers Actiq Definition Cross-References Actiq Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate Activa Definition Cross-References Activation/Reassurance Synonyms Definition Characteristics Evidence Principles References Active Inhibition Definition Cross-References Active Myofascial Trigger Point Definition Cross-References ActiveLocus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Activities of Daily Living Definition Cross-References Activity Definition Cross-References Activity Limitation Activity Limitations Definition Cross-References Activity Measurement Definition Cross-References Activity Mobilization Definition Cross-References Activity-dependent Slowing Acupuncture Definition Cross-References Acupuncture Efficacy Definition Characteristics Any Chronic Pain Dental Pain Headache Neck Pain Back Pain Fibromyalgia Osteoarthritis Conclusion Cross-References References Acupuncture Mechanisms Definition Common Clinical Observations Concerning Therapeutic Acupuncture for Chronic Pain Acupuncture is a Form of Sensory Afferent Stimulation Characteristics Conclusions from the Existing Acupuncture Experimental Data Acupuncture Mechanisms: The Standard Neurophysiological Model Problems with the Standard Neurophysiological Model to Explain Clinical Observations Hypothesis on Different Mechanisms for Acupuncture Acupuncture Induces Peripheral Events Axon Reflexes, Neuropeptides, and Dichotomizing Nerve Fibers Neuropeptides and Trophic Effects Local Endorphins Changes in Nociceptor Density in the Tissue Spinal Mechanisms Gate Control Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) and Long-Term Depression (LTD) in the Dorsal Horn Propriospinal Pain Inhibition (Extrasegmental Needles) Supraspinal Mechanisms The Descending Pain-Inhibitory Systems The DNIC System The Sympathetic Nervous System and the HPA axis Oxytocin Cortical, Psychological, and Placebo Mechanisms (From the Treatment Sessions) Summary References Acupuncture-Like TENS Definition Cross-References Acute Backache Acute Experimental Monoarthritis Acute Experimental Synovitis Acute Idiopathic Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Acute Idiopathic Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Acute Ischemia Test Acute Knee Joint Inflammation Acute Lumbago Acute Pain Characteristics Why Should We Aim to Optimize the Management of Acute Pain? Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Responses to Surgery Endocrine Metabolic Reasons for Ineffective Analgesia Mechanisms in Acute Pain The Scope of Acute Pain Management Providing Comprehensive Acute Pain Management Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Pain Teams Guidelines Major Goals Preemptive Analgesia Treatment Strategies: General Patient-Controlled Analgesia Epidural Analgesia Intrathecal Analgesia Pharmacotherapies Opioids Non-Opioids Paracetamol Tramadol Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Gabapentin and Pregabalin Neuropathic Pain Features Suggestive of Neuropathic Pain Specific Acute Pain States Summary References Acute Pain Database Acute Pain in Children, Postoperative Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Causes and Risk Factors Importance of Effective Management of Postoperative Pain Assessment Tools Strategies for Postoperative Pain Management Pharmacological Treatment of Postoperative Pain Summary References Acute Pain in Children, Procedural Synonyms Definition Characteristics Invasive Procedures in Children Factors that Affect Procedural Pain in Children Assessment of Procedural Pain in Children Pharmacological Interventions for Procedural Pain in Children Routine Medical Procedures Specialized Medical Procedures Psychological Interventions for Procedural Pain in Children Routine Medical Procedures Specialized Medical Procedures Summary References Acute Pain Management in Infants Synonyms Definition Characteristics Developmental Considerations An Integrated Approach to Acute Pain Management Limit Exposure to Pain-Inducing Procedures Select the Least Painful Diagnostic or Therapeutic Method Nonpharmacological Strategies for Management of Infant Acute Pain Contextual Strategies to Manage Infant Pain Cognitive Strategies Behavioral Strategies Summary References Acute Pain Mechanisms Definition Characteristics Peripheral Nociception Inflammatory-Induced Peripheral Sensitization Spinal Cord Integration Spinal Modulation and Central Sensitization Projection Pathways Cortical Representation References Acute Pain Service Synonyms Definition Cross-References Acute Pain Team Synonyms Definition Cross-References Acute Pain Therapy Definition References Acute Pain, Subacute Pain, and Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Acute Painful Diabetic Neuropathy Acute Pelvic Pain Acute Phase Protein Definition Cross-References Acute Postinfectious Polyradiculoneuropathy Acute Postoperative Pain in Children Acute Postoperative Pain Therapy Acute Procedural Pain in Children Acute Salpingitis Acute Sciatica Acute Stress Disorder Definition Cross-References Acute-Recurrent Pain Adaptation Definition Cross-References Adaptation Phase Definition Cross-References ADD Protocol Addiction Definition Cross-References Adduction Definition Cross-References Adenoassociated Virus Vectors Synonyms Definition Cross-References Adenoma Definition Cross-References Adenomyosis Definition Cross-References Adenomyosis Model Adenosine 5 Triphosphate Synonyms Definition Cross-References Adenoviral Vectors Definition Cross-References Adequate Stimulus Definition Cross-References Adherence Definition Cross-References Adhesion Molecules Definition Cross-References Adjunctive Drugs Definition Cross-References Adjusted Odds Ratio Definition Cross-References Adjustment Disorder Definition Cross-References Adjuvant Definition Cross-References Adjuvant Analgesic Definition Cross-References Adjuvant Analgesics in Management of Cancer-Related Bone Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Adjuvant Analgesics in Management of Cancer-Related Neuropathic Pain Definition Characteristics Types of Adjuvant Analgesics First-Line Adjuvant Analgesics in Cancer Pain Other Multipurpose Drugs Used for Neuropathic Pain Other Drugs Summary References Adjuvant Arthritis Adjuvant-induced Arthritis Adolescent Adrenergic Agonist Definition Cross-References Adrenergic Antagonist Definition Cross-References Adrenergic Receptors Definition Cross-References Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Adverse Effects Definition Cross-References Adverse Neural Tension Definition Cross-References Adverse Selection Definition Aerobic Exercise Affective Definition Cross-References Affective Analgesia Definition Cross-References Affective Component (Aspect, Dimension) of Pain Definition Cross-References Affective Pain Processing Affective Responses Definition Cross-References Affective-Motivational Definition Cross-References Affective-Motivational Dimension of Pain Definition Cross-References Afferent Fiber/Afferent Neuron Definition Afferent Projections Definition Cross-References Afferent Signal Definition Cross-References Afterdischarge(s) Definition Cross-References Afterhyperpolarization Synonyms Definition Cross-References Afterpains Age and Chronicity Age Regression Definition Cross-References Age-Related Pain Diagnoses Definition Cross-References Aggression Agonist Definition Cross-References Agreed Medical Examination AHP AIDS and Pain Alcock´s Canal Definition Cross-References Alcock´s Canal Syndrome Alcohol-induced Pancreatitis Alcoholism Alfentanil Definition Cross-References Algesia Algesic Agent/Algesic Chemical Definition Cross-References Algodystrophy Algogen Definition Cross-References Algogenic Actions of Protons Definition Cross-References Algometer Definition Cross-References Algoneuron Definition Alice-in-Wonderland Syndrome Definition Cross-References ALIF Synonyms Definition Cross-References Allele Dosage Study Alleles Definition Cross-References Allocortex Definition Cross-References Allodynia Allodynia (Clinical, Experimental) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Allodynia Conflicting Terminology and the Inflationary Use of ``Allodynia´´ Clinical Implications and a Unifying Proposal References Allodynia and Alloknesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Alloknesis Interactions Between Pain and Itch Neural Mechanisms of Allodynia and Alloknesis References Allodynia in Fibromyalgia Definition Cross-References Allodynia Test, Mechanical and Cold Allodynia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanical (Tactile) Allodynia Test: Foot Withdrawal Response to Von Frey Filament Stimulus Measurement of Mechanical Thresholds in Rodents Measurements of Paw Withdrawal Frequencies Cold Allodynia Test: Foot Withdrawal Response to Acetone or Cold Plate Acetone Test Cold Plate Test Air-Puff Allodynia Test: Withdrawal Response to Air-Puff Stimuli References Allodynia: General Definition Cross-References Allodynia: Skin Definition Cross-References Alloknesis and Allodynia Alpha(α) 2-Adrenoceptor Agonists Definition Cross-References Alpha(2)-Adrenergic Receptors Definition Cross-References Alpha(α) 2-Adrenergic Agonists in Pain Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Indications and Patients Dose and Route of Administration Drug Interactions Other Effects Analgesic (Antinociceptive) Sites of Action Periphery Spinal Cord Supraspinal Sites Clinical Applications References Alpha(α) 2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Alpha(α) 2-Agonists Alpha(α) EEG Wave Intrusion Definition Cross-References Alpha(α)-D Galactose Definition Cross-References Alpha(α)-Delta(delta) Sleep Definition Cross-References Alpha(α)-I-Acid Glycoprotein Definition Cross-References AL-TENS (Acupuncture-like TENS) Alternative Medicine Alternative Medicine in Neuropathic Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Prevalence and Cost Acupuncture and Other Stimulation-Based Therapies Clinical Studies Manual Therapies Nutraceuticals Magnets Mindful, Meditative, and Psychological Therapies for Neuropathic Pain Clinical Studies in Neuropathic Pain References Alternative Rat Models of Ureteric Nociceptive Stimulation In Vivo Definition Cross-References References Alternative Therapies Ambiguity Amelioration Definition Cross-References Amenorrhea Definition Cross-References American Society of Anesthesiologists´ Status Category Definition Cross-References Amide Anesthetic Definition Cross-References Amidine Amidine Hydrochloride Aminobisphosphonate Definition Cross-References Aminomethyl-Cyclohexane-Acetic Acid Amitriptyline Definition Cross-References AMPA Glutamate Receptor (AMPA Receptor) Definition Cross-References Amphibian Peptides Definition Cross-References Amphipathic Definition Cross-References Amygdala Definition Cross-References Amygdala, Functional Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Amygdala, Nociceptive Processing Amygdala, Pain Processing and Behavior in Animals Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Amygdaloid Complex Anaerobic Glycolysis Definition Cross-References Analgesia Definition Cross-References Analgesia During Labor and Delivery Characteristics References Analgesia for Labor and Delivery Definition Cross-References Analgesic Effect of Oxycodone Definition Cross-References Analgesic Gap Definition Cross-References Analgesic Guidelines for Infants and Children Synonyms Definition Characteristics Oral Analgesics Oral Analgesic Dosing Schedules Intravenous Analgesia Patient-Controlled Analgesia Transdermal Fentanyl Summary References Analgesic Ladder Definition Cross-References Analgesic Tolerance Analgesic Treatment Definition Cross-References Analgesics Definition Cross-References Analysis of Pain Behavior Anaphylactic Reaction Synonyms Definition Cross-References Anaphylaxis Anesthesia Definition Cross-References Anesthesia Dolorosa Definition Cross-References Anesthesia Dolorosa Due to Plexus Avulsion Anesthesia Dolorosa Model, Autotomy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background and Ethical Considerations Does Autotomy Behavior Reflect Pain? Mechanisms of Ongoing Pain in the Denervation/Deafferentation Model References Anesthesiologic Interventions Anesthesiological Interventions Anesthesiologist Definition Cross-References Anesthetic Block Anesthetic Blockade Definition Cross-References Aneurysm Definition Cross-References Anger and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Parameters of Anger Mechanisms Psychodynamic Model Psychosocial-Behavioral Model Psychophysiological-Neurological Model Treatment Implications References Anger-in Angiitis of the CNS Angina Pectoris Definition Cross-References Angina Pectoris, Neurophysiology and Psychophysics Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Angiogenesis Definition Cross-References Angiography Definition Cross-References Animal Model for Phantom Limb Pain Animal Model of Spontaneous Neuropathic Pain Animal Models Animal Models and Experimental Tests to Study Nociception and Pain Introduction Characteristics Overview of Topics Tests for Nociception and Pain Animal Models Discussion and Future Direction Summary References Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Synonyms Definition Characteristics Animal Models Spontaneous Colitis Inducible Colitis Adoptive Transfer Genetically Engineered Implications for Pain Studies References Animal Models of Inflammatory Muscle Pain Animal Models of Inflammatory Myalgia ANKTM1 Ankylosing Spondylitis Definition Cross-References Ankylosis Definition Cross-References Annulus Fibrosus Definition Cross-References Anorexia Definition Cross-References Antecedents and Consequences of Behavior Definition Cross-References Anterior Cingulate Cortex Synonyms Definition Cross-References Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Anterior Primary Ramus Definition Cross-References Anterior Pulvinar Nucleus Definition Cross-References Anterior Spinothalamic Tract Anterograde Axonal Tracer (Anterograde Labeling) Definition Cross-References Anterograde Transport Definition Cross-References Anterolateral Cordotomy Definition Cross-References Antiarrhythmics Anticholinergics Definition Cross-References Anticipatory Anxiety Definition Cross-References Anticoagulants Anticonvulsant (Agent) Definition Cross-References Anticonvulsant Medication Anticonvulsants Antidepressant Analgesics in Pain Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical Pharmacodynamics Evidence-Based Studies Acute Pain Studies Cancer Pain Chronic Nonmalignant, Nonneuropathic Pain Chronic Low Back Pain Fibromyalgia Irritable Bowel Syndrome Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Osteoarthritis Neuropathic Pain (NP) Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Postherpetic Neuralgia Other Neuropathic Pain: HIV Neuropathy, Spinal Cord Injury, Phantom Limb Pain Practical Guidelines Patient-Specific Factors Drug-Specific Factors Management of Adverse Effects Drug Switching, Combination Treatments Conclusions References Antidepressant Drugs Definition Cross-References Antidepressants in Neuropathic Pain Definition Characteristics Pharmacology of Antidepressants Evidence Efficacy of Antidepressants in Neuropathic Pain Dosing of Antidepressants in Neuropathic Pain Side-Effects of Antidepressants in Neuropathic Pain Discussion and Conclusion References Antidromic Activation/Invasion Definition Cross-References Antidromic Microstimulation Mapping Definition Cross-References Antiepileptic Antiepileptic Agents Antiepileptic Drugs (Agents) Definition Cross-References Antihyperalgesic Effect Definition Cross-References Anti-Inflammatories Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Definition Cross-References Antinociception Definition Cross-References Antinociceptive Effects of General Anesthetics Definition Cross-References Antinociceptive Models Definition Cross-References Antiphospholipid Syndrome Definition Cross-References Antipyretic Analgesics Antisense Oligonucleotide Synonyms Definition Cross-References Anxiety Definition Cross-References Anxiety Sensitivity Definition Cross-References Anxiolysis Apamin Definition Cross-References Apophyseal Joint Apoptosis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Apoptotic Degeneration Definition Cross-References Application Route Appraisal Definition Cross-References APS APT Arachidonic Acid Definition Cross-References Arachnoid Membrane Definition Cross-References Archispinothalamic Tract Definition Cross-References ARDS Synonyms Definition Cross-References Area Postrema Definition Cross-References Arousal Definition Cross-References Arterial Spasm Definition Cross-References Arthralgias Definition Cross-References Arthritis Definition Cross-References Arthritis Model, Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Modified Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Models Neurogenic Inflammation in Adjuvant Arthritis Adjuvant Arthritis in Other Experimental Animals References Arthritis Model, Kaolin-Carrageenan-Induced Arthritis (Knee) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Induction of Arthritis Monkey Cat Rat Mouse Histopathology Pain Behavior Neurochemical Changes Inflammation Pain Behavior Neurochemistry Electrophysiology Pharmacology Peripheral Sensitization Central Sensitization References Arthritis Model, Osteoarthritis Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Arthritis Urethritica Arthritogenic Pain Articular Definition Cross-References Articular Afferents, Morphology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Remarks on the Classification of Sensory Endings Composition of Articular Nerves Neuropeptide Content of Articular Afferents Ultrastructure of Fine Sensory Endings in Articular Tissues Topography of Fine Sensory Endings in the Knee Joint Corpuscular Nerve Endings in Articular Tissues References Articular Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pain in Joints Anatomy of Joint Innervation Mechanosensitivity of Joint Afferents Changes of Mechanosensitivity of Joint Afferents During Inflammation Chemosensitivity of Joint Afferents References Articular Sensory Receptors As Needed Dosage Regimen Definition Cross-References Ascending Nociceptive Pathways Introduction Characteristics Spinothalamic Tract Spinohypothalamic Tract (SHT) Spinoreticular Tract (SRT) Spinoparabrachial Tract Spinocervicothalamic Tract (SCT) Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projection (PSDC) Spinosolitary Tract References Aseptic Meningitis ASIC ASIC1a ASIC1b: ASICbeta, BNaC2beta ASIC2a: Mammalian Degenerin 1 (MDEG1), Brain Sodium Channel 1 (BNC1a, BNaC1a) ASIC2b: Mammalian Degenerin 2 (MDEG2), Brain Sodium Channel 1 (BNaC1b) ASIC3: Dorsal-Root Acid-Sensing Ion Channel (DRASIC) ASICa, Brain Sodium Channel 2 (BNC2, BNaC2a) ASICs Synonyms Definition Cross-References ASO Aspartate Definition Cross-References Aspirin-like Drugs Assessment Definition Cross-References Assessment of Discomfort in Dementia Protocol Synonyms Definition Cross-References Assessment of Hypoalgesia Assessment of Pain Behaviors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Self-monitoring Automated Recording Direct Observation Standard Behavior Sampling Naturalistic Observation References Assimilation Definition Cross-References Association Study Synonyms Definition Cross-References Astrocytes Synonyms Definition Cross-References Astroglia Asymmetric Junctions Definition Cross-References Ataxia Definition Cross-References Atenolol Definition Cross-References At-Level Neuropathic Pain Definition Cross-References At-Level Phenomena Definition Cross-References ATP ATP-Dependent Na+/K+ Pump Definition Cross-References ATrPw Attachment Trigger Point Synonyms Definition Cross-References Attentional Bias Definition Cross-References Attentional Mechanisms Definition Cross-References Attitude Attributable Effect Attributable Effect and Number Needed to Treat Synonyms Definition Characteristics Subscripts References Atypical Facial Neuralgia Atypical Odontalgia Definition Characteristics Etiology Cross-References References Atypical Facial Pain: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Treatment References Audit Audit Report Definition Cross-References Aura Definition Cross-References Autacoids Autobiographical Memory Definition Cross-References Autogenic Feedback Definition Cross-References Autogenic Training Definition Cross-References Autologous Graft Definition Cross-References Autonomic Definition Cross-References References Autonomic Dysreflexia Definition Cross-References References Autonomic Features Definition Cross-References Autonomic Functions Definition Cross-References Autonomic Nervous System Definition Cross-References References Autonomic Phenomena Definition Autonomic Reactions/Symptoms Definition Cross-References Autoregulation of the Cerebral Vessels Definition Cross-References Autotomy Definition Cross-References Autotomy Model of Neuropathic Pain Autotraction Avocado-Soybean Unsaponifiables Avoidance Behavior Definition Cross-References Avulsion Definition Cross-References Avulsion Fracture Definition Cross-References Awakening Definition Cross-References Awareness Axillary Block Definition Cross-References Axolemma Definition Cross-References Axon Definition Cross-References Axon Reflex Definition Cross-References Axonal Action Potentials Axonal Arborization Definition Cross-References Axonal Degeneration Definition Cross-References Axonal Sprouting Axonal/Axoplasmic Transport Definition Cross-References Axotomy Definition Cross-References Azathioprine Definition Cross-References B Babies or Infants Back Disorders Back Injuries Back Pain Back Pain in the Workplace Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Back Pain, Associated Disability, and Work Loss Synonyms Definition Back Pain Back Pain Disability Characteristics Epidemiology of Work Disability Associated with Back Pain References Back Schools Background Activity/Firing Definition Cross-References Background Infusion Definition Cross-References Baclofen Definition Cross-References Bad Back Balanced Analgesia Balanced Analgesic Regime Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Balneotherapy Definition Cross-References Bariatric Surgery Baricity Definition Cross-References References Barotraumas Definition Cross-References Barreloids Definition Cross-References Basal Ganglia Definition Cross-References Basal Lamina Definition Cross-References Basal Ventral Medial Nuclei Synonyms Definition Cross-References Baseline Phase Definition Cross-References Basic Body Awareness Therapy Definition Cross-References Basic Work Activities Definition Cross-References Basilar-Type Migraine Definition Cross-References Bath Headache Bcl-2 Definition Cross-References BDNF Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Definition Cross-References Behavior Modification Definition Cross-References Behavior Therapies Definition Cross-References Behavioral Definition Cross-References Behavioral Assessment Definition Cross-References Behavioral Descriptions of Symptoms Behavioral Experiments Definition Cross-References Behavioral Measure Behavioral Pain Scale Definition Cross-References Behavioral Responses to Examination Behavioral Self-management Definition Cross-References Behavioral Studies in Animals Behavioral Therapies to Reduce Disability Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Behavioral Treatment Behavioral/Cognitive Perspective Behçet´s Disease Definition Cross-References Below-Level Neuropathic Pain Definition Cross-References Benign Cough Headache Bennett Model Beriberi Disease Beta(beta) Blockers Definition Cross-References Beta(beta)-Adrenergic Sympathetic System Definition Cross-References Beta(beta)-Endorphin Definition Cross-References Beta(beta)-Thromboglobulin Definition BFB BGT Definition Cross-References Bias Definition Cross-References Bicuculline Definition Cross-References Binding Medical Examination Binding Studies Definition Cross-References Bioavailability Definition Cross-References Biobehavioral Factors Biobehavioral Model Biofeedback Synonyms Definition Cross-References Biofeedback in the Treatment of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Approaches to Biofeedback General Approach to Biofeedback Examples of Biofeedback as a General Aid to Relaxation EMG-Assisted Relaxation Skin Conductance-Assisted Relaxation Skin Temperature-Assisted Relaxation Specific Approach Examples of the Specific Application Indirect Approach Some Clinical Consideration References Biogenic Amine Theory Definition Cross-References Biological Clock Definition Cross-References Biological Rhythms Definition Cross-References Biomagnetometer Biopsy Definition Cross-References Biopsychosocial Biopsychosocial Model Definition Cross-References Biopsychosocial Perspective Definition Cross-References Bischof Myelotomy Bisphosphonates Definition Characteristics Mechanism Applications Cancer Pain CRPS Side Effects References Black Disc Disease Black Flags Definition Cross-References Bladder Pain Syndrome Blink Reflex Definition Cross-References Block Design Synonyms Definition Cross-References Blood Brain Barrier Definition Cross-References Blood Clot Blood Clot in Brain Blood Nerve Barrier Definition Cross-References Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Blood Patch Definition Cross-References Blue Flags Definition Cross-References BMD (Burning Mouth Disorder) BMS Body Awareness Definition Cross-References Body Awareness Therapies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Body and Mind Therapies Psychomotor Physiotherapy Basic Body Awareness Therapy (Basic BAT) The Mensendieck System (MS) Relaxation and Meditation Programs Final Remarks References Body Awareness Training Definition Cross-References Body Functions Definition Cross-References Body of the Clitoris Definition Cross-References Body Structures Definition Cross-References Body-Mind Approaches Definition Cross-References Body-Self Neuromatrix Definition Cross-References BOLD Synonyms Definition Cross-References BOLD Activity Bone Cancer Pain Bone Marrow Definition Cross-References Bone Metastases Definition Cross-References Bone Pain Definition Cross-References Bone Scan Synonyms Definition Characteristics Application Stress Fractures Necrosis Metastases Postoperative Fusion Joint Prostheses Knee Prostheses References Bone Scintigraphy Boney Pain Borderline Leprosy Definition Cross-References BotoxTM Bottom of Form Definition Cross-References Botulinum Toxin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Technique Applications Indications Efficacy Contraindications Side Effects and Complications Acknowledgments References Boxcar Design Brachial and/or Lumbar Plexopathy Definition Cross-References Brachial Plexus Definition Cross-References Brachial Plexus Avulsion Definition Cross-References Brachial Plexus Avulsion and Surgery in the Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Conclusions References Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injury Brachial Plexus Compression Brachial Plexus Injury Definition Cross-References Brachialgia Bradykinin Definition Cross-References Bradykinin Receptors Definition Cross-References Brain Based Interventions Synonyms Definition Background to the Definition Introduction Characteristics The Brain Responds to the Perceived Reality not the Actual Reality The Brain Changes when Pain Persists Cognitive or Conceptual Reorganisation Sensory Reorganisation Brain Plasticity: From Barriers to Opportunities Cognitive and Behavioural Strategies Strategies to Normalise Sensory Representations Strategies to Normalise Motor Representations Summary References Brain Electrode Brain Stem Definition Cross-References Brain Stem Respiratory Centers Definition Cross-References Brain Stimulation Analgesia Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Synonyms Definition Cross-References Brain-Gut Axis Definition Cross-References Brainstem Subnucleus Reticularis Dorsalis Neuron Introduction Characteristics References Breakthrough Pain Breakthrough Pain (BP) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Brennan Pain Model Brodmann Areas Definition Cross-References Bruxism Definition Cross-References Bulbospinal Modulation of Nociceptive Inputs Bulbospinal Pathways Buprenorphine Definition Cross-References Burn Pain Control in Children Burning Feet Syndrome Burning Mouth Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Psychophysical Assessment Etiology Local Factors Systemic Factors Treatment Cross-References References Burning Pain Definition Cross-References Bursitis Definition Cross-References Burst Activity in Thalamus and Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Cross-References References Burst Firing Mode Synonyms Definition Cross-References Bursting Activity Definition Cross-References Butterfly Erythema Definition Cross-References C 3CH134 C Afferent Axons/Fibers Synonyms Definition Cross-References C and A Fibers Definition Cross-References References C Fibers Cachexia Definition Cross-References CACNA1A Definition Cross-References Calbindin Definition Cross-References Calbindin D-28k Definition Cross-References Calbindin-Immunoreceptive Matrix Cells Definition Cross-References Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Migraine Headaches Synonyms Definition Characteristics Underlying Causes of a Migraine Attack The Neuropeptide CGRP: An Important Molecular Player in Migraine Attacks Potential Function of CGRP in Migraine Summary References Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide and Spinal Cord Nociception Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide Synonyms Definition Cross-References Calcium Channel Calcium Channel Blockers Definition Cross-References Calcium Channels in the Spinal Processing of Nociceptive Input Synonyms Definition Characteristics Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels Animal Models for the Study of VDCCs in Nociception Role of Spinal VDCCs in Nociception Acute Nociception Sensitized Nociception In Summary Potential Therapeutic Use of VDCC Antagonists References Calcium Spike Bursting Calcium Spike Bursts CAMs Cancer Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Cancer Pain and Pain in HIV/AIDS Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Epidemiology Models of Care Evaluation of Pain Pain Characteristics Inferred Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Syndromes Impact and Comorbidities Pain Management Pharmacotherapy Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Adjuvant Analgesics Opioid Analgesics Other Approaches in the Management of Chronic Pain Conclusion References Cancer Pain Management Definition Cross-References Cancer Pain Management Radiotherapy Definition External Beam Radiation Gamma Rays Electron Beam Radiation Summary: External Beam Radiation Brachytherapy Mechanisms of Action Characteristics External Beam Local Radiotherapy Re-irradiation Wide-Field/Half-Body External Beam Radiation (HBI) Systemic Radiation: Radioisotopes Controlling Side Effects of Treatment Radiotherapy for Complications of Bone Metastases Pathological and Impending Fractures Spinal Cord Compression and Cauda Equina Compression Conclusion References Cancer Pain Management, Adjuvant Analgesics in Management of Pain due to Bowel Obstruction Definition Characteristics References Cancer Pain Management, Anesthesiologic Interventions Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Cancer Pain Management, Anesthesiologic Interventions, and Neural Blockade Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Reversible Blockade of Pain Impulses by Local Anesthetic Drugs Spinal Cord Analgesia by Epidural or Subarachnoid Catheter Infusion of Drugs Epidural Analgesia Prolonged Infusion into the Spinal Subarachnoid Space Inflammatory Pain Treated with Injections of Local Anesthetic and Corticosteroid Drugs Neurolytic Nerve Blocks with Ethanol or Phenol Celiac Plexus Block Indications for Celiac Plexus Block Techniques of Celiac Plexus and Splanchnic Nerve Blockade Side Effects of Celiac Plexus Block with Ethanol Blocks of Superior Hypogastric Plexus, Bilateral Lumbar Sympathetic Chains, and Ganglion Impar Subarachnoid Spinal Nerve Root Neurolytic Block Subdural and Epidural Neurolytic Blocks with Phenol Neurolytic Blocks of Selected Peripheral and Paravertebral Nerves Paravertebral Spinal Nerve Blocks Sacral Nerve Blocks (Posterior Transsacral Blocks) Summary References Cancer Pain Management, Anesthesiologic Interventions, Spinal Cord Stimulation, and Neuraxial Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Role of Interventional Therapies Neural Blockade Anatomic Location of Nerve Blocks Neuromodulation Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) Neuraxial Infusion Pain Treatment and Survival in Cancer Patients References Cancer Pain Management, Cancer-Related Breakthrough Pain, Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Cancer Pain Management, Chemotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Decision-Making Pancreatic Cancer Colon Cancer Breast Cancer Lung Cancer Chemotherapy Prostate Ovary Cancer References Cancer Pain Management, Interface Between Cancer Pain Management and Palliative Care Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cancer Pain and Palliative Care: A Global Perspective and Introductory Outline Palliative Care Interfaces: Historical Background Practice Principles and Service Delivery Levels of Modern Palliative Care Palliative Care and Cancer Pain Management: Clinical and Other Interface Issues Palliative Care and Cancer Pain Management: Interface Bridging Strategies Summary and Conclusions References Cancer Pain Management, Neurosurgical Interventions Definition Characteristics Patient Selection Treatment Options References Cancer Pain Management, Nonopioid Analgesics Definition Characteristics Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Efficacy Adverse Effects Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Efficacy Side Effects Dipyrone References Cancer Pain Management, Opioid Side Effects, Cognitive Dysfunction Introduction Definition Characteristics References Cancer Pain Management, Opioid Side Effects, Endocrine Changes, and Sexual Dysfunction Introduction Characteristics References Cancer Pain Management, Orthopedic Surgery Definition Characteristics Differentiating Pain in the Cancer Patient Diagnostics Cancer Pain at the Molecular Level Biomechanical Considerations Treatment Options References Cancer Pain Management, Patient-Related Barriers Definition Characteristics References Cancer Pain Management, Principles of Opioid Therapy, Dosing Guidelines Characteristics Initial Dosing Around-the-Clock Dosing Dose Escalation Pain Emergency Dosing in Special Situations References Cancer Pain Management, Principles of Opioid Therapy, Drug Selection Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Cancer Pain Management, Rehabilitative Therapies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rehabilitative Goal Setting in Pain Management Rehabilitation, Musculoskeletal System, and Pain Scope of Rehabilitation Modalities Manual Therapies Therapeutic Exercise Orthotics Conclusion References Cancer Pain Management, Treatment of Neuropathic Components Definition Characteristics Diagnoses of Neuropathic Components of Cancer Pain Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropathic Components of Cancer Pain Non-pharmacological Treatment of Neuropathic Components of Cancer Pain Modeling Aspects of Persistent Cancer Pain Neural Plasticity in Cancer Pain Models Models of Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain Conclusions References Cancer Pain Management, Undertreatment and Clinician-Related Barriers Definition Characteristics Undertreatment of Cancer Pain Undertreatment of Cancer Pain in Special Populations Elderly and Minority Patients Cancer Pain in the Developing World Barriers to Effective Pain Management Clinician Educational Needs Patient and Family Barriers Economic Considerations References Cancer Pain Model, Bone Cancer Pain Model Definition Characteristics Femur Model Tibia Model Calcaneus Model Humerus Model References Cancer Pain Models Definition Cross-References Cancer Pain, Animal Models Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Models of Cancer Pain Osteolytic Bone Cancer Model Osteoblastic Prostate Model Soft Tissue Models of Cancer Pain Using Models to Define Mechanisms of Bone Cancer Pain and Test Current and Novel Therapies Prostaglandins Endothelins Acidosis Growth Factors Summary References Cancer Pain, Assessment in Children Definition Characteristics Procedural Distress Iatrogenic Effects Disease-Related Pain Assessment Strategies References Cancer Pain, Assessment in the Cognitively Impaired Synonyms Definition Characteristics Dementia Versus Delirium Studies of Pain in the Communicative Cognitively Impaired Pain in Non-communicative Cognitively Impaired Patients General Recommendations References Cancer Pain, Assessment of Cultural Aspects Definition Introduction Characteristics Expression and Language of Pain Meaning of Pain Expectations of Health-Care Professionals Response to and Acceptance of Treatments Caregiver Responses Summary References Cancer Pain, Epidemiology Definition Characteristics Prevalence of Cancer Pain Factors Associated with Inadequate Treatment and Control of Pain Improving Control of Cancer Pain Genetic Association Studies of Pain Future Directions References Cancer Pain, Evaluation of Relevant Comorbidities and Impact Definition Characteristics References Cancer Pain, Goals of a Comprehensive Assessment Definition Characteristics Interpreting the Assessment Etiology Pathophysiology Assessment of Related Constructs Pain and Suffering Pain and Quality of Life Pain and Symptom Distress Goals of Care References Cancer Pain, Palliative Care in Children Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Nature of a Child´s Cancer Pain The Impact of Situational Factors on a Child´s Pain Situational Factors in Pediatric Palliative Care Cognitive Factors Behavioral Factors Emotional Treating a Child´s Pain Summary References Cancer Survivorship Definition Cross-References Cancer Therapy Definition Cross-References Cancer-related Bone Pain Cancer-related Pain Cannabinoid Definition Cross-References Cannabinoid Receptors Definition Capacity Definition Cross-References Capitated Care Definition Cross-References Capsaicin Definition Cross-References Capsaicin Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Capsaicin Receptor, Regulation by NGF Capsaicin Receptor, Regulation by Protons Capsaicin Receptors Capsazepine Definition Cross-References Carbenoxolone Definition Cross-References Cardiac Stress Response Cardiac Surgery Definition Cross-References Career Assessment Caregiver Definition Cross-References Carotid Arteries Definition Cross-References Carotidynia Definition Cross-References Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Definition Cross-References Carrageenan Definition Cross-References Carrageenan Inflammation Definition Cross-References Cartilage Definition Cross-References Case Rate Definition Cross-References Case-Control Study Definition Cross-References References Caspases Definition Cross-References CAT Scan Catabolism Catalogue Catastrophic Cognitions Catastrophic Thinking Catastrophizing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Catastrophizing, Pain, and Disability Functions of Catastrophizing Mechanisms of Action Assessment Treatment Cross-References References Cathepsin and Microglia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Intracellular Roles of Cathepsin S Extracellular Roles of Cathepsin S Mechanisms of Cathepsin S release Microglia in Nociception Cathepsin S in Nociception Cathepsin S Pro-nociceptive Effects Are Mediated via Fractalkine Cleavage Concluding Remarks References Cauda Equina Definition Cross-References Caudal Analgesia or Anesthesia Definition Cross-References References Caudal Epidural Blocks Definition Cross-References Caudal Epidural Steroids Caudal Injection Caudalis, Vc Caudate Nucleus Definition Cross-References Causalgia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Causalgia and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Causalgia: Assessment Definition Characteristics Assessment of Nerve Lesion Assessment of Clinical Pain Assessment of Allodynia/Hyperpathia Assessment of Vasomotor and Sudomotor Dysfunction References Cawthorne and Cookseys´ Eye-Head Exercises CBT CCI CCI Model CCK CDH (Chronic Daily Headache) Celiac Plexus Block Definition Cross-References Cell Adhesion Definition Cross-References Cell Grafts Cell Minipumps Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Central Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Acknowledgments References Cell Transplantation Cell-Mediated Immunity Definition Cross-References Cellular Adhesion Molecules Synonyms Definition Cross-References Cellular and Receptor Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Persistent Pain Cellular Targets of Substance P Definition Cross-References Cementum Definition Cross-References Central Changes After Peripheral Nerve Injury Synonyms Definition Characteristics ``Central Sensitization,´´ ``Pain Centralization,´´ and ``Transition to Chronicity´´ Implications for Therapeutic Management Spatial Aspects of Hypersensibility due to Central Changes Varieties of Central Change Induced by Neuropathy Changes in the Neurochemistry of Primary Afferent Neurons and Their Terminals in the Spinal Cord After Peripheral Nerve Injury Changes in the Neurochemistry and Gene Expression of CNS Neurons and Glia After Peripheral Nerve Injury Structural Changes in the CNS After Peripheral Nerve Injury Electrophysiological and Other Functional Changes in the CNS After Peripheral Nerve Injury Changes in Spinal Pain Modulation Descending from the Brain Reservations Concerning the Multiplicity of Proposed Mechanisms How Does Nerve Injury Trigger Central Change? Perspective Acknowledgments References Central Gray Central Gray/Central Grey Central Hyperexcitability Central Hyperexcitability State Central Hyperexcitabiltiy Central Lateral Nucleus (CL) Definition Cross-References Central Lobe Central Medial Nucleus (CM) Definition Cross-References Central Nervous System Map Definition Cross-References Central Nervous System Pain Disorder Central Nervous System Portion of a Cranial Nerve Definition Cross-References Central Nervous System Stimulation for Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Motor Cortex Stimulation (MCS) Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Conclusion References Central Neuropathic Pain Introduction Definition Incidence Characteristics Sensory Change Treatment Possible Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain Cross-References References Central Neuropathic Pain from Spinal Cord Injury Definition Introduction Characteristics Prevalence Diagnosis Mechanisms Treatment Summary Acknowledgments References Central Pain Definition Cross-References Central Pain and Cancer Definition Characteristics References Central Pain Following Traumatic Brain Injury Definition Introduction Scope of the Pain Problem After TBI Characteristics Characteristics of Central Pain After TBI Central Pain (CP) After TBI: An Underestimated Problem Onset and Duration of CP Location of Pain Intensity and Quality of Pain Aggravating and Alleviating and Factors Sensory Profile of Individuals with Central Pain After TBI Thermal and Tactile Sensibility Abnormal Sensations Possible Mechanism of CP After TBI Clinical Implications Chronic Posttraumatic Headache After TBI: Possibly a Form of CP References Central Pain in Multiple Sclerosis Introduction Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Features of Central Pain Sensory Abnormalities Mechanisms Treatment Treatment Modalities Used for Central Pain References Central Pain Mechanisms Central Pain Model Central Pain Pathways Definition Cross-References Central Pain Syndrome Cross-References Central Pain, Diagnosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Examples Mechanism Diagnosis Treatment References Central Pain, Human Studies of Physiology Definition Characteristics The Thalamic Region of Vc and Its Importance in Pain Processing Is Thalamic Functional Mode Altered in Chronic Pain States? Acknowledgments References Central Pain, Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Multimodal Pain Assessment Clinical Pain Characteristics Sensory Status Self-report Instruments Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) Psychosocial Factors Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Pain Impact Physical Functioning Emotional Functioning Differentiated Pain Evaluation of Pain After SCI: The International Spinal Cord Injury Basic Pain Data Set (ISCIBPDS) Participants´ Ratings of Global Improvement Adverse Effects Participant Disposition Conclusion References Central Pain, Pharmacological Treatments Definition Characteristics Antidepressants Antiepileptic Drugs Other Oral Drugs Nonoral Drugs Conclusions References Central Pain: Outcome Measures in Preclinical Research Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Measuring Evoked Responses Reflex Withdrawal Responses Supraspinal Behavior Predictability to Clinical Efficacy Measuring Spontaneous Pain-Like Behavior Indicative Signs The Next Step Pain-Related Behavior Possible Biases to Consider in Central Pain Models References Central Pattern Generator Definition Cross-References Central Poststroke Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics History of CPSP Incidence/Prevalence Location of Pain Clinical Characteristics Imaging and Neurophysiology Pathophysiology Diagnosing CPSP Treatment Summary References Central Sensitization Definition Cross-References Central Sulcus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Central Trigger Point Synonyms Definition Cross-References Central Venous Thrombosis Centralization Central-Peripheral Distal Axonopathy Centrifugal Control of Nociceptive Processing Centrifugal Control of Sensory Inputs Definition Cross-References Cephalalgia Ceramide Definition Cross-References Cerebellum Definition Cross-References Cerebral Cortex Definition Cross-References Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Cerebrospinal Fluid Synonyms Definition Cross-References Cervical Discogram Cervical Discography Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Technique Validity Applications Utility References Cervical Facet Blocks Cervical Facet Denervation Cervical MBBs Cervical Medial Branch Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rationale Technique Principles Validity Epidemiology Indications Patient Selection Contraindications Evaluation Utility Acknowledgments References Cervical Medial Branch Neurotomy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Indications Technique Variants Efficacy Complications Utility Acknowledgments References Cervical Periradicular Epidural Steroid Injection Cervical Radiofrequency Neurotomy Cervical Root Avulsion Definition Cross-References Cervical Selective Nerve Root Injection Cervical Transforaminal Injection of Corticosteroids Definition Cross-References Cervical Transforaminal Injection of Steroids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rationale Indications Anatomy Technique Complications Outcomes Caveats References Cervical Zygapophyseal Joint Blocks CFA Synonyms Definition Cross-References CFA or FCA c-Fos Definition Cross-References c-Fos Immediate-Early Gene Expression Definition Cross-References CFS CGRP CGRP and Spinal Cord Nociception Synonyms Definition Characteristics Localization of Spinal CGRP Localization of CGRP Receptors Release of CGRP CGRP Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Effect of Spinal CGRP References Changes in Thalamic Physiology Occurring in Patients with Chronic Pain Channel Inactivation Definition Cross-References Channelopathies Definition Cross-References Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Synonyms Definition Cross-References Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) C-Heat Receptor Chemesthesis Definition Cross-References Chemical Lesion Definition Cross-References Chemical Name: N-Phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-Piperidinyl-Procainamide Chemical Sympathectomy Chemical Transmitter Chemoattractants Definition Cross-References Chemokine Chemokines Synonyms Definition Cross-References Chemo-Nociceptors Chemosensation Definition Cross-References Chemosensitive Sympathetic Afferent Fibers Definition Chemotactic Definition Cross-References Chemotactic Cytokines Chemotherapy Definition Cross-References Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy Definition Cross-References Chest Pain Definition Cross-References Chiari Type I Malformation Definition Cross-References Child Childhood Chronic Pain Childhood Migraine Childhood Sexual Abuse Definition Cross-References Children Chiropractic Definition Cross-References Chiropractics Chloride Transporter Synonyms Definition Cross-References Chloro-Phenyl-2-Methylaminocyclohexanone-Hydrochloride Cholecystokinin Synonyms Definition Cross-References Chondrocytes Definition Cross-References Chondroitin Chromosomes Definition Cross-References Chronic Abdominal Pain Chronic Back Pain and Spinal Instability Synonyms Definition Characteristics Degenerative Conditions Spondyloarthropathies Spinal Instability The Three-Column Concept of Spinal Integrity and Stability Acute Instability Overt Instability Limited Instability Chronic Instability Glacial Instability Dysfunctional Segmental Motion Treatment Nonsurgical Treatment Surgical Treatment References Chronic Central Pain Models Chronic Constriction Injury Model Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Chronic Constrictive Injury Chronic Daily Headache Chronic Daily Headache in Children Synonyms Definition Characteristics Characteristics and Classification Epidemiology Genetics Comorbid Conditions Pathophysiology Impact Evaluation of CDH in Children Management of CDH Outcomes Summary References Chronic Fibromyalgia Chronic Gynecological Pain, Doctor-Patient Interaction Synonyms Definition Characteristics What Do Doctors Think About Women with Pelvic Pain? What Are the Expectations Regarding the Doctor-Patient Relationship? Lasting Influences of Consultations Reassurance Summary References Chronic Illness Problem Inventory Definition Cross-References Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Synonyms Definition Cross-References Chronic Joint Pain Chronic Low Back Pain: Definitions and Diagnosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics General History Physical Exam Imaging Discogenic Pain Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Sacroiliac Joint Pain Spinal Instability Other Causes References Chronic Migraine Definition Cross-References Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Synonyms Introduction Characteristics Childhood Musculoskeletal Presentations Chronic Widespread Pain Juvenile Hypermobility Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Back Pain Childhood Disease and Chronic Pain Assessing Chronic Childhood Musculoskeletal Pain Physical Examination Psychometric Instruments Physiological Measures of Pain Related Indexes Rehabilitation for Children with Musculoskeletal Pain Physical Therapy Other Therapies Education Pharmacotherapy Psychological Therapies Summary References Chronic Nerve Pain Chronic Neural Sensitization Chronic Neurogenic Pain Chronic Neuropathic Pain Synonyms Definition Cross-References Chronic Pain Definition Cross-References Chronic Pain Disorder (DSM-IV) Chronic Pain in Children, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rehabilitation Settings Rehabilitation Framework Assessment Interventions Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions and Education Example Summary References Chronic Pain Prevalence Chronic Pain, Diathesis-Stress Model of Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Chronic Pain, Patient-Therapist Interaction Synonyms Definition Characteristics Patient-Therapist Interaction and Pain Treatment Satisfaction Patient-Therapist Interaction and Treatment Adherence and Outcomes Implications for Improving Pain Management Care Communicate Efforts to Manage Pain Make an Effort to Build and Maintain Rapport Encourage a Collaborative Relationship References Chronic Pain, Persistent Pain Chronic Pain, Thalamic Plasticity Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Synonyms Definition Cross-References Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Chronic Pelvic Pain Chronic Pelvic Pain Model Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Definition Cross-References Chronic Pelvic Pain, Endometriosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Prevalence Etiology Symptoms and Signs Diagnostic Studies Medical Treatment Surgical Treatment Combined Medical and Surgical Treatment References Chronic Pelvic Pain, Epidemiology Chronic Pelvic Pain, Laparoscopic Pain Mapping Synonyms Definition Characteristics Endometriosis Adhesions Chronic Visceral Pain Summary References Chronic Pelvic Pain, Musculoskeletal Syndromes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Visceral Pain Referred Pain from Viscera Abdominal and Pelvic Floor Myofascial Pain Syndromes Treatment References Chronic Pelvic Pain, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Adhesions Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Signs and Symptoms Treatment References Chronic Pelvic Pain, Physical and Sexual Abuse Definition Physical Abuse Sexual Abuse Characteristics References Chronic Pelvic Pain, Physical Therapy Approaches, and Myofascial Abnormalities Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Chronic Postoperative Pain Chronic Postsurgical Neuralgia Chronic Postsurgical Pain (CPSP) Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Chronic Postsurgical Pain Syndromes Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Chronic Relapsing Polyneuropathy Chronic Tension-Type Headache Definition Cross-References Chronic Vulvar Pain Chronic Widespread Allodynia Chronic Widespread Pain Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Chronicity, Prevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Natural History Psychosocial Interventions to Prevent Chronic, Disabling Pain Importance of Selecting Those at Risk References Chung Model CIDP Cingulate Cortex Definition Cross-References Cingulate Cortex, Functional Imaging Definition Characteristics Nociceptive Activation of the Cingulate Cortex Functional Role of the ACC in Pain and Pain Modulation Beyond Nociception: The ACC and the Mental Representation of Pain A Multifunctional and Integrative Role for the ACC in Pain References Cingulate Cortex, Nociceptive Processing, Behavioral Studies in Animals Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Cingulotomy Definition Cross-References CIPA Circadian Rhythms/Variations Definition Cross-References Circadian Variations in Pain Level Circumventricular Brain Structures Definition Cross-References Cl- Transporter CL100 Classic or Classical Migraine Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning and Chronic Pain Syndromes Synonyms Definition Cross-References Classical Massage Classification Claudication Definition Cross-References Clearance Definition Cross-References Clinical Decision Making Clinical Migraine with Aura Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Visual Symptoms Sensory Symptoms Language Symptoms Headache Phase Other Subtype of Migraine Aura Hemiplegic Migraine (HM) Brainstem (Basilar-Type) Migraine (BM) Retinal Migraine Therapy Summary References Clinical Migraine Without Aura Clinical Pain Definition Cross-References Clinical Signs Definition Cross-References Clinical Trial Definition Cross-References Clitoral Pain Introduction Characteristics Description of the Clitoris What is Clitoral Pain? Questions To Ask During the History Examination for Clitoral Pain Proposed Classification of Types of Clitoral Pain Literature and Internet Search My Patient Population Clinical Points Causes of Clitoral Pain in Our Groups Common Mechanism Clinical Evaluation Treatment Treatments to Try and Comments The Relationship with Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder Summary References Clofazimine Definition Cross-References Clonidine Definition Cross-References Cluster Analysis Cluster Headache Definition Cross-References Clustering C-Mechanoheat Receptor C-mechanoreceptor CM-PF Complex CMT CNS Stimulation in Treatment of Neuropathic Pain CNV CO Staining CO2 Laser Definition Cross-References Cochlea Definition Cross-References Cognition Definition Cross-References Cognitive Definition Cross-References Cognitive Appraisal Definition Cross-References Cognitive Aspect of Pain Definition Cross-References Cognitive Assessment Cognitive Coping Training Definition Cross-References Cognitive Dysfunction Definition Cross-References Cognitive Error Definition Cross-References Cognitive Factors Definition Cross-References Cognitive Impairment Cognitive Model of Pain Cognitive Modulation of Pain Cognitive Restructuring Definition Cross-References Cognitive Schemata Definition Cross-References Cognitive Tasks Definition Cross-References Cognitive Therapy Cognitive-behavior Modification Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Cognitive-behavior Therapy (CBT) Cognitive-Behavior Treatment of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Cognitive-Behavioral Model Definition Cross-References Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Chronic Low Back Pain Definition Cross-References Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Internal Representation Expectations Self-control References Cognitive-Behavioral Programs Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and Therapy Definition Cross-References Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Synonyms Definition Cross-References Cognitive-Behavioral Transactional Model of Family Functioning Definition Cross-References Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Cohort Definition Cross-References Cohort Study Coital Pain Cold Allodynia Definition Cross-References Cold Allodynia Test Definition Cross-References Cold Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Cold Nociception Cold Nociceptors Definition Characteristics References Cold Pressure Cold Stimulation Cold Therapy Cold Thermoreceptor Definition Cross-References Cold Thermotransduction Cold-Induced Hyperalgesia Cold-Pressor Task Colitis Definition Cross-References Collateral Sprouting Definition Cross-References Colorectal Distension Synonyms Definition Cross-References Colposcopy Definition Cross-References Combined Spinal Epidural (CSE) Technique Definition Cross-References Commissural Myelotomy Common Fears Definition Cross-References Common Migraine Common Toxicity Criteria Definition Cross-References Communication Limitations or Neurological Impairment Comorbid Pain Conditions Comorbidities Comorbidity Definition Cross-References Compartmental Syndrome Compensation, Disability, and Pain in the Workplace Introduction Characteristics Disability Systems Definitions: Disability and Impairment When Should a Disorder Be Construed as a Pain Problem? Basic Problems Involving the Interface Between Disability Systems and Injured Workers with Chronic Pain Objective Factors Credibility Severity of Impairment and Disability Causation Iatrogenesis Epidemiology of Pain in the Workplace Common Work Injuries and Illness The Effect of Workplace Factors Conditions Associated with Prolonged Time Off Work Summary References Competitive Agonist or Antagonist Definition Cross-References Complement Definition Cross-References Complementary Medicine Complementary Therapies Complete Freund´s Adjuvant Synonyms Definition Cross-References Complex Adaptive System Definition Cross-References Complex Chronic Pain in Children, Interdisciplinary Treatment Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Composition of Interdisciplinary Pain Teams Goals of Interdisciplinary Chronic Pain Treatment Pharmacological Therapies Psychological Therapies Physical Therapies Summary References Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Synonyms Definition Cross-References Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and the Sympathetic Nervous System Synonyms Definition Characteristics SMP Is a Receptor Disorder Nerve Injury Induces Catechol Sensitization in Nociceptors Phentolamine Infusion as a Test for SMP Alpha 1 or Alpha 2 Adrenergic Receptors Treatment of Sympathetically Maintained Pain References Complex Regional Pain Syndrome II Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 2 (CRPS2) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I (CRPS I) Complex Regional Pain Syndromes, Clinical Aspects Synonyms Definition Characteristics CRPS Type I (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) CRPS Type II (Causalgia) Sympathetically Maintained Pain (SMP) Diagnostic Procedure Subtypes of CRPS CRPS I CRPS II Treatment Algorithm References Compliance Definition Cross-References Complications Comprehensive Assessment Computed Radiography Computer Applications Computerized Axial Tomography Conditioned Analgesia Definition Cross-References Conditioned Place, Behavioral Strategies in Pain Research Definition Cross-References Conditioning Definition Cross-References Conductance Definition Cross-References Conduction Velocity Definition Cross-References Confidence in Coping Abilities Confusional Migraine Definition Cross-References Congener Definition Cross-References Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Congenital Sensory Neuropathy with Anhidrosis Conjunctival Injection Definition Cross-References Connective Tissue Disease Definition Cross-References Connective Tissue Manipulation Definition Cross-References Conscious Laparoscopic Pain Mapping Conscious Pain Mapping Consciousness and Pain Synonyms Definition Pain as Conscious Experience Consciousness Complex Adaptive System Self-Organization Emergence Intentionality Schemata Characteristics Pain and Nociception Pain and the Construction of Consciousness Acute Versus Chronic Pain Individual Differences Pain and Empathy Culture and Pain Pain Measurement References Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement CONSORT Statement Synonyms Definition Cross-References Constitutive Gene Definition Cross-References Construction of Consciousness Definition Cross-References Contact Contact Stimulator Definition Cross-References Contemplation Definition Cross-References Contextual Factors Definition Cross-References Contingencies Definition Cross-References Contingencies of Reinforcement Definition Cross-References Contingency Management Definition Cross-References Contingent Negative Variation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Continuous Video Recordings Definition Cross-References Contract-Release Definition Cross-References Contracture Definition Cross-References Contralateral Definition Cross-References Controlled Trial Definition Cross-References Contusion Injury Model Contusion Model of Chronic Central Pain After Spinal Cord Injury Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Conventional TENS Definition Cross-References Convergent Definition Cross-References Conversion Disorder Definition Coordination Exercises in the Treatment of Cervical Dizziness Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cervicogenic Dizziness Vestibular Rehabilitation (VR) References Coping Definition Cross-References Coping and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Style versus Strategy Active versus Passive Coping Specific Pain Coping Strategies Distraction, Ignoring Pain, or Distancing Positive Coping Statements Spirituality/Religiosity Social Support Rest Summary References Coping Repertoire Definition Cross-References Coping Strategies Coping Strategy/Style Definition Cross-References Coping Style Coprevalence Definition Cross-References Cord Glial Activation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Bidirectional Neuron-Glia Communication References Cordotomy Definition Cross-References Cordotomy Effects on Humans and Animal Models Definition Characteristics References Core and Matrix Coronary Artery Disease Coronary Insufficiency Corpus Callosum Definition Cross-References Correct Rejection Definition Correlation Definition Cross-References Cortex and Pain Definition Cross-References Cortical and Limbic Mechanisms Mediating Pain and Pain-Related Behavior Characteristics Scope of This Review Conceptual Issues Spatial Distribution of Function Temporal Distribution of Function Early Cortical and Limbic Processing (Milliseconds) Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) Lesions Stimulation Electrophysiology Functional Imaging Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2) Lesions Stimulation Electrophysiology Functional Imaging Anterior Insula Lesions Stimulation Electrophysiology Functional Imaging Cingulate Cortex Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) Lesions Stimulation Electrophysiology Functional Imaging Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC) Intermediate Cortical and Limbic Processing (Milliseconds-Minutes) Inferior Parietal Lobule (B40) Premotor Cortex (B6) Posterior Insula Lesions Stimulation Electrophysiology Functional Imaging Anterior and Posterior Cingulate Cortex Long-Term Cortical and Limbic Processes (Minutes-Years) Anterior Cingulate Cortex Medial Prefrontal Cortex (B9, 10, 11) Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC; B9, 46) Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex References Cortical Feedback Definition Cross-References Cortical Information Flow Cortical Plasticity Definition Cross-References Cortical Projections Cortical Reorganization Definition Cross-References Cortical Retraining Cortical Spreading Depression Definition Cross-References Cortical Stimulation for Relief of Pain Corticocortical Pathways Corticolimbic Circuits Definition Cross-References Corticospinal Tract Definition Corticosteroid Injections Corticothalamic and Thalamocortical Interactions Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Corticothalamic Fibers Definition Cross-References Cortisol Definition Cross-References Cost Shifting Definition Cross-References Costoclavicular Syndrome Co-transmission Definition Cross-References Cotrimoxazol Definition Cross-References Cotunnius Disease Counterirritation Definition Cross-References Coupling Between Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons and Primary Afferent Neurons (In The Dorsal Root Ganglion) Coupling Media of Ultrasound Definition Cross-References Coupling of Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons onto Primary Afferent Nerve Fibers COX COX Isozymes Definition Cross-References COX-1 COX-1 and COX-2 in Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Contribution of COX-1-Derived Prostaglandins to Nociception COX-1 and COX-2 in Clinical Pain COX-2 in Higher Brain Regions Peripheral Versus Central Effects in Humans Neuropathic Pain References COX-1 Inhibitor Definition Cross-References COX-2 COX-2 Inhibitor Synonyms Definition Cross-References COX-2 Inhibitors Coxib Coxibs Definition Cross-References Coxibs and Novel Compounds, Chemistry Synonyms Definition Characteristics Unselective COX Inhibitors Structure and Metabolic Function of COX-1 Inhibitors Fenamate Group Fenac Group Heteroaryl Acetic Acid Group Profen Group Oxicam Group Pyrazolone Group Pyrazolidinedione Group COX-2-Selective Inhibitors Structural Features of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors References CPH CPSP Cranial Autonomic Symptoms Cranial Nerve Neuralgia Definition Cross-References Cranial Nerves Definition Cross-References Craniomandibular Disorders (CMDs) Cranium Definition Cross-References CRD CREB Credibility Finding Definition Cross-References Credibility, Assessment Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Strategies for Assessing Credibility Contextual Analysis Use of Self-Report Biomedical Approaches Nonverbal Cues Reports of Significant Others Surveillance Summary References Creep Definition Cross-References Criterion-Referenced Assessment Definition Cross-References Crohn´s Disease Cross Excitation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Crossed Afterdischarge Cross-Excitatory Discharge Definition Cross-References Cross-Sectional Study Definition Cross-References Cross-System Viscero-Visceral or Viscero-Somatic Convergence Definition Cross-References CRPS CRPS (Currently Accepted Taxonomy) CRPS I (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I): Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy CRPS II CRPS, Evidence-Based Treatment Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Treatments for Recent-Onset CRPS Conservative Treatments for Established CRPS Medical Treatments for Established CRPS Emerging Treatment Options Topical Local Anesthetics Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) Opioids Other Medications to Consider Surgical Treatments for Established CRPS References CRPS-1 in Children Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Demographics Characteristics and Physical Findings Autonomic Changes Trophic Changes Sensory Alterations Motor Function Psychological Characteristics Diagnosis Treatment Physical and Occupational Therapy Medication Management Interventional Procedures Psychological Interventions Neuromodulation Controversies Prognosis and Outcomes Summary References CRPS2 CRPS-I Neuropathy Model Crura of Clitoris Definition Cross-References Cryoablation Definition Cross-References Cryoglobulinemia Definition Cross-References Cryotherapy Definition Cross-References CSF CSF Examination Definition Cross-References CSF Leak CT Myelography Definition Cross-References CT Scanning Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Capabilities Applications Utility Reliability Validity Future Trends References CT Scans Definition Cross-References CTDs CTrP Cuban Neuropathy Cumulative Trauma Disorders Definition Cross-References Cuneate Nucleus Definition Cross-References Cutaneous Definition Cross-References Cutaneous Allodynia Definition Cross-References Cutaneous Field Stimulation Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Cutaneous Freeze Trauma Cutaneous Hyperalgesia Cutaneous Mechanical Sensation Cutaneous Mechanoreception Definition Cross-References Cutaneous Neuroma Cutaneous Pain CWP Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Responsive Element-Binding Protein Synonyms Definition Cross-References Cyclic Alternating Pattern Definition Cross-References Cyclic Pain Definition Cross-References Cyclooxygenase Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors, Chemistry Cyclooxygenase-1 Cyclooxygenase-2 Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Definition Cross-References Cyclooxygenases Synonyms Definition Cross-References Cyclooxygenases in Biology and Disease Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cyclooxygenase-1 Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases References Cyclophosphamide Definition Cross-References Cyclosporin, Methotrexate Definition Cross-References Cystitis Models Cytoarchitectural Definition Cross-References Cytochrome Oxidase Staining Synonyms Definition Cross-References Cytokine Modulation of Opioid Action Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cytokines Chemokines Glial Component Intracellular Signaling Cascades Cellular Adhesion Molecules Clinical Relevance Conclusions References Cytokines Cytokines and Pain Definition Cross-References Cytokines as Targets in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cytokines Cytokines and Pain Evidence from Experimental Studies Clinical Applications References Cytokines, Effects on Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Interactions with Peripheral Nociceptive Terminals Influences in the DRG Intracellular Mechanisms Antinociceptive Functions References Cytokines, Regulation in Inflammation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Proinflammatory Cytokines Chemokines Limiting Actions of Cytokines References Cytokines, Upregulation in Inflammation Neuropathic Pain Model, Chronic Constriction Injury Cytoprotection Definition Cross-References Cytoskeleton Definition Cross-References D (+/-)-6-Dimethylamino-4,4-Diphenylheptane-3-One-Hydrochloride Daily Persistent Headache DAMGO Definition Cross-References Dapsone Definition Cross-References Dark Disc Disease Data Definition Cross-References Data Auditing/Collection/Gathering/Management/Security Data Collection Data Gathering Data Management DBS DCS Deactivation Definition Cross-References Dead Sea Definition Cross-References Deafferentation Definition Cross-References Deafferentation Model of Neuropathic Pain Deafferentation Pain Definition Cross-References Deception Decerebrated Definition Cross-References Decidualization Definition Cross-References Deconditioned Definition Cross-References Deep Brain Stimulation Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Mechanisms of Action Patient Selection Intraoperative Targets Results Complications References Deep Dysparuenia Definition Cross-References Deep Sedation Definition Cross-References Deep Somatic Pain, Muscle and Joint Pain Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Deep Venous Thrombosis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Default Value Definition Cross-References Definition of Disability (Adults) Definition Cross-References Definition of Disability for Individuals under Age 18 (SSI Program Only) Definition Cross-References Degenerative Disease Definition Cross-References Degenerative Joint Disease Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome Dejerine-Sottas Neuropathy (DSN) Dejerine-Sottas Syndrome (Neuropathy) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Delayed Muscle Soreness Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Delayed Respiratory Depression Definition Cross-References References Delirium Definition Cross-References Delivery Route Delta(delta) Opioid Receptor(s) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Delta(delta) Sleep Definition Cross-References Demand Characteristics Definition Cross-References Dementia Definition Cross-References Demographic Definition Cross-References Demyelination Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acute Demyelination Chronic Demyelination Demyelination and Neuropathic Pain References Dendrite Definition Cross-References Dendritic Spines Definition Cross-References Dendritic Topography Definition Cross-References Dendritic Tree Definition Cross-References Dendrogram Definition Denervation Definition Cross-References Denervation Model of Neuropathic Pain Densocellular Subnucleus of the Mediodorsal Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Dental Pain, Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Management References Dental Pulp Definition Cross-References Dentin Definition Cross-References Dentin Sensitivity Dentinal Tubules Definition Cross-References Dependence Definition Cross-References Depolarization Definition Cross-References Depression Definition Cross-References Depression and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Depressive Symptom Severity Definition Cross-References Dermatomal Level Definition Cross-References Dermatomes Definition Cross-References Dermatomyositis Definition Cross-References Descending Anti-analgesic Systems Descending Circuitry, Molecular Mechanisms of Activity-Dependent Plasticity Synonyms Definition Characteristics Changing Role of Descending Circuitry After Injury Activity-Dependent Cellular Changes Underlie Descending Pain Facilitation After Injury Glutamate Receptors Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factors (BDNF) Neurokinin 1 Tachykinin (NK1) Receptors Descending Serotonin Summary Acknowledgments References Descending Circuitry, Opioids Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Redundant or Complementary Pathways to the Dorsal Horn Evolving Concepts of Opioid Mechanisms of Action Plasticity in Opioid Actions Summary Acknowledgments References Descending Circuitry, Transmitters and Receptors Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Cortical and Subcortical Pathways Hypothalamus Brain Stem Nuclei Summary References Descending Circuits in the Forebrain, Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Descending Control Descending Control of Hyperalgesia and Allodynia Descending Excitatory Modulation Descending Facilitation Descending Facilitation and Inhibition in Neuropathic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Descending Modulation of Pain References Descending Facilitatory Systems Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Descending Inhibition Definition Cross-References Descending Inhibition/Facilitation Definition Cross-References Descending Inhibitory Fibers Definition Cross-References Descending Inhibitory Mechanisms and GABA Mechanisms Descending Inhibitory Noradrenergic Pathways Definition Cross-References Descending Inhibitory Pathway Descending Inhibitory Pathway for Pain Definition Cross-References Descending Modulation Descending Modulation and Persistent Pain Definition Characteristics Enhanced Inhibitory Controls Enhanced Facilitatory Controls Neurocircuitry and Neurochemistry Underlying Descending Facilitation References Descending Modulation of Nociceptive Processing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Bidirectional Descending Control Descending Modulation of Visceral Pain Functional Properties of RVM Neurons Persistent Pain and Descending Modulation Dynamic Shifts in Descending Modulation after Injury Neuron-Glial Interactions in Descending Circuitry Molecular Mechanisms of Plasticity in the RVM Phenotypic Changes in the RVM after Inflammation Placebo Analgesia and Hypnosis: Role of Descending Effects References Descending Modulation of Nociceptive Transmission During Persistent Damage to Peripheral Tissues Synonyms Definition Characteristics Inflammation of Peripheral Tissues Damage to Peripheral Nerves References Descending Modulation of Pain Definition Cross-References Descending Modulation of Visceral Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics References Descending Noradrenergic Pathways Definition Cross-References Descending Pain Control Descending Pain Modulation Desensitization Desensitizing Toothpastes Definition Cross-References Desmin Definition Cross-References Destructive Metabolism Detection Threshold Definition Cross-References Development of Spinothalamic Tract Neurons Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Developmental Level Definition Cross-References Dexamethasone Definition Cross-References Diabetes Mellitus Definition Cross-References Diabetes Mellitus Type I Definition Cross-References Diabetes Mellitus Type II Definition Cross-References Diabetic Amyotrophy Diabetic Autonomic Polyneuropathy Diabetic Cranial Mononeuropathy Diabetic Mononeuritis Diabetic Neuropathies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology The Clinical Spectrum of Diabetic Nerve Damage Diagnosis of Diabetic Polyneuropathy Pathophysiology Treatment Options Alternative Pharmacological Treatments Non-pharmacological Treatments Acknowledgments References Diabetic Neuropathy Diabetic Neuropathy Model Diabetic Neuropathy, Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Treatment of DSPN Treatment of the Underlying Disease Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Antiepileptic Drugs Antidepressant Drugs Topical Analgesics Opioid Analgesics and Opioid-Like Drugs Protection from Painless Injuries Unproved Therapies References Diabetic Polyneuropathy Definition Cross-References Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy Diabetic Sensory Neuropathy Diabetic Symmetrical Proximal Neuropathy Diabetic Truncal Mononeuropathy Diagnosis Definition Cross-References Diagnosis and Assessment of Clinical Characteristics Diagnosis and Assessment of Clinical Characteristics of Central Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Characteristics Clinical Diagnosis of Central Pain Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) Evaluation of Allodynia and Hyperalgesia Abnormal Temporal Summation Evidence of Central Hyperexcitability in Central Pain Following SCI Supplementary Investigations References Diagnosis and General Pain Management Characteristics Diagnosis Treatment References Diagnosis of Pain, Epidural Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics Technique Application Utility References Diagnosis of Pain, Neurological Examination Definition Characteristics Principles Practice Interpretation Reliability Validity Relevance to Pain Medicine References Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Synonyms Definition Characteristics Relevance to Pain Other Mental Disorders Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis Somatization Disorder Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder Factitious Disorder Malingering Adjustment Disorder Pain Disorder Utility References Diagnostic Block Definition Cross-References Diagnostic Blocks Diagnostic Studies Diagnostic Subdivisions Diaphragmatic Breathing Definition Cross-References Diaries Definition Cross-References Diathermy Definition Cross-References Diathesis Stress Definition Cross-References Diathesis-Stress Model of Chronic Pain Definition Diazepam Definition Cross-References Dictionary of Occupational Titles Synonyms Definition Cross-References Diencephalic Mast Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Dietary Variables in Neuropathic Pain Definition Introduction Characteristics Preclinical Evidence Clinical Evidence Summary Acknowledgments References Different Nociceptor Populations Differentiation Definition Cross-References Difficulty to Disengage Definition Cross-References Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls Synonyms Definition Cross-References Diffusion Definition Cross-References Diffusion Tensor Imaging Synonyms Definition Cross-References Digital Nerve Blocks Definition Cross-References Digital Radiography Dignity Dihydromorphinone Dilaudid Dimension Definition Cross-References Dimethylsulfoxide Synonyms Definition Cross-References Dioinguinal and Diohypogastric Nerve Block Definition Cross-References Direct Suggestion Definition Cross-References Disability Definition Cross-References Disability and Health (ICF) and ICF Core Sets Disability Assessment, Psychological/Psychiatric Evaluation Synonyms Characteristics References Disability Determination Disability Evaluation in the Social Security Administration Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Disability in Fibromyalgia Patients Synonyms Definition Fibromyalgia Disability Impairment Handicap Characteristics Prevalence of Disability Causes of Disability Assessment of Disability Prevention of Disability References Disability Insurance Benefits Definition Cross-References Disability Management Disability Management in Managed Care System Synonyms Definition Characteristics Differences Between Group Health and WC That Are Relevant to Managed Care Opportunities for Effective Use of Managed Care in WC When Is a Medical Condition Work Related? References Disability Payment Disability Prevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Disability Prevention as a Critical Public Health Issue Is There a Natural History of Disabling Injury? Prediction of Long-Term Disability Which Predictors of Disability Are Most Likely Modifiable? Timing and Type of Interventions Likely to Prevent Disability Conclusions References Disability Rating Disability, Effect of Physician Communication Synonyms Definition Characteristics Barriers to Effective Communication Summary References Disability, Fear of Movement Synonyms Definition Characteristics A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Chronic Low Back Pain Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Exposure In Vivo Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Exposure In Vivo References Disability, Functional Capacity Evaluations Synonyms Definition Introduction Context and Uses of Functional Capacity Evaluation Characteristics Scientific Basis of Functional Capacity Evaluation FCE Performance as an Indicator of Sincerity of Effort Summary References Disability, Upper Extremity Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Disability-Litigation System Definition Cross-References Discharge Frequency Definition Cross-References Discharge Pattern Definition Cross-References Discogenic Back Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathophysiology Pain Modulation Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Pain Prevention Treatment Annuloplasty Nucleoplasty Percutaneous Intradiscal Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation (PIRFT) Laser Discectomy Surgical Options Summary References Discogenic Pain Definition Cross-References Discomfort Discordant Illness Behavior Discriminability Definition Cross-References Disease or Injury Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Synonyms Definition Cross-References Disinhibition Definition Cross-References Disinhibition of Nociceptive Neurons Definition Cross-References Disk Displacement Definition Cross-References Displacement Disposition Disruption Dissection Definition Cross-References Dissociation Definition Cross-References Dissociative Imagery Definition Cross-References Dissociative Sedation Definition Cross-References Distal Axonopathy Synonyms Definition Cross-References Distance Treatment Distractibility Definition Cross-References Distracting Responding Distracting Responses Definition Cross-References Distraction Definition Cross-References Distraction Signs Distribution Definition Cross-References Disuse Syndrome Definition Cross-References Diurnal Variations of Pain in Humans Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rhythms in Endogenous Opioid Peptide Levels Circadian Rhythms in Human Pain Biological Rhythm and the Effect of Medications Guidelines for Using Rhythmic Changes in Clinical Situations Pertinent to Pain Conclusions References Divalproex Sodium Definition Cross-References Diver´s Headache Dizziness Definition Cross-References DMARDs DMSO DNA Recombination Definition Cross-References DNIC Dobutamine Definition Cross-References Doctor-Patient Communication DOMS DOP DOP Receptor Definition Cross-References Dopamine Definition Cross-References DOR-1 Definition Cross-References Dorsal Column Definition Cross-References Dorsal Column Nuclei Definition Cross-References Dorsal Column Stimulation (DCS) Dorsal Column Stimulators Synonyms Definition Cross-References Dorsal Horn Definition Cross-References Dorsal Horn Neurons Definition Cross-References Dorsal Horn Opiate Systems Definition Cross-References Dorsal Longitudinal Myelotomy Dorsal Rhizotomy Definition Cross-References Dorsal Root Entry Zone Synonyms Definition Cross-References Dorsal Root Entry Zone and Brachial Plexus Avulsion Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesioning Synonyms Definition Dorsal Root Ganglia Dorsal Root Ganglion Synonyms Definition Cross-References Dorsal Root Ganglion Radiofrequency Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rationale Efficacy References Dorsal Root Ganglionectomy Dorsal Root Ganglionectomy and Dorsal Rhizotomy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomy Rationale Indications Outcome Cross-References References Dorsal Root Reflexes Definition Cross-References Dorsal Root-Spinal Cord Junction Dorsolateral Fasciculus Definition Cross-References Dorsolateral Pons Definition Cross-References Dorsomedial Nucleus (DM) Definition Cross-References Dose Titration Definition Cross-References Dosing Interval Definition Cross-References Dosing Regimen Definition Cross-References DOT Double Depression Definition Cross-References Double-Blind Definition Cross-References Downregulated Definition Cross-References DREZ DREZ Lesion DREZ Lesioning DREZ Lesions Synonyms Definition Cross-References DREZ Procedures Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rationale Indications Brachial Plexus Avulsion Spinal Cord Injury Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina Injury Phantom Limb Pain Cancer Pain Craniofacial Pain Methods Outcomes Complications References DREZotomy DRG Drive Drug Guidelines Drugs and Procedures to Treat Neuropathic Pain Characteristics Disease Entities Medical Versus Non-Medical Therapies Voltage-Gated Channels Neurotransmitters Inflammatory Mediators References Drugs Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels Synonyms Definition Characteristics Individual Ion Channel Modulators in Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Anticonvulsant Agents Local Anesthetics/Antiarrhythmics Antidepressant Drugs References Drugs with Mixed Action and Combinations: Emphasis on Tramadol Synonyms Definition Characteristics Individual Agents (Classes) Combinations References Dry Needling Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Effectiveness Equipment Technique Cross-References References DSM, DSM-IV, DSM-IVR DSM-IV DSM-IVR DSN DSPN DTI Dual-specificity Phosphatases (DUSP) Ductus Arteriosus Definition Cross-References Dummy Dura Mater Definition Cross-References Dural Puncture Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Dural Sensory Receptors Dural Tap Duration of Ultrasound Treatment Definition Cross-References Duration Requirement Definition Cross-References Durogesic Definition Cross-References Durogesic - Transdermal Patch DUSP1 DUSP6 DVT Dying Child Dying-Back Neuropathy Dynamic Allodynia Definition Cross-References Dynamic Ensemble Definition Cross-References Dynamic Mechanical Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Dynamic Pain Definition Cross-References Dynorphins Definition Cross-References Dysaesthesia (Dysesthesia) Definition Cross-References Dysautonomic, Dysautonomia Definition Cross-References Dyschesia Dyschezia Definition Cross-References Dysesthesia, Assessment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Assessment of Dysesthesia Assessment of Spontaneously Occurring Dysesthesia Assessment of Evoked Dysesthesia References Dysesthesias Definition Cross-References Dysesthetic Vulvodynia Dysfunctional Pain and the International Classification of Function Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Dysfunctional Segmental Motion Dysmenorrhea Dysnosognosia Dyspareunia Definition Cross-References Dyspareunia and Vaginismus Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Dyspareunia Epidemiology Assessment Physical Factors Associated with Dyspareunia Psychosocial Factors Associated with Dyspareunia Treatment for Dyspareunia Vaginismus Definition of Vaginismus Epidemiology Assessment Physical Factors Associated with Vaginismus Psychosocial Factors Associated with Vaginismus Treatment for Vaginismus Summary References Dyspareunia Model Dyspepsia Definition Cross-References Dysphagia Definition Cross-References Dysraphism Definition Cross-References Dysthymia Definition Cross-References Dysthymia, Chronic Depression Dystonia Definition Cross-References E EAE Early Mobilization Definition Cross-References ECD Ectopia Ectopia, Spontaneous Synonyms Definition Characteristics SE in Axotomized Sensory Neurons SE in Intact Sensory Neurons Cellular Mechanisms of SE Contribution of SE to Pain, Hyperalgesia, and Allodynia References Ectopic Activity (Ectopic Discharge) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ectopic Electrogenesis Ectopic Excitability Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ectopic Hyperexcitability Ectopic Mechanosensitivity Definition Cross-References Ectopic Nerve Impulses Definition Cross-References Ectopic Pacemaker Activity Edema Definition Cross-References EDT Education Education and Chronicity EEG EEG (electroencephalography) Effect Size Synonyms Definition Characteristics Utility Cross-References References Effective Analgesia Definition Cross-References Effectiveness Definition Cross-References Effectiveness Measure Efficacy Definition Cross-References Efficacy of Drugs Definition Cross-References Efficacy Study Definition Cross-References Effleurage Effort Headache eHealth Eicosanoids Definition Cross-References Electrical Stimulation Analgesia Electrical Stimulation Therapy (EST) Electrical Stimulation-induced Analgesia Electrical Therapy Electroacupuncture (EA) Definition Cross-References Electroanalgesia Electrodermal Activity (EDA) Electrodiagnosis and EMG Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nerve Conduction Studies Physiology Sensory Motor H-Reflex F Wave Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP) Current Perception Threshold (CPT) EMG Indications Radiculopathy Peripheral Neuropathy Plexopathy Peripheral Nerve Injuries Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Utility References Electrodiagnostic Testing (Studies) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Electroencephalogram/Electroencephalography Synonyms Definition Cross-References Electrolytic Lesion Definition Cross-References Electromyography Definition Cross-References Electron Microscopy Definition Cross-References Electrophysiological Mapping Definition Cross-References Electrophysiology Definition Cross-References Electrotherapy Definition Cross-References Eligibility Elimination Definition Cross-References Elimination Half-Life (t1/2) Definition Cross-References Elmiron Definition Cross-References Embolism Emergence Definition Cross-References EMG-Assisted Relaxation Definition Cross-References Emotional Factors Emotional Factors/Reactions Definition Cross-References Empathic Definition Cross-References Empathy Definition Definitions and Connotations Introduction Characteristics The Neuroevolution of Empathy Empathy for Pain Bottom-Up and Top-Down Neural Networks The Affective Foundations of Clinical Empathy Three Skills Bearing on Clinical Empathy Curiosity and Checking Unconditional Regard Resonance and Attunement Empathy´s Clinical Value and Its Challenge The Challenge and Choice of Empathy Empathy Training and Education The Empathic Personality Developing Empathic Skills Organizational Factors Affecting Empathy References Empathy and Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Current Models of Empathy An Extended Model of Empathy Summary Acknowledgments References Employment Assessment ENaC/DEG Definition Cross-References Enamel Definition Cross-References Enantiomer of Tramadol Definition Cross-References Encephalopathy Definition Cross-References Encoding of Noxious Information in the Spinal Cord Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Encoding of Noxious Stimuli Definition Characteristics Post-excitatory Modulation of Excitability Axonal Modulation of Discharge Frequency Modulation of Action Potential Shape Unidirectional Block Cross-References References Endocannabinoids Definition Cross-References End-of-life Care Endogenous Definition Cross-References Endogenous Analgesia System Definition Cross-References Endogenous Analgesia Systems Endogenous Descending Pain Modulatory Pathways Endogenous Opiate/Opioid System Definition Cross-References Endogenous Opioid Peptides Definition Cross-References Endogenous Opioid Receptors Definition Cross-References Endogenous Opioids/Opiates Definition Cross-References Endogenous Pain Control Endogenous Pain Control Pathway Definition Cross-References Endometriosis Definition Cross-References Endometriosis Externa Endometriosis Model Endometritis Model Endomorphin 1 and Endomorphin 2 Definition Cross-References Endone Endorphins Definition Cross-References Endoscopic Sympathectomy Definition Cross-References Endothelins Definition Cross-References Endovanilloid Definition Cross-References Endplate Noise Synonyms Definition Cross-References Endurance Exercise Enforced Mobilization Enkephalin Definition Cross-References Enteric Coating Definition Cross-References Enterohepatic Recirculation (Biliary Recycling) Definition Cross-References Enthesis Definition Cross-References Enthesopathy Definition Cross-References Entorhinal Cortex and Hippocampus Entrapment Neuropathies Definition Cross-References Entrapment Neuropathies, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Environmental Factors Definition Cross-References Ephaptic Coupling Definition Cross-References Ephaptic Cross Talk Epicondylitis Definition Cross-References Epicritic Definition Cross-References Epidemiology Definition Cross-References Epidemiology of Chronic Pelvic Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Symptom Complexity and Diagnoses Risk Factors for CPP References Epidermal Nerves Definition Cross-References Epidural Synonyms Definition Cross-References Epidural Analgesia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Epidural Block Synonyms Definition Cross-References Epidural Diagnostic Blocks Epidural Drug Pumps Epidural Hematoma: Acute Traumatic Epidural Hematoma Epidural Infusions in Acute Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Theoretical Basis Anatomy When to Use Epidural Infusions Preoperative Intraoperative Postoperative Other Indications Include Epidural Drugs Local Anesthetics Action Drugs Side Effects Opioids Action Side Effects Alpha Agonists Side Effects Combinations Contraindications Staff Factors Patient Factors Absolute Relative/Controversial Complications Post-dural Puncture Headache Treatment Subarachnoid Injection (Subarachnoid Anesthesia) Subdural Injection Neurological Injury Epidural Hematoma Diagnosis Treatment Epidural Abscess Diagnosis Treatment Intravascular Injection Local Anesthetic Toxicity Anticoagulation and Epidurals Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs)/Aspirin Oral Anticoagulants Heparin Unfractionated Heparin Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) Summary References Epidural Injection of Corticosteroids Epidural Space Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Epidural Spinal Electrical Stimulation (ESES) Epidural Steroid Injections Synonyms Definition Characteristics Technique Rationale Indications Efficacy Lumbar Injections Caudal Injections Transforaminal Injections Discussion References Epidural Steroid Injections for Chronic Back Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Accessing the Epidural Space Interlaminar Approach Transforaminal Approach Caudal Approach Procedural Considerations Contraindications Complications Particulate Versus Non-particulate Steroids Other Unanswered Questions Summary Efficacy of Epidural Steroid Injections Lumbar Radiculopathy Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Axial Low Back Pain Cervical Radiculopathy Guidelines for Epidural Steroid Injections Conclusions References Epigastric Definition Cross-References Epigastric Pain Epilepsy Definition Cross-References Episode Tension-Type Headache Episodic Pain Definition Cross-References Episodic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Definition Cross-References Episodic Tension-Type Headache (Frequent and Infrequent) Definition Cross-References EPN EPN Locus EPSC Equianalgesic Dose Definition Cross-References Equianalgesic Dose Ratios Definition Cross-References Equianalgesic Dose Table Definition Cross-References Equivalent Current Dipole Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ergonomic Approach Definition Cross-References Ergonomic Counseling Synonyms Definition Characteristics General Principles of Treatment Impact on Force Impact on Posture Repetitiveness Vibration Organization Conclusion References Ergonomics Ergonomics Essay Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Representative Research on Ergonomic Factors The Role of Psychosocial Factors Summary References ERK ERK Regulation in Sensory Neurons During Inflammation Synonyms Definition Characteristics References ERP Error of Measurement Definition Cross-References Erythema Definition Cross-References Erythema Nodosum Definition Cross-References Erythema Nodosum Leprosum Erythropoietin Definition Cross-References Escape Response Definition Cross-References Esophageal Pain, Noncardiac Chest Pain Essential Vulvodynia Estrous Cycle Definition Cross-References Ethics Ethics of Pain Control in Infants and Children Synonyms Characteristics Balancing Harm and Benefit in Pediatric Pain Management Clinical Ethics at the Bedside Revisionist Justification Comparative Justification Pragmatic Justification Socioeconomic and Cultural Considerations Final Considerations References Ethics of Pain in the Newborn Human Introduction Definition Characteristics Principles in the Management of Neonatal Pain Studies on Sensory Saturation Newborns Not Only Feel Pain: They also Suffer Ethical Recommendations for Analgesia in Clinical Trials Medical and Social Synergy to Prevent Pain The Therapeutic Tripod References Ethics of Pain, Culture, and Ethnicity Synonyms Definition Characteristics Ethnicity Culture Ethics References Ethics of Pain, Human Dignity, and the Ethical Management of Pain and Suffering Definition Characteristics References Ethics of Pain-Related Disability Evaluations Synonyms Definition Characteristics Validating Pain Behavior Matching Pain Behavior and Pain Experience at a Personal Level Interpreting the Pain Behavior of Another Person Interpreting Pain Behavior on the Basis of Physical Performance Interpreting Pain Behavior by Comparison to Tissue Damage Interpreting Pain Behavior by Comparing Experimental Pain to Clinical Pain Summary References Ethnic Group Definition Cross-References Ethnicity Definition Cross-References Ethyl 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpiperidine-4-Carboxylate Hydrochloride Etomidate Definition Cross-References Evaluation Evaluation of Pain in Humans Characteristics Assessment of Ongoing Clinical Pain and Treatment Effects Quality of Life Sensory Components Sensory-Discriminative Aspect (Intensity) Quality Location Temporal Profile Psychophysiological Methods Experimentally Induced Pain Pain Induction Modalities and Methods Stimulus Modalities Temporal and Spatial Summation Assessment of Experimentally Induced Pain: Basic and Clinical Applications Assessment of Experimentally Induced Pain Psychophysical Methods Electrophysiological Methods Induction and Assessment of Hyperexcitability References Evaluation of Pain-Related Thought Evaluation of Permanent Impairment Event-Related Potential Definition Cross-References Evidence-Based Treatments Definition Cross-References Evoked Activity Definition Cross-References Evoked and Movement-Related Neuropathic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathobiology Associated with Movement-Evoked Neuropathic Pain Disorders Neuropathic Pain Associated with Bone Cancer Neuropathic Pain Associated with Intervertebral Disc Herniation Clinical Presentation Breakthrough Pain Associated with Cancer Neuropathic Breakthrough Pain Associated with Nonmalignant Pathology Treatment References Evoked Pain Definition Cross-References Evoked Pain and Morphine Evoked Potentials Definition Cross-References Evolution of Pediatric Pain Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Changing Clinical Practice Historical Reasons for Undertreatment The Multifactorial Nature of Pain Difficulty with Pain Assessment in Infants and Children Societal Attitudes About Children´s Pain Disciplinary Biases About Children´s Pain Lack of Interest by the Pharmaceutical Industry Lack of Recognition of Long-Term Effects of Persistent Pain Lack of Systemic Institutional Approach Summary References Exaggerated Pain Excitability Excitatory Amino Acids Definition Cross-References Excitatory Postsynaptic Current Synonyms Definition Cross-References Excitotoxic Definition Cross-References Excitotoxic Lesion Definition Cross-References Excitotoxic Model Excruciating Pain Definition Cross-References Exercise Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Applications Efficacy Acute Low Back Pain Chronic Back Pain Acute Neck Pain Chronic Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Anterior Knee Pain Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Side Effects Cross-References References Exercise-induced Muscle Soreness Exertional Activity Definition Cross-References Exertional Capability Definition Cross-References Exertional Limitations and Restrictions Definition Cross-References Existential Distress Definition Cross-References Exocytosis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Exogenous Muscle Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Electrical Mechanical Chemical Miscellaneous References Exon Definition Cross-References Expectancies Definition Cross-References Expectation Definition Cross-References Experimental Allergic Encephalitis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy Experimental Endpoint Definition Cross-References Experimental Jaw Muscle Pain Definition Cross-References Experimental Muscle Pain Experimental Pain Definition Cross-References Experimental Pain in Children Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cold-Pressor Task Assessment of Pain Response Practical Considerations Pressure Pain Assessment of Pain Response Thermal Heat Pain and Vibration Pain References Expert Patient Definition Exposure In Vivo Definition Cross-References Exposure Techniques for Reducing Activity Avoidance Exposure Treatment Extension Exercises Extensive First-Pass Metabolism Definition Cross-References Exteroception Definition Cross-References Exteroceptive Definition Cross-References Exteroceptive Suppression Extinction Extinction and Extinction Training Definition Cross-References Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase Synonyms Definition Cross-References Extradural Infusions Extradural Space Extralemniscal Myelotomy Extrasegmental Analgesia Definition Cross-References Extrasegmental Antinociceptive Mechanisms Synonyms Definition Cross-References Extrusion Eye Nociceptors Eye Pain Receptors F F2 Intercross Definition Cross-References Fabry´s Disease Faces Pain Scale Definition Cross-References Facet Denervation Facet Joint Definition Cross-References Facet Joint Injection Facet Joint Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomical Considerations Provocative Studies Randomized Clinical Trials References Facet Joint Procedures for Chronic Back Pain Synonyms Characteristics References Facet Rhizolysis Facet Syndrome Facial Ganglion Neuralgia Facial Pain Definition Cross-References Facial Pain Associated with Disorders of the Cranium Facilitative Tucking Definition Cross-References Factor Loading Definition Cross-References Factors Associated with Low Back Pain Failed Back Definition Cross-References Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Definition Cross-References False Affirmative Rate Definition Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP) Familial Factors Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Definition Cross-References Familial Polyposis Coli Definition Cross-References Family Environment Family-Centered Care Synonyms Definition What Is Family-Centered Care? Characteristics Pediatric Pain and Family-Centered Care Clinical: A Call to Action Education: Empowering Advocates Research: Data to Improve Outcomes What Do the Data Show with Regard to Family-Centered Care? Summary References Family-Centered Care, Approach and Basis Definition References Family-Centered Care, Objective Definition Cross-References Family-centered Theory FAP Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block Definition Cross-References Fasciculus Cuneatus Definition Cross-References Fasciculus Gracilis Definition Cross-References Fast-Track Surgery Fatigue Definition Cross-References FCA FCA-Induced Arthritis Definition Cross-References FCE Fear and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Fear and Anxiety Hierarchy of Fear Fundamental Fears Common Fears: Fear of Pain Specific Fears: Fear of Movement/(Re)Injury Cognitive Behavioral Models Other Objects of Fear in Pain Assessment of Fear of Pain Treatment Implications References Fear Avoidance Definition Cross-References Fear Avoidance Beliefs Definition Cross-References Fear of Movement/(Re)Injury Definition Cross-References Fear of Pain Definition Cross-References Fear Reduction Through Exposure In Vivo Synonyms Definition Characteristics Graded Exposure In Vivo Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment Specific Questionnaires Interview Graded Hierarchies Behavioral Tests Education Graded Exposure In Vivo with Behavioral Experiments Graded Exposure In Vivo Behavioral Experiments Generalization and Maintenance of Change References Fear-Anxiety-Avoidance Model Definition Cross-References Fear-Avoidance Fear-Avoidance Model Definition Cross-References Feasible Definition Cross-References Feedback Control of Pain Definition Cross-References Fee-for-Service Definition Cross-References Female Reproductive Organ Pain Model Female Sex Steroid Hormones and Pain Introduction Characteristics Pain Perception in Healthy Females over the Menstrual Cycle Evaluating Menstrual Cycle Changes in Pain Perception Hormonal Measures and Pain Perception Menstrual Cycle Disorders Chronic Pain Conditions and Hormonal Treatment Neuroimaging Studies Summary Conclusion References Femoral Nerve Block Definition Cross-References Fentanyl Definition Cross-References Fetal Pain During Prenatal Surgery Introduction Definition Characteristics Development of Pain Pathways Fetal Behavioral States Fetal Analgesia Summary References Fibroblast Definition Cross-References Fibrocartilage Definition Cross-References Fibromyalgia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathophysiology Nosology Treatment Cross-References References Fibromyalgia Syndrome Fibromyalgia, Mechanisms, and Treatment Introduction Definition Characteristics Prevalence Comorbidity Unique Location of Tender Points Excitatory Amino Acids Substance P Growth Factors FMS and Thalamic Activity Treatment Cross-References References Fibrositis Fibrositis Syndrome Field Block Definition Cross-References Fifth Lobe Firing of Suburothelial Afferent Nerves Definition Cross-References First and Second Pain Definition Cross-References First and Second Pain Assessment (First Pain, Pricking Pain, Pin-Prick Pain, Second Pain, Burning Pain) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Temporal Characteristics of First and Second Pain and Their Relationships to Neural Mechanisms References First Pain Definition Cross-References First Pain Assessment First-Generation Antidepressants First-Order Sensory Neurons First-Order Subtype: Medial Thalamotomy First-Pass Metabolism Definition Cross-References Fitness Training Fits of Pain Flare Flare, Flare Response Definition Cross-References Flexion Exercise Flexion Withdrawal Reflex Definition Cross-References Flinching Definition Cross-References Flip-Flop Isoform of AMPA Receptors Definition Cross-References Flunarizine Definition Cross-References Fluorocitrate Definition Cross-References Flurbiprofen Definition Cross-References fMRI fMRI Imaging and PET in Parietal Cortex FMS Focal Pain Definition Cross-References Focused Analgesia Definition Cross-References Follicular Phase Definition Cross-References Forced-Choice Procedure Definition Forearm Ischemia Procedure Forearm Occlusion Pain Forebrain Definition Cross-References Forebrain Modulation of the Periaqueductal Gray and Its Role in Pain Introduction Forebrain Inputs to PAG Definition Characteristics Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPF) Central and Medial Nuclei of the Amygdala (CeA, MeA) Medial Preoptic Area (MPO) Hypothalamic Projections to the PAG PAG-Forebrain Afferents Coordinate a Multitude of Behavioral Responses Summary Acknowledgments References Formalin Test Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Forty Hz Oscillations Definition Cross-References Fos Expression Definition Cross-References Fos Protein Definition Cross-References Fractalkine Definition Cross-References Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Free from Bias Definition Cross-References Free Magnitude Estimation Definition Cross-References Free Nerve Endings Freeze Lesion Definition Cross-References Freezing Model of Cutaneous Hyperalgesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Experimental Procedures Early Skin Reactions and Activation of Primary Afferents Activation and Sensitization of Nociceptive Spinal Cord Neurons Heat Hyperalgesia Patterns of Mechanical Hyperalgesia Brush-Evoked Hyperalgesia Pin-Prick Hyperalgesia Hyperalgesia to Impact Stimuli References Frequency of Low Back Pain Frequency of Ultrasound Treatment Definition Cross-References Frequency-dependent Nociceptive Facilitation Freund´s Complete Adjuvant Synonyms Definition Cross-References Friction Friction Massage Frontal-Posterior Neck Electromyographic Sensor Placement Definition Cross-References Frustration Fulcrum Definition Cross-References Functional Definition Cross-References Functional Abdominal Pain Functional Abdominal Pain in Children Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Treatment Summary References Functional Abilities Evaluation Functional Aspects of Visceral Pain Functional Bowel Disorder Definition Cross-References Functional Brain Imaging Definition Cross-References Functional Capacity Definition Cross-References Functional Capacity Assessment Functional Capacity Battery Functional Capacity Evaluation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Functional Changes in Sensory Neurons Following Spinal Cord Injury Functional Changes in Sensory Neurons Following Spinal Cord Injury in Central Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Receptive Fields Spontaneous Activity Changes in the Functional Type of Neurons Recorded Responses to Peripheral Stimulation Conclusions References Functional Changes in Thalamus Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Definition Cross-References Functional Imaging Definition Cross-References Functional Imaging of Cutaneous Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Functional Imaging of Descending Modulation Functional Loss Definition Cross-References Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synonyms Definition Cross-References Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Functional Restoration Definition Cross-References Functional Restoration Program Functional Restoration/Exercise Programs Functioning Functioning and Disability Definitions Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Current Measures in Pain Can Be Linked to the ICF Summary Acknowledgments References Funiculus Definition Cross-References G GABA GABA and Glycine in Spinal Nociceptive Processing Synonyms Definition Introduction Cellular Functions Molecular Structure and Pharmacology GABA Receptors Glycine Receptors Synthesis, Storage, and Reuptake of GABA and Glycine Characteristics Functional Aspects of GABAergic and Glycinergic Pain Control in the Dorsal Horn Distribution of GABAergic and Glycinergic Neurons and of GABAA and Glycine Receptors Diminished GABAergic and Glycinergic Pain Control in Pathological Pain States Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Spinal GABA and Glycine Receptors Summary Acknowledgments References GABA Mechanisms and Descending Inhibitory Mechanisms Synonyms Definition Characteristics References GABA Transporter Definition Cross-References GABAA Receptors Definition Cross-References GABAB Receptors Definition Cross-References GABAergic Definition Cross-References GABAergic Cells (Inhibitory Interneurons) Definition Cross-References GABAergic Inhibition Gabapentin Definition Cross-References GAD Gainful Work Activity Definition Cross-References Galactorrhea Definition Cross-References Galanin Definition Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Gamma Knife Definition Cross-References Gamma(gamma)-Aminobutyric Acid Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ganglionopathies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Immune-Mediated Ganglionopathies Carcinomatous Sensory Neuropathy Ataxic Ganglionopathy with Features of Sjogren´s Syndrome Idiopathic Sensory Neuronopathy The Fisher Syndrome Toxic Causes References Gap Junctions Definition Cross-References Gasserian Ganglion Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Gastrointestinal Tract GAT 1, GAT 2, GAT 3 Definition Cross-References Gate Control Theory Definition Cross-References Gazelius Model GDNF GDNF-dependent Neurons Gender Definition Cross-References Gender and Pain Definition Introduction Characteristics Sex Differences in Clinical Pain Sex Differences in Experimentally Induced Pain Sex Differences in Responses to Pain Interventions Biological Explanations for Sex Differences in Pain Psychosocial Explanations for Sex Differences in Pain Summary References Gender Differences in Opioid Analgesia Gender Role Expectation of Pain Scale Synonyms Definition Cross-References Gene Definition Cross-References Gene Array Definition Cross-References Gene Therapy and Opioids Gene Transcription Definition Cross-References General Adaptation Syndrome General Anesthesia Definition Cross-References Generator Current Generator Currents Definition Cross-References Generic Carbamazepine Genetic Correlation Definition Genetic Linkage Cross-References Geniculate Ganglionitis Geniculate Neuralgia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Geniculate neuralgia: Nervus Intermedius, Primary Otalgia Genital Mucosa, Nociception Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder Genome Definition Cross-References Genotype Definition Cross-References GERD Synonyms Definition Cross-References Geriatric Medicine Definition Cross-References Giant Cell Arteritis (Arthritis) Definition Cross-References Giant Cell Arthritis Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus Definition Cross-References GIRK Channel Definition Cross-References Glabrous Definition Cross-References Glabrous Skin Definition Cross-References Glans Clitoris Definition Cross-References Glia Definition Cross-References Glia and Neuropathic Pain Definition Introduction Characteristics Activation of Glia via Neuron-Glia Communication Summary Acknowledgments References Glial Activation Definition Cross-References Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Synonyms Definition Cross-References Glial Cells in Orofacial Pathological Pain Mechanisms Definition Introduction Characteristics SGCs in the TG Communication Among Cells in the TG Pathological Changes in SGCs in the TG Following Inflammation Pathological Changes in SGCs in the TG Following Nerve Injury Role of Vc Glial Cells in Orofacial Pain Microglia Astroglia References Glial Dysregulation of Opioids Introduction Characteristics Soluble Factors Release by Glia Cytokines Proinflammatory Cytokine-Mediated Neuronal Excitation How Do Opioids Activate Glia? Non-stereoselective Activation of Central Immune Cells Summary References Glial Proliferation Definition Cross-References Glomerulations Definition Cross-References Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia Definition Cross-References Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Vagoglossopharyngeal Neuralgia Glove Anesthesia Definition Cross-References Glucocorticosteroid Definition Cross-References Glucosamine Glucose Intolerance Definition Cross-References Glutamate Definition Cross-References Glutamate Homeostasis Definition Cross-References Glutamate Homeostasis and Opioid Tolerance Synonyms Definition Characteristics Glutamate Transporters and Glutamate Regulation Cellular Distribution of GTs Role of GTs in Broad Neurological Disorders Role of GTs in Nociceptive Processing Role of GTs in Opioid Tolerance Role of GTs in Opioid Dependence Role of GTs in Opioid-Induced Apoptosis and Pain Sensitivity Possible Mechanisms of GT Actions Clinical Implications Acknowledgments References Glutamate Neurotoxicity Definition Cross-References Glutamate Receptor (Metabotropic) Glutamate Receptors Definition Cross-References Glutamate Regulation Glutamate Transporter Definition Cross-References Glutamatergic Definition Cross-References Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Synonyms Definition Cross-References Gluteus Medius Definition Cross-References Glycerol Rhizotomy Definition Cross-References Glycine Transporter Definition Cross-References Glycolysis Definition Cross-References Glycosaminoglycan Definition Cross-References Glycyrrhizic Acid Definition Cross-References GlyT-1 Definition Cross-References GlyT-2 Definition Cross-References Goals for Pain Treatment in the Elderly Definition Cross-References gp120 Definition Cross-References G-Protein-Coupled Glutamate Receptor Gracile Nucleus Definition Cross-References Graded Activity Approaches to Chronic Pain Graded Exposure Graded Exposure In vivo with Behavioral Experiments Gradiometer Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Definition Cross-References Granulocytopenia Definition Cross-References Granulomas Definition Cross-References Gravity-assisted Traction Gray Matter Density GREP Scale Grip Force Definition Cross-References Group Health Definition Cross-References Group III/Group IV Afferent Fibers Definition Cross-References Group Stimulus Space Definition Cross-References Group-oriented Practice Growth Factor Definition Cross-References Growth Hormone Definition Cross-References Guarding Guided Imagery Guided Imagery/Guided Mental Imagery Definition Cross-References Guillain-Barré Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Diagnostic Criteria Clinical Features Antecedent Illness Pain and Other Sensory Symptoms Paralysis Autonomic Disturbances Other Features Physical Examination Investigation Differential Diagnosis Pathogenesis of GBS Pathogenesis of Pain in GBS Treatment of GBS Pain Relief Course and Prognosis Summary References Gynecological Cancer Gynecological Pain and Sexual Functioning Synonyms Characteristics Gynecological Pain Sexual Functioning Acute Gynecological Pain Acute Pelvic Pain Acute Vulvar Pain Chronic Gynecological Pain Intermittent or Localized Vulvar Pain Generalized Vulvar Pain Intermittent Pelvic Pain Chronic Pelvic Pain Gynecological Cancer and Sexuality References Gynecological Pain Model Gynecological Pain, Neural Mechanisms Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acknowledgments References H 5-HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine Habituation Definition Cross-References Hamstring Muscle Strain Definition Cross-References Handicap Hansen´s Disease Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Hargreaves Test Harm Principle Head Pain Headache Synonyms Definition Characteristics Length of Illness Site Radiation Intensity Quality Frequency Duration Time of Onset Mode of Onset Precipitating Factors Aggravating Factors Relieving Factors Associated Features Diagnosis Cross-References References Headache Associated with Disorders of the Cranium Headache Associated with Psychotic Disorder Headache Associated with Somatization Disorder Headache Attributed to a Substance or Its Withdrawal Synonyms Definition Headache Attributed to Acute Substance Use or Exposure (Headache Classification Committee 2013) Characteristics Drug- and Substance-Related Headache Acute Drug-Induced Headache Vasodilators Nitric Oxide Donor-Induced Headache Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor-Induced Headache Histamine-Induced Headache Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Serotonin Agonists Foods and Natural Products (Headache Induced by Food Components and Additives) Amino Acids Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Headache (Chinese Restaurant Syndrome) Aspartame Tyramine Phenylethylamine Ethanol Lactose Intolerance Chocolate Chemotherapeutic Drugs Immunomodulating Drugs Antimicrobial and Antimalarial Drugs Other Substances Carbon Monoxide-Induced Headache (Warehouse Workers´ Headache) Cocaine-Induced Headache Cannabis-Induced Headache References Headache Due to Arteritis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Temporal Arteritis Diagnostic Criteria of Temporal Arteritis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Sjögren´s Syndrome Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) Behçet´s Disease Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS) (Isolated Arteritis of the Nervous System: IAN) References Headache Due to Brain Metastases Definition Cross-References Headache Due to Dissection Synonyms Definition Pathogenesis Clinical Relevance Differential Diagnostic Aspects Characteristics Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection (sICAD) Spontaneous Dissection of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery (seICAD) Spontaneous Dissection of the Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery (siICAD) Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissection (sVAD) References Headache Due to Hypertension Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Headache Due to Intracranial Bleeding Synonyms Definition Intracerebral Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Epidural Hematoma Characteristics Intracerebral Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Epidural Hematoma References Headache Due to Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Synonyms Definition Characteristics Symptoms Examination Differential Diagnosis Management and Treatment References Headache Due to Somatoform Disorder Synonyms Definition Characteristics Headache Due to Venous Sinus Thrombosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathophysiology Predisposing Factors Local Causes Systemic Causes Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis References Headache from Cranial Bone Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Headache in Aseptic Meningitis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Clinical Features Differential Diagnosis Conclusion References Headache, Acute Posttraumatic Synonyms Definition Characteristics New Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Posttraumatic Headache Acute Posttraumatic Headache with Moderate or Severe Head Injury Diagnostic Criteria Acute Posttraumatic Headache with Mild Head Injury Diagnostic Criteria New Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Posttraumatic Headache Chronic Posttraumatic Headache with Moderate or Severe Head Injury Diagnostic Criteria Chronic Posttraumatic Headache with Mild Head Injury Diagnostic Criteria Pathophysiology of PTHA Management Strategies Conclusions References Headache, Episodic Tension-Type Synonyms Definition Characteristics Symptoms Examination Differential Diagnosis Management and Treatment References Headaches Associated with Substances or their Withdrawal Health Informatics Heart Pain Heat Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Heat Lesion Heat Sensor Heightened Attention Helical CT Helicobacter Pylori Definition Cross-References Heliotherapy Definition Cross-References Helplessness Definition Cross-References Hemianesthesia Definition Cross-References Hemibody Radiation Definition Cross-References Hemicrania Continua Definition Cross-References Hemicrania Continua (HC) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria References Hemicrania Simplex Hemipain Definition Cross-References Hemisphere Definition Cross-References Hemorrhagic Stroke Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Definition Cross-References Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN) Hereditary Neuropathies Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Biology of Myelinated Axons Classification of Inherited Neuropathies Inherited Neuropathies Associated with Decreased Nociception Inherited Neuropathies Associated with Prominent Neuropathic Pain Summary Acknowledgments References Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP) Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy (HSAN) Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type IV, HSAN IV, HSAN 4 Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Definition Cross-References Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy (HSN) Heritable Definition Cross-References Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors Definition Cross-References Herpes Zoster Definition Cross-References Herpes Zoster Pain Heterocyclic Antidepressants Heteromeric Channels Definition Cross-References Heterotopic Ossification Definition Cross-References Heterozygosity Definition Cross-References Heterozygous Carriers Definition Cross-References Hidden Triggers Definition Cross-References High Dependency or Intensive Care Units Definition Cross-References High Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia Definition Cross-References High Threshold Neurons Synonyms Definition Cross-References High-threshold Calcium Channels High-Threshold Mechanoreceptor High-Threshold Mechanoreceptors High-Threshold Mechanosensitive Muscle Receptors Definition Cross-References High-Threshold Neurons High-threshold VDCCs High-Velocity Thrust Manipulation (HVTM) High-voltage Calcium Channels Hindlimb Flexor Reflex Hippocampal Formation or Hippocampal Region Definition Cross-References Hippocampus Definition Cross-References Hippocampus and Entorhinal Complex: Functional Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Histamine Definition Cross-References Histology of Nociceptors Synonyms Characteristics Functional Characteristics of Nociceptors References History History of Analgesics Synonyms Definition Characteristics New Chemicals Chemical Modifications of Analgesics New Compounds: Pharmacology Comes into Play Analgesics in the Age of Molecular Pharmacology Conclusion Acknowledgments References Hit Rate or Sensitivity Definition HIV and Pain HIV/AIDS-related Pain HIV-associated Neuropathy HMSN Definition Cross-References Hoffmann-Tinel Sign Holistic Medicine Homeopathy Definition Cross-References Homeostasis Definition Cross-References Homeostatic Adaptations Definition Cross-References Homework Definition Cross-References Homologous Gene Definition Cross-References Homomeric Channels Definition Cross-References Homozygous Carriers Definition Cross-References Horner´s Syndrome Horsley-Clarke Apparatus or Stereotaxic Frame Definition Cross-References Hospice Care Definition Cross-References Hostility Definition Cross-References References Hot Plate Test (Assay) Definition Cross-References Hot Tooth Syndrome Definition Cross-References Household Income and Chronicity HPA Axis Definition Cross-References HT Neurons Human Factors Engineering Human Models Human Models of Inflammatory Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Capsaicin Model The Burn Model The Heat/Capsaicin Model The Mustard Oil Model The Electrical Stimulation Model The UVB/Sunburn Model The Freeze Lesion Model References Human Rights Human Thalamic Nociceptive Neurons Definition Introduction Characteristics Nociceptive Neurons in Lateral Thalamus Medial Thalamus Stimulation-Induced Pain Innocuous Cool Neurons and Sensations References Human Thalamic Response to Experimental Pain (Neuroimaging) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Techniques Thalamic Nuclear Function Experimental Noxious Stimuli Can We Modulate the Thalamic Response to Pain? Summary References Hunner´s Ulcer Definition Cross-References HVCCs Hyaline Cartilage Definition Cross-References Hyaluronan Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Technique Applications Efficacy Side Effects References Hyaluronic Acid Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Definition Cross-References Hydrodistention Definition Cross-References Hydrogen Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Hydromorphone Hydroperoxides Definition Cross-References Hydrotherapy Definition Cross-References Hydroxy-7.8-Dihydrocodeinone Hypalgia Hyperaesthesia, Assessment Definition Characteristics Induction and Assessment Clinical Examination/Studies Patient Example Experimental Studies Human Animal References Hyperalgesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Implications Hyperalgesia Versus Allodynia Cross-References References Hyperalgesia, Primary and Secondary Definition Cross-References Hyperemia Definition Cross-References Hyperesthesia Hyperexcitability Definition Cross-References Hyperglycemic Neuropathy Hyperhidrosis Definition Cross-References Hyperknesis Definition Cross-References Hyperpathia Definition Characteristics Introduction Historical Aspects Definition or Description Symptoms and Signs Comprising Hyperpathia Conditions in Which Hyperpathia Occurs Is Hyperpathia a Clinically Relevant and Useful Term? Pathophysiology Cross-References References Hyperpathia, Assessment Definition Characteristics Induction and Assessment Temporal Summation Aftersensations Pain Radiation Coexistent Phenomena Clinical Examination Experimental Studies Cross-References References Hyperpolarization Definition Cross-References Hyperresponsiveness Definition Cross-References Hypersensitivity Definition Cross-References Hyperstimulation Analgesia Definition Cross-References Hypertensive Encephalopathy Definition Cross-References Hypertensive Headaches Hypertonic Saline Definition Cross-References Hypervigilance Definition Cross-References Hypervigilance and Attention to Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Implications References Hypesthesia Definition Cross-References Hypnic ``Alarm Clock´´ Headache Syndrome Hypnic Headache Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Reports and Pathophysiology Summary References Hypnosis Definition Cross-References Hypnotherapy Hypnotic Analgesia Definition Characteristics What Are the Types of Hypnotic Suggestions for Analgesia Which Types of Hypnotic Suggestions are Most Effective in Producing Analgesia What are the Factors that Determine the Efficacy of Hypnotic Analgesia Conclusions References Hypnotic Relaxation Hypnotism Hypnotizability Definition Cross-References Hypoaesthesia Hypoalgesia, Assessment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Methods of Assessment and the Interpretation Caveats and Unresolved Issues Cross-References References Hypochondriaca Definition Cross-References Hypochondriasis Definition Hypochondriasis, Somatoform Disorders, and Abnormal Illness Behavior Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Sick Role Abnormal Illness Behavior (AIB) Clinical Characteristics Management References Hypoesthesia, Assessment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Methods of Assessment and Interpretation Caveats and Unresolved Issues References Hypogastric Neurectomy Definition Cross-References Hyponatremia Definition Cross-References Hypophysectomy Definition Cross-References Hypotension of Spinal Fluid Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis Definition Cross-References Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response Hypothalamus Definition Cross-References Hypothalamus and Nociceptive Pathways Definition Characteristics Nociceptive Afferent Inputs to the Hypothalamus Role of Hypothalamus in Visceromotor Responses to Painful Stimuli Role of Hypothalamus in Behavioral Response to Painful Stimuli Summary References Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Definition Cross-References Hypoxia Definition Cross-References I IAIABC System Iatrogenic Causes of Neuropathy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Symptoms Diagnosis Epidemiology Predisposing Factors Odontoiatric Treatment ENT Surgery Cardiovascular Surgery Orthopedic Surgery General Surgery Therapy References Iatrogenic Effect/Response Definition Cross-References Iatrogenic Neuropathy Definition Cross-References IB4-Binding Neurons IB4-Positive Neurons, Role in Inflammatory Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References IB4-Positive Nociceptors IBS ICD Ice-Pick Pain Definition Cross-References Ice-Pick Pains Ice-Water Bucket Test Definition Cross-References ICF ICF, International Classification of Functional, Disability and Health Definition Cross-References ICSI Synonyms Definition Cross-References IDET Synonyms Definition Cross-References Idiopathic Definition Cross-References Idiopathic Ataxic Neuropathy Idiopathic Cramps Definition Cross-References Idiopathic Headache Idiopathic Myalgia Idiopathic Orofacial Pain Idiopathic Stabbing Headache (ISH) Idiopathic Vulvar Pain IEGs iGluRs Ignition Hypothesis Definition Cross-References References IL-10 Definition Cross-References IL-1beta Definition Cross-References IL-4 Definition Cross-References IL-6 Definition Cross-References Ilium Definition Cross-References Illusory Cramp Definition Cross-References Imagery Definition Cross-References Imaging Descending Circuits in the Forebrain IME Imitation Learning Immediate Early Genes Synonyms Definition Cross-References Immortalization Definition Cross-References Immune Cell Recruitment Definition Cross-References Immune Cells Definition Cross-References Immunocompetent Cells Definition Cross-References Immunocytochemistry Definition Cross-References Immunocytochemistry of Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Peptidergic Population: CGRP and Substance P Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Substance P Other Characteristics Non-peptidergic or ``Peptide Poor´´ Population: Isolectin B4 and FRAP Other Characteristics Neurofilament Markers: Antibodies RT97 and N52 Ion Channels: TRPV1 and P2X3 Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) Receptor P2X3 Receptor for ATP References Immunocytokines Immunodeficient Definition Cross-References Immunoglobulin Therapy Definition Cross-References Immunohistochemistry Definition Cross-References Immuno-Inflammatory Muscle Pain Immunoisolation Definition Cross-References Immunoreactivity Immunostaining Immunosuppression Definition Cross-References Impact of Familial Factors on Children´s Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Parental Responses to Chronic Pain Impact of Pain on the Family Influence of Family System on Child Pain Family Involvement in Interventions for Chronic Pain Summary References Impact on Activities of Daily Living Impairment Definition Cross-References Impairment Due to Pain Impairment Evaluation Definition Cross-References Impairment Rating Impairment Rating, Ambiguity Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Impairment Rating, Ambiguity, IAIABC System Synonyms Definition Introduction The Problem Characteristics IAIABC/Utah Impairment Guides Methodology Results Users to Date Summary References Impairment, Function Loss Impairment, Pain-Related Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Significance of Impairment Evaluations The Problem of Subjective Factors Attempts to Solve the Conundrum References Impartial Medical Evaluation In Vitro Definition Cross-References In Vivo Definition Cross-References Inactive Agent Inappropriate Symptoms and Signs Inbred Strains Definition Cross-References INCB Incentive Incidence Definition Cross-References Incidence of Low Back Pain Incident Pain Synonyms Definition Cross-References Incision Model for Postoperative Pain Inclusion Body Myositis Definition Cross-References Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Definition Cross-References Inconsistent Symptoms and Signs Increased Extracellular Levels Indemnity Costs Definition Cross-References Independent Medical Evaluation Independent Medical Examinations Synonyms Definition Characteristics Issues Addressed in IMEs IME Process References Indirect Suggestion Definition Cross-References Individual Difference Individual Differences Definition Cross-References Indomethacin Definition Cross-References Induration Definition Inert Agent Infant Infant Pain Infant Pain Mechanisms Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Properties of Infant Nociceptors Infant Nociceptive Reflexes and Spinal Nociceptive Circuits Central Sensitization and Hyperalgesia in Infants Endogenous Pain Control: Descending Control of Nociceptive Circuits in Infants Pain Awareness and Pain Perception in Infancy: Infant Cortical Pain Networks Does Pain in Infancy Alter Pain Perception in Later Life? Summary Acknowledgments References Infant Pain Reduction/Therapy/Treatment Infant Pain Therapy Infant Pain Treatment Inflammation Definition Cross-References Inflammation, Modulation by Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors Definition Characteristics The Anti-hyperalgesic Action of Peripheral CB Receptors The Anti-inflammatory Action of Peripheral CB Receptors References Inflammation, Role of Peripheral Glutamate Receptors Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary Acknowledgments References Inflammatory Definition Cross-References Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inflammatory Cytokines Inflammatory Hyperalgesia by Skin Freezing Inflammatory Mediators Definition Cross-References Inflammatory Myopathies Inflammatory Neuritis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Animal Models Clinical Syndromes References Inflammatory Neuropathy Inflammatory Nociceptor Sensitization, Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Inflammatory Pain Definition Cross-References Inflammatory Pain and NGF Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Inflammatory Pain and Opioids Inflammatory Pain Models Definition Cross-References Inflammatory Syndrome Infliximab Definition Cross-References Inflow Artifacts Definition Cross-References Information and Psychoeducation in the Early Management of Persistent Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Written Materials Schools Psychoeducation: CBT Groups as an Early Intervention References Information Processing in Thalamocortical Circuits Synonyms Definition Characteristics Drivers and Modulators First- and Higher-Order Relays Role of Thalamus in Corticocortical Communication Summary References Infraclavicular Block Definition Cross-References Infusion Definition Cross-References Inherited Factors Implicated in the Mechanisms of Migraine Inherited Variability of Drug Response Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission Injections of Corticosteroids Injections of Steroids Injury Discharge Definition Cross-References Injury Memory Definition Cross-References Innervation of the Urinary Bladder Definition Cross-References Insomnia Instability Definition Cross-References Installation Block Definition Cross-References Instrumental, Operant Conditioning Definition Cross-References Insula Insula/Insular Cortex Synonyms Definition Cross-References Insular Area Insular Cortex Insular Cortex, Neurophysiology, and Functional Imaging of Nociceptive Processing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acknowledgments References Insular Lobe Insulin Neuropathy Intensity of Pain Definition Cross-References Intensity of Ultrasound Definition Cross-References Intentionality Definition Cross-References Intercostal Space Definition Cross-References Interdisciplinary Definition Cross-References Interdisciplinary Assessment Interdisciplinary Pain Management Programs Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Desirable Characteristics of PMPs The Context of Pain Management General Advantages of the Interdisciplinary Approach Team Maintenance Conclusion References Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Programs Interferential Therapy Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection Interleukin(s) (IL) Definition Cross-References Interleukins Intermittent Intermittent Claudication Definition Cross-References Internal Capsule Definition Cross-References Internal Disc Disruption Definition Cross-References Internal Neurolysis Definition Cross-References Internal Validity Definition Cross-References Internalization Definition Cross-References Internalization of Receptors Definition Cross-References International Narcotics Control Board Synonyms Definition Cross-References Internet Internet Therapy Interneuron Definition Cross-References Interoception Definition Cross-References Interoceptive Sensation Interpolaris Synonyms Definition Cross-References Interprofessional Approach Definition Cross-References Interscalene Definition Cross-References Interscalene Block Definition Cross-References Interspike Interval Synonyms Definition Cross-References Interstitial Cystitis Interstitial Cystitis and Chronic Pelvic Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment First-Line Treatments Diet Second-Line Treatments Physical and Behavioral Therapy Oral Therapies Intravesical Therapies Third-Line Treatments Fourth-Line Treatments Fifth-Line Treatments Sixth-Line Treatments Surgery Treatments No Longer Offered Summary References Interventional Therapies Definition Cross-References Intervertebral Disc Definition Cross-References Intervertebral Foramen, Cervical Definition Cross-References Intra-Articular Blocks and Thoracic Medial Branch Blocks Intra-articular Corticosteroids Intra-articular Injections of Steroids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rationale Technique Application Shoulder Joints Acromioclavicular Joint Knee Joint Hip Joint Thumb Neck Pain Back Pain Interpretation References Intra-Articular Sacroiliac Joint Block Intra-Articular Sacroiliac Joint Injection Intra-articular Steroid Injections Intracellular Labeling Definition Cross-References Intracerebral Hematoma: Apoplexy Intracerebroventricular Drug Pumps Intracerebroventricular, Intracerebral, and Intrathecal Definition Cross-References Intracranial Definition Cross-References Intracranial Ablative Procedures Intracranial Nociceptors Intracranial Venous Thrombosis Intractable Definition Cross-References Intradental Nociceptors Intradermal Definition Cross-References Intradiscal Electrothermal Annuloplasty Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Indications Rationale Technique Efficacy Discussion Cross-References References Intralaminar Nuclei in Pain Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei Definition Cross-References Intramuscular Sensory Nerve Stimulation Intraperitoneal Definition Cross-References Intrathecal Definition Cross-References Intrathecal Drug Pumps Intrathecal Injection Synonyms Definition Cross-References Intrathecal Space Definition Cross-References Intravenous Infusions, Regional and Systemic Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Regional Infusions Sympathetic Blocks Local Anesthetic Blocks Systemic Infusions Local Anesthetic Phentolamine Bisphosphonates Other Agents Indications Validity Utility References Intravenous Regional Analgesia Intravenous Regional Analgesia/Block Definition Cross-References Intravenous Regional Block Intravenous Tramadol Definition Cross-References Intraventricular Definition Cross-References Intraventricular Drug Pumps Intravesical Definition Cross-References Invasive Definition Cross-References Inverse Agonist Definition Cross-References Inverse Problems Definition Cross-References Ion Channel Definition Cross-References Ion Channel Blockers Ion Channel Trafficking Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ionotropic Receptor Definition Cross-References Ionotropic Receptors Ipsilateral Definition Cross-References Ipsilateral Second Order Sensory Relay Irritable Bowel Syndrome Synonyms Definition Cross-References Irritable Bowel Syndrome Model Irritant Definition Cross-References Ischemia Definition Cross-References Ischemia Model Ischemia-Induced Muscle Pain Ischemic Heart Disease Definition Cross-References Ischemic Muscle Pain Ischemic Neuropathies Ischemic Pain Ischemic Pain/Test Definition Cross-References Ischemic Test ISI Island of Reil Isolectin B4 Definition Cross-References Itch Itch Man Definition Cross-References Itch/Itch Fibers Synonyms Definition Characteristics Specific Spinal Pruriceptive Neurons Peripheral Sensitization Central Sensitization References Itchy Skin Definition Cross-References IV Block IV Infusion J Jab-Like and Jolt-Like Headache Definition Cross-References Jabs and Jolts Syndrome Jaw Claudication Definition Cross-References Jaw-Muscle Silent Periods (Exteroceptive Suppression) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Technical Requirements and Normal Values Clinical Applications References Job Analysis Definition Cross-References Job Capacity Evaluation Job Demands Definition Cross-References Job Requirements Definition Cross-References Job Satisfaction Definition Cross-References Job-Site Evaluation Joint Deformities Definition Cross-References Joint Nociceptors JRA Judgment Junctional DREZ Coagulation Just-Noticeable Difference Definition Cross-References Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Definition Cross-References K K/C arthritis K+ Channel Definition Cross-References Kainate Receptor Definition Cross-References Kainate-Induced Lesion Definition Cross-References Kaolin Definition Cross-References Kaolin-Carrageenan-Induced Arthritis Definition Cross-References Kapanol Definition Cross-References Kapanol Controlled-Release Pellets Within a Capsule Kappa Receptors and Visceral Pain Kappa-Opioid Receptors Keratinocytes Definition Cross-References Ketalar Ketamine Kinesiophobia Kinesophobia Definition Cross-References Kinesthesia Definition Cross-References Knockout Mice Definition Cross-References KOR KOR-1 Kyphotic Definition Cross-References L La Belle Indifference Definition Cross-References Labor Pain Labor Pain Model Laboratory Findings Definition Cross-References Laboratory Pain Lacrimation Definition Cross-References Lamina II Outer and Lamina II Inner Definition Cross-References Lamina Propria Definition Cross-References Laminae I and V Neurons Definition Cross-References Laminae I/II Inputs to the Thalamus Laminae III-IV, X Definition Cross-References Laminectomy Definition Cross-References Lancinating Pain Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl Syndrome Langerhans Cells Definition Laparoscopic Pain Mapping Laparoscopy Definition Cross-References Laparoscopy (for Pain) Under Local Anesthesia Large Fibers Definition Cross-References Large-Fiber Neuropathy Definition Cross-References Laser Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Laser Heat Stimulator Definition Cross-References Laser Silent Period Synonyms Definition Cross-References Laser Speckle Imaging Definition Cross-References Laser Stimulation Laser-Doppler Flowmetry Definition Laser-Evoked Field Synonyms Definition Cross-References Laser-Evoked Potential Synonyms Definition Latent Myofascial Trigger Point Definition Cross-References Lateral and Dorsal Funiculi Definition Cross-References Lateral and Medial Thalamic Nociceptive System Lateral Cervical Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Lateral Division (of the Spinal Dorsal Root) Definition Cross-References Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Definition Cross-References Lateral Pain System Definition Cross-References Lateral Spinal Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Lateral Sulcus Lateral Thalamic Lesions, Pain Behavior in Animals Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Lateral Thalamic Nuclei Definition Cross-References Lateral Thalamic Nuclei and STT Lateral Thalamic Pain-Related Cells in Humans Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Lateral Thalamus Encodes Pain Laughing Gas Law of Bell and Magendie Definition Cross-References LCN Learned Helplessness Definition Cross-References LEF Lemniscal Fibers Definition Cross-References Lemniscus Trigeminalis LEP Lepromatous Leprosy Definition Cross-References Leprosy Definition Cross-References Leprosy Reaction Definition Cross-References Leptomeninges Definition Cross-References Leptomeningitis Definition Cross-References Lesion Definition Cross-References Leukocytes Definition Cross-References Leukoencephalopathy Definition Cross-References Leukotrienes Definition Cross-References Leukotrienes in Inflammatory Nociceptor Sensitization Levator Ani Syndrome Definition Cross-References LFP Liberation Definition Cross-References Libido Definition Cross-References Lichen Sclerosis Definition Cross-References Lidocaine Life-limiting Condition Life-threatening Condition Lifetime Prevalence Definition Cross-References Ligands Definition Cross-References Lightning Pain Likert Scale Definition Cross-References Limb Amputation Definition Cross-References Limb Pain Limbic Forebrain Matrix Limbic Forebrain/System Definition Cross-References Linkage Disequilibrium Definition Cross-References Lipophilic Definition Cross-References Lipophilic Substances Lissauer´s Tract Definition Cross-References List of Diagnoses and Their Definitions LLLT Load Definition Cross-References Load-Bearing Capacity Definition Cross-References ``Local´´ Local Analgesics Local Anesthetic Agents/Drugs Definition Cross-References Local Anesthetic Motor Blockade Definition Cross-References Local Anesthetics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemistry Mechanisms Pharmacology Metabolism Toxicity Applications References Local Anesthetics/Antiarrhythmics Definition Cross-References Local Circuit Interneuron Definition Cross-References Local Field Potential Synonyms Definition Cross-References Local Twitch Response Synonyms Definition Cross-References Local-Circuit Cells Definition Cross-References Localized Muscle Pain Localized Provoked Vulvodynia Local-Twitch-Response Locus Locus Coeruleus Definition Cross-References Locus of Control Definition Cross-References Longitudinal Myelotomy Longitudinal Study Synonyms Definition Cross-References Long-Lasting Acute Pain Long-term Depression in the Spinal Cord Long-term Effects Long-Term Effects of Pain in Infants Synonyms Definition Characteristics Neurobiology of Infant Pain Neonatal Prolonged Pain and Reprogramming of Stress Systems Animal Studies of Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Pain Exposure Pain and Stress in the NICU Environment Pain Responsivity Later in Infancy and Childhood Preterm Infants Full-Term Infants Developmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants Sex Differences Maternal-Infant Factors Memory for Pain Summary Acknowledgments References Long-Term Potentiation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression in the Spinal Cord Synonyms Definitions Introduction Synaptic Models for Learning and Memory in Nociceptive Pathways Characteristics Synaptic Long-Term Potentiation in Nociceptive Pathways Synaptic Long-Term Depression in Nociceptive Pathways Summary Acknowledgments References Long-term Potentiation in the Spinal Cord Loss of Consciousness Associated with Fentanyl Definition Cross-References Loss of Olfactory Function Definition Cross-References Loss of the Myelin Sheath Low Back Pain Definition Cross-References Low Back Pain Patients, Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics Plain Films Cross-Sectional Imaging Myelography Nuclear Medicine Discography References Low Back Pain, Epidemiology Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Low First-Pass Metabolism Definition Cross-References Lower Back Pain Lower Back Pain, Acute Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Lower Back Pain, Physical Examination Synonyms Definition Characteristics Goals Inspection Palpation Provocative Maneuvers Psychosocioeconomic Syndrome References Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Pain Models Low-Frequency Oscillations Definition Cross-References Low-Intracranial-Pressure Headache Low-Level Laser Therapy Low-threshold Calcium Channels Low-Threshold Calcium Spike Synonyms Definition Cross-References Low-threshold Calcium Spike (LTS) Burst Low-threshold Calcium Spike Burst Synonyms Definition Cross-References Low-Threshold Calcium Spike Bursting (LTS) Low-Threshold Neuron Synonyms Definition Cross-References Low-threshold VDCCs Low-voltage Calcium Channels LSN LSP LT Neurons LTP LTR LTR Locus LTS LTS Burst Lumbago Definition Cross-References Lumbar Disc Stimulation Lumbar Discogram Lumbar Discography Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Technique Validity Applications References Lumbar Epidural Steroids Lumbar Facet Denervation Lumbar Facet Rhizolysis Lumbar Lordosis Definition Cross-References Lumbar Medial Branch Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics Validity Control Blocks Patient Selection Contraindications Technique Evaluation References Lumbar Medial Branch Neurotomy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Indications Setting Technique Variants Efficacy Complications Utility References Lumbar Pain Lumbar Plexus Definition Cross-References Lumbar Puncture Definition Cross-References Lumbar Radiofrequency Neurotomy Lumbar Traction Definition Characteristics Systematic Review of Lumbar Traction as a Treatment for LBP Conclusion of the Systematic Review References Lumbar Transforaminal Injection of Steroids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Rationale Efficacy Indications Patient Selection Absolute Contraindications Relative Contraindications Technique Complications Utility References Lumbar Zygapophysial Joint Lumbosacral Lumbosacral Radiculitis Luteal Phase Definition Cross-References Luxation Definition Cross-References LVCCs Lymphokines Lysis of Adhesions Definition Cross-References M MAC Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Applications Cross-References References Magnetoencephalogram Magnetoencephalography Synonyms Definition Cross-References Magnetoencephalography in Assessment of Pain in Humans Synonyms Definition Characteristics Advantages of MEG Disadvantages of MEG Methods Results Factors That Affect the Waveforms of Pain Clinical Application References Magnetometer Magnification Definition Cross-References Magnocellular Neurons Definition Cross-References Maitland Mobilization Major Analgesics Major Depressive Disorder Major or Minor Causalgia Maladaptive Coping Maladaptive Thoughts Definition Cross-References Malalignment Syndromes Definition Cross-References Malignant Bone Pain Malignant Bowel Obstruction Definition Cross-References Malignant Pain Definition Cross-References Malingerer Definition Cross-References Malingering Definition Cross-References Malingering, Primary and Secondary Gain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Primary and Secondary Gain Malingering References Malnutrition Managed Care Definition Cross-References Management of Postoperative Pain Mandibular Dysfunction Manipulation Without Impulse Manipulation Without Thrust Manual or Continuous Traction Manual Therapy Definition Cross-References MAPK MAPK Family Marital Status and Chronicity Marstock Method Definition Cross-References Massage and Pain Relief Prospects Synonyms Definition Effleurage Petrissage Friction Tapotement Vibration Characteristics Analgesic Mechanisms Indications and Outcomes Back Pain Neck Pain Osteoarthritis Cancer-Related Pain Critical Care and Geriatric Medicine Contraindications and Safety Considerations Complications References Massage, Basic Considerations Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Applications Efficacy Side Effects References Masseter Inhibitory Reflex Definition Cross-References Masseter Muscle Definition Cross-References Masseter Silent Periods Mast Cells Definition Cross-References Mastery Experience Definition Cross-References Masticatory Nucleus Mastitis Matrix Metalloproteinases Synonyms Definition Cross-References McGill Pain Questionnaire Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References MCID Mcl-1 Definition Cross-References MDdc Measurement Measurement %20 Scales Definition Cross-References Measuring Tools Mechanical Allodynia Definition Cross-References Mechanical Allodynia Test Mechanical Effects of Ultrasound Definition Cross-References Mechanical Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Mechanical Low Back Pain Mechanical Nociceptors Mechanical Stimuli Definition Cross-References Mechanical Syndrome Mechanically Evoked Itch Definition Cross-References Mechanism-Based Approaches to Pain and Nociception Definition Cross-References Mechanoheat Nociceptor Mechano-Insensitive C-Fibers, Biophysics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Differences Between Human C-Fiber Classes Long-Term Aftereffects Short-Term Aftereffects Functional Implications References Mechanoinsensitive Nociceptor Mechanonociceptor Mechanonociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Mechano-Nociceptors Mechanoreception Mechanoreceptive Endings Mechanoreceptive/Mechanosensitive Visceral Receptors Definition Cross-References References Mechanoreceptor Afferents Definition Cross-References Mechanosensitive Definition Cross-References Mechanosensitive Sympathetic Afferent Fibers Definition Cross-References Mechanosensitivity Definition Cross-References Mechanosensory Nociceptors MED Synonyms Definition Cross-References Medial Branch Block Medial Lemniscus (ML) Definition Cross-References Medial Pain System Definition Cross-References Medial Part of the Posterior Complex Synonyms Definition Cross-References Medial Thalamotomies Definition Cross-References Medial Thalamus Definition Cross-References Median Branch Block Median Nerve Compression at the Wrist Mediate Definition Cross-References Medical Decision-Making Model Definition Medical Disorder Medical History Definition Characteristics Identification Presenting Symptoms History of the Index Condition Site Distribution Quality Duration Periodicity Intensity Aggravating Factors Relieving Factors Effects on Activities of Daily Living Associated Symptoms Onset Previous Similar Symptoms Previous Treatment Current Treatment for the Index Condition Intercurrent Conditions Other Current Medical Treatments Past Medical History Systems Review Psychological History Social History References Medical Hydrology Medical Misadventures Medical Mishaps Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Definition Cross-References Medical Signs Definition Cross-References Medically Incongruent Symptoms and Signs Medication-induced Headaches Mediodorsal Nucleus (MD) Definition Cross-References Mediolongitudinal Myelotomy Meditation Definition Cross-References Medullary Dorsal Horn Definition Cross-References Medullary Dorsal Horn (MDH) Medullary Lateral Reticular Formation Definition Cross-References MEG Meissner Receptor Definition Cross-References Melanotic Definition Cross-References Melatonin Definition Cross-References Member 1 Membrane Capacitance Definition Cross-References Membrane Potential Definition Cross-References Membrane Resistance Definition Cross-References Membrane Stabilizers Definition Cross-References Membrane-Stabilizing Agents Membrane-Stabilizing Drugs Memory Decision Theory Definition Meningeal Afferents Meningeal Carcinomatous Definition Meningeal Layer Definition Cross-References Meningeal Nociceptors Meningoencephalitis Definition Cross-References Meniscus Definition Cross-References Mensendieck System Definition Cross-References Menstrual Suppression Definition Cross-References Mental Disorders, Diagnostics and Statistics Mental Pain Menthol Definition Cross-References Meperidine Meralgia Paresthetica Definition Cross-References Merkel Receptor Definition Cross-References Mesencephalic Nucleus Definition Cross-References Mesencephalic Tractotomy Mesencephalon Definition Cross-References Mesencephalotomy Mesmerism Meta-analysis Definition Cross-References Metabolic and Nutritional Neuropathies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Alcohol Nutritional Neuropathies Thiamine Deficiency, B1 Pyridoxine Deficiency, B6 Cobalamin Deficiency, B12 Vitamin E Deficiency Neuropathy After Bariatric Surgery Metabolic Paraproteinemic Neuropathies References Metabolic Neuropathies Metabolism Definition Cross-References Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Synonyms Definition Cross-References Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Spinal Nociceptive Processing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Signal Transduction Modulation of Voltage- and Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Pharmacology and Modulation of mGluRs Spinal Nociception Group I mGluRs Effect of Activators Effect of Inhibitors Groups II and III mGluRs References Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Thalamus Synonyms Definition Characteristics Group I Receptors Group II Receptors Group III Receptors Functional Considerations References Metabotropic Receptor Definition Cross-References Metalloproteases Definition Cross-References Metastasis Definition Cross-References Methadone Method of Adjustments Definition Cross-References Method of Limits Definition Cross-References Methotrexate Definition Cross-References Methyl-2-(2,6-Xylyloxy)-Ethylamine-Hydrochloride Methylprednisolone Definition Cross-References Metoprolol Definition Cross-References Mexiletine/Mexitil Mexitil mGlu Receptor mGlu Receptors mGluR mGluRs MH, HTM, and PM Definition Cross-References Micro-arousal Definition Cross-References Microdialysis Definition Cross-References Microglia Definition Cross-References Microglia Activation Microinjection Definition Cross-References Microiontophoresis Definition Cross-References Microneurography and Intraneural Microstimulation Definition Introduction History of Microneurography of Nociceptors Characteristics Method of Microneurography Intraneural Microstimulation Nociceptor Classes Discovered by Microneurography Microneurography of Aging Nociceptors Microneurography in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy Acknowledgments References Microneuroma Definition Cross-References Microstimulation Definition Cross-References Microsurgical DREZotomy Microswitch Definition Cross-References Microvascular Decompression Synonyms Definition Cross-References Microwaves Midazolam Definition Cross-References Midline Commissural Myelotomy Definition Cross-References Midline Epidural Steroid Injection Midline Myelotomy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Myelotomy: Origin from Procedures Directed at Segmental Structures, not Long Tracts Impetus to Develop Myelotomy and Original Concepts of Benefit Clinical Observation at Odds with the Original Concept Laboratory Evidence of a Dorsal Column Pain Pathway Subsequent Clinical Observations Cross-References References Migraine Definition Cross-References Migraine Accompagnée Migraine Epidemiology Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Incidence of Migraine The Prevalence of Migraine Prevalence by Age Prevalence in Children and Adolescents Prevalence by Gender in Adults Prevalence of Migraine by Socioeconomic Status Prevalence of Migraine by Geographical Distribution The Burden of Migraine The Impact of Migraine on the Individual The Impact of Migraine on the Family The Societal Impact of Migraine References Migraine Variants of Childhood Migraine with Pleocytosis Migraine Without Aura Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Phenotype Genotype Pathophysiology Possible Role of the Brainstem Possible Role of the Cortex Role of the Trigeminovascular System Role of Nitric Oxide Treatment of Migraine Acute Treatment Prophylactic Therapy in Migraine References Migraine, Childhood Syndromes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Abdominal Migraine Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis References Migraine, Genetics Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Migraine, Pathophysiology Introduction Characteristics Migraine: Explaining the Clinical Features Genetics of Migraine Genetic Epidemiology Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM) Migraine Aura Headache Anatomy The Trigeminal Innervation of Pain-Producing Intracranial Structures Headache Physiology: Peripheral Connections Plasma Protein Extravasation Sensitization and Migraine Neuropeptide Studies Headache Physiology: Central Connections The Trigeminocervical Complex Higher Order Processing Thalamus Activation of Modulatory Regions Acknowledgments References Migraine-Type Headache Definition Cross-References Minimal Alveolar Concentration Synonyms Definition Cross-References Minimal Clinical Important Difference Synonyms Definition Cross-References Minimal Sedation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Minimum Effective Analgesic Serum Concentrations of Fentanyl Definition Cross-References Minimum Erythema Dose Minocycline Definition Cross-References Miss Rate Definition Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Synonyms Definition Cross-References Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases (MKP) Mittelschmerz Mixed Forms of Diabetic Neuropathy Mixed-Acting Analgesics MKP-1 MKP3 MMP Mnemonic Function Definition Cross-References Mobilisation/Mobilization Definition Cross-References Mobilization Mobilization Following Surgery Mobilization with Impulse Mobilization with Thrust Modalities Synonyms Definition Characteristics Shortwave Diathermy Mechanism Applications Efficacy Side Effects Indications Therapeutic Ultrasound Mechanism Applications Efficacy Side Effects Indications Interferential Therapy Mechanism Applications Efficacy Side Effects Indications References Modality Model of Neuropathic Pain Definition Cross-References References Modeling Modeling, Social Learning in Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Summary Cross-References References Moderate Sedation Definition Cross-References Modifying Factors Definition Cross-References Modulation by P2Y Receptors Molecular Contributions Molecular Contributions to the Mechanism of Central Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Ion Channels Neurotransmitters and Receptors References Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Monoamines in Pain Pathways Definition Cross-References Monocyte/Macrophage Definition Cross-References Monosynaptic Definition Cross-References Mood Definition Cross-References MOP MOP Receptor Definition Cross-References MOR-1 Definition Cross-References Moral Hazard Definition Morbus Sudeck Morning Stiffness Definition Cross-References Morphine Definition Cross-References Morphine and Muscle Pain Morphine Sulfate Morphine Tolerance Morphology, Intraspinal Organization of Visceral Afferents Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Terminal Distribution in the Spinal Cord Comparative Pattern of Unmyelinated Terminals: Cutaneous, Muscle, and Visceral Afferents Synaptic Organization Functional Extrapolations from Morphological Organization References Motif Definition Cross-References Motivation Definition Cross-References Motivational Aspects of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Theories of Health Behavior and Health Behavior Change Clinical Implications of the Motivation Models for Enhancing Patient´s Self-Management References Motivational Components Definition Cross-References Motivational Reactions Definition Cross-References Motivational-Affective Definition Cross-References Motivational-Affective Aspects/Components of Pain Definition Cross-References Motor Cortex Definition Cross-References Motor Cortex Stimulation Motor Cortex, Effect on Pain-Related Behavior Definition Characteristics Historical Background Surgical Protocol Identifying the Motor Cortex Indications and Reported Efficacy Possible Mechanisms of Action References Movement Cycles Definition Cross-References Movement-Related Pain Definition Cross-References MPQ MPS MRI MRS Synonyms Definition Cross-References MS Contin® Definition Cross-References MS Contin® Controlled (slow)-release Morphine Sulfate MSDs/MSPs MSPs MTrP MTrP Circuit Definition Cross-References MTrP Locus Definition Cross-References Mu(mu)- and Kappa(kappa)-Opioids Definition Cross-References Mu(mu)-Opioid Receptor Synonyms Definition Cross-References Mucosa Definition Cross-References Mucosa of Sexual Organs, Nociception Mucosal Receptors Mucositis Definition Mud Therapy Definition Cross-References Multiaxial Assessment of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Central Assessment Questions Self-report Measures Components of Multiaxial Assessment Biomedical Psychosocial Behavioral References Multichannel CT Multidimensional Definition Cross-References Multidimensional Model Multidimensional Scaling Multidisciplinary Definition Cross-References Multidisciplinary Assessment Multidisciplinary Pain Centers, Rehabilitation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Concepts of Treatment at Multidisciplinary Pain Clinics General Features of Multidisciplinary Pain Treatment Teams Goals of Multidisciplinary Pain Management Roles of the Physician Roles of the Psychologist Roles of the Nurse Roles of Physical and Occupational Therapists Role of the Vocational Counselor Treatment Principles Coping Skills Taught Outcomes Conclusions References Multidisciplinary Pain Clinics Multidisciplinary Pain Treatment for the Elderly Definition Cross-References Multidisciplinary Treatment Multidisciplinary Treatment Program Definition Cross-References Multimodal Definition Cross-References Multimodal Analgesia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Multimodal Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Multimodal Mixture Paracetamol Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) (Including the COX-2 Inhibitors) Opioid Sparing Gabapentanoids Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Agonists Ketamine Corticosteroids Magnesium Neostigmine Others Regional Anesthesia Enhanced Recovery Programs Future References Multimodal Analgesics Multimodal Rehabilitation Treatment and Psychiatric Aspects of Multimodal Treatment for Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pain Treatment Facilities IASP Classification of Pain Facilities (Adapted from Loeser 1991) MPC Treatment Outcome Studies Which Treatments or Combination Makes MPC Treatment Effective? Psychiatric Multimodal Treatment within MPCs Psychiatric Functions and Multimodal Treatments References Multimodal Treatment Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Definition Cross-References Multipolar Cells Definition Cross-References Multiprofessional Definition Cross-References Multireceptive Neuron (MR) Definition Cross-References Multireceptive Neurons (MR) Multisensory Perceptions Definition Cross-References Munchausen´s by Proxy Definition Muscle Contraction Headache Muscle Cramp Definition Cross-References Muscle Cramps Muscle Discrimination Definition Cross-References Muscle Hyperactivity Muscle Nociceptor Definition Cross-References Muscle Nociceptors, Neurochemistry Synonyms Definition Characteristics Morphology Neuropeptide Content Receptor Molecules in the Membrane of a Nociceptive Ending Response Properties Mechanical Stimulation Chemical Stimulation Interactions Between Stimulants at the Receptive Nerve Ending Polymodal Response Behavior References Muscle Pain Definition Cross-References Muscle Pain in Systemic Inflammation (Polymyalgia Rheumatica, Giant Cell Arterit Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) References Muscle Pain Model, Inflammatory Agents-Induced Synonyms Definition Characteristics Protons Carrageenan References Muscle Pain Model, Ischemia-Induced and Hypertonic Saline-Induced Synonyms Definition Characteristics Ischemia-Induced Pain Clinical Findings and Results from Studies on Human Subjects Data from Animal Experiments What Factors Cause the Pain of Intermittent Claudication? Hypertonic Saline-Induced Muscle Pain Mechanisms of Nociceptor Activation by Hypertonic Saline References Muscle Pain, Fear-Avoidance Model Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Muscle Pain, Fibromyalgia Syndrome (Primary, Secondary) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Comorbidities Heterogeneity Muscle Biochemistry Medications Pathogenesis Management References Muscle Pain, Referred Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Referred Muscle Pain from Viscera Clinical Examples Pathophysiology Referred Muscle Pain from Deep Somatic Structures Clinical Examples Pathophysiology Diagnosing Referred Muscle Pain References Muscle Relaxants Definition Characteristics Rationale Efficacy References Muscle Scanning Definition Cross-References Muscle Spasm Muscle Tension Definition Cross-References Muscular Cramps Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classification of Muscle Cramps Paraphysiological Cramps Idiopathic Cramps Symptomatic Cramps Psychiatric Disorders References Muscular Rheumatism Musculoskeletal Disorders Definition Cross-References Musculoskeletal Examination Definition Characteristics Inspection Palpation Movement Testing Ranges of Movement Challenging Restraints Application Clinical Utility Evidence of Reliability Inspection Palpation Movement Testing Ranges of Movement Challenging Restraints Evidence of Validity Inspection Palpation Movement Testing Ranges of Movement Challenging Restraints Cross-References References Musculoskeletal Pain Characteristics Manifestations of Musculoskeletal Pain Exercise-Related Painful Musculoskeletal Conditions Selected Painful Musculoskeletal Disorders Clinical Conditions Associated with Myalgia Physical Therapies for the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain Gender Differences in Musculoskeletal Pain Techniques to Assess Sensitivity of Musculoskeletal Structures Classification of Experimental Stimulus Modalities That Can Be Used to Induce Muscle Pain Experimentally Endogenous Models Exogenous Models Assessing Sensory Aspects of Musculoskeletal Pain Techniques for Assessment of Experimentally Induced Musculoskeletal Pain and for Assessing Clinical Musculoskeletal Pain Sensory Characterization Interaction Between Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Performance Cross-References References Musculoskeletal Transferred Pain Musculoskeletal Type of Pain Definition Cross-References MVD Myalgia Synonyms Definition Myalgia Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) Characteristics Introduction Fibromyalgia: Characteristics Associated Symptoms of FMS Fibromyalgia: Etiology Fibromyalgia: Treatment Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Characteristics Treatment Mechanical Causes Hypermobility Syndromes Forward Head Posture Pelvic Torsion-Related Pain SI Joint Dysfunction Static Overload Nerve Root Compression Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) Autoimmune Disorders Degenerative Diseases Infectious Diseases Metabolic Myopathies Allergies Viscerosomatic Pain Syndromes Brain Tumor and Base of Skull Pain Nutritional Deficiencies Iron Deficiency Drug-Induced Myalgia Conclusion Cross-References References Mycobacterium Leprae Definition Cross-References Mycobacterium Species Definition Cross-References Myelin Definition Cross-References Myelinated Definition Cross-References Myelination Definition Cross-References Myelopathy Definition Cross-References Myelotomy Definition Cross-References Myenteric Plexus Definition Cross-References Myocardial Ischemia Myoclonus Definition Cross-References Myofascial Definition Cross-References Myofascial Manipulation Definition Cross-References Myofascial Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Prevalence Diagnosis Clinical Syndromes Low Back Pain Neck and Shoulder Pain Hip Pain Pelvic Pain Headaches Jaw Pain Upper Limb Pain Lower Limb Pain Chest and Abdominal Pain Pathogenesis Prognosis Treatment Postural and Ergonomic Stretching Strengthening Trigger Point Injections Medications Psychological Techniques References Myofascial Pain Syndrome Synonyms Definition Cross-References Myofascial Pain Syndromes Myofascial Release Definition Cross-References Myofascial Syndrome Myofascial Trigger Point Myofascial Trigger Point Pain Syndrome Myofascial Trigger Points Synonyms Definition Characteristics Could MTrPs of Muscle Be Causing the Pain? Which Muscle(s) Should Be Examined? Simple Initial Examination Confirmatory Myofascial Trigger Point Examination Treatment Cross-References References Myofibrositis Myogelosis Myositis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Special Signs of Dermatomyositis Laboratory Diagnosis and Differential Diagnoses Natural Course Principles of Therapy Cross-References Myotomal Pain N N/OFQ N2O Na+ Channel Definition Cross-References Na+K+Cl-Cotransporter Definition Cross-References NAcc nAChr Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nadolol Definition Cross-References Naloxone Definition Cross-References Narcolepsy Definition Cross-References Narcotic Narcotics Natural History Definition Cross-References Nav1.3: (NAC3, KIAA1356) Nav1.7: (PN1, NaS, hNE-Na) Nav1.8: (SNS, PN3, NaNG) Nav1.9: (NaN, SNS2, PN5) NCCP Synonyms Definition Cross-References Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Synonyms Definition Cross-References Neck Pain Definition Cross-References Necrosis Definition Cross-References Negative Affectivity Definition Cross-References Negative Mucosal Potential Definition Cross-References Negative or Punishing Responses Definition Cross-References Negative Reinforcement Definition Cross-References Negative Responding Negative Sensory Phenomenon Definition Cross-References Nematode Definition Cross-References Neocortical Definition Cross-References Neonatal Inflammation Neonatal Pain Neonate Neospinothalamic Tract Definition Cross-References Nerve Block Nerve Blocks by Local Anesthetic Drugs Definition Cross-References Nerve Compression Definition Cross-References Nerve Conduction Definition Cross-References Nerve Conduction Studies Nerve Growth Factor Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Nerve Growth Factor Overexpressing Mice as Models of Inflammatory Pain Synonyms Definition NGF and Inflammatory Pain Characteristics Anatomical Characteristics of NGF-OE Transgenic Mice Electrophysiologic Properties of NGF-OE Cutaneous Afferents Behavioral Phenotype of Naïve NGF-OE Mice Response of NGF-OE and GDNF-OE Mice to Inflammatory Stimuli References Nerve Growth Factor, Sensitizing Action on Nociceptors Definition Characteristics References Nerve Inflammation Nerve Injury Nerve Ligation Nerve Pain Nerve Pain of Joint and Muscle Origin Nerve Stump Pain Nerve Terminals Definition Cross-References Nerve Viral Infection Nervus Intermedius Neuralgia Neural Blockade Neural Compressive Syndrome Neural Foramen Definition Cross-References Neural Plasticity Definition Cross-References Neuralgia Neuralgia of Cranial Nerve V: Fifth Nerve Neuralgia Neuralgia of Cranial Nerve VII Neuralgia, Assessment Definition Characteristics Posttraumatic Neuralgia (PTN) Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) Cranial Nerve Neuralgias Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) Glossopharyngeus Neuralgia (GN) Facial (Geniculate) Ganglion Neuralgia (FN) Post-sympathectomy Neuralgia (PSN) Meralgia Paresthetica Differential Diagnoses Atypical Facial Neuralgia and Posttraumatic Facial Pain Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type II (CRPS II, Causalgia) Assessment of Neuralgia Symptom-Based Classification of Neuropathic Pain. I. General Definitions Symptom-Based Classification of Neuropathic Pain. II. Definition of Different Evoked Pains Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) in Neuralgia References Neuralgia, Diagnosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Archetypical Conditions Site of Lesion Histopathology Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Features Treatment Comparison Acknowledgments References Neuraxial Blocks Definition Cross-References Neuraxial Infusion Definition Cross-References Neuraxial Morphine Definition Cross-References Neuraxis Definition Cross-References Neurectomy Definition Cross-References Neuritis Neuroablation Definition Cross-References Neuroactive Substance Definition Cross-References Neuroaxial Definition Cross-References Neuro-Behçet Definition Cross-References Neurobiological Basis of Developing Pain Pathways Neurochemical Markers Neurochemistry Neurodegeneration Definition Cross-References Neurodynia Neurofilament Protein NF200 Definition Cross-References Neurogenic Claudication Neurogenic Inflammation Neurogenic Inflammation and Sympathetic Nervous System Synonyms Definition Characteristics Capsaicin-Induced Neurogenic Inflammation in Skin Neurogenic Inflammation of the Rat Knee Joint Prejunctional Control of Neuropeptide Release from Nociceptive Afferents by Sympathetic Transmitters References Neurogenic Inflammation, Basis Definition Neurogenic Inflammation, Mechanism Cross-References Neurogenic Inflammation, Vascular Regulation Definition Characteristics Vascular Effects of Neurokinins and CGRP Endothelium Dependence of Vascular Neurokinin and CGRP Effects Interaction of Sympathetic Efferents and Small-Diameter Afferents in Vascular Regulation Implication of Neuropeptides Derived from Small-Diameter Afferents in Systemic Vascular Regulation References Neurogenic Pain Definition Cross-References Neurogenic Pain of Joint and Muscle Origin Neurogenic Vasodilation Neuroimaging Definition Cross-References Neuroimmune Activation Definition Cross-References Neuroimmune Interaction Definition Cross-References Neuroinflammation Definition Cross-References Neurokinin Definition Cross-References Neurological Deficit Definition Cross-References Neurolytic Drugs Definition Cross-References Neuroma Definition Cross-References Neuroma Endbulb Definition Cross-References Neuroma Model of Neuropathic Pain Neuroma Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Causes of Neuroma Pain Treatment Approaches References Neuroma-in-Continuity Definition Cross-References Neuromatrix Definition Cross-References References Neuromodulation Definition Cross-References Neuromodulator Neuromodulator(s) Definition Cross-References Neuromodulators Neuron Definition Cross-References Neuronal Architecture Neuronal Dysfunction Definition Cross-References Neuronal Hyperexcitability Synonyms Definition Cross-References Neuronal Release Neuronal Structure Neuronavigation Definition Cross-References Neuron-Glial Interactions in Descending Circuitry in Persistent Pain Definition Introduction Characteristics PAG-RVM Glial Responses to Peripheral Injury Glia-Cytokine-Neuronal Interactions in Descending Pain Facilitation Nonconventional Opioid Actions and Glia Summary References Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor Synonyms Definition Cross-References Neuropathic Pain Cross-References Neuropathic Pain (NP) Definition Cross-References Neuropathic Pain in Children Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Research Assessment Specific Examples and Lessons from Pediatric Pain Disorders Therapy Genetics Central Network Disorders Summary Acknowledgments References Neuropathic Pain Model, Chronic Constriction Injury Synonyms Definition Characteristics Animals, Technique, and Behavioral Data Neuropathology Neurophysiology Human Correlates References Neuropathic Pain Model, Diabetic Neuropathy Model Synonyms Definition Introduction Human Diabetic Neuropathy Characteristics Animal Models of Diabetes Summary Acknowledgments Cross-References References Neuropathic Pain Model, Neuritis/Inflammatory Neuropathy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tools and Supplies for Preparing Peri-sciatic Catheters, Surgery, Catheter Injectors, and Catheter Cleaners Chronic Peri-sciatic Catheter Construction, Surgery, Injection, and Cleaning Procedures Constructing Chronic Peri-sciatic Catheters Chronic Peri-sciatic Catheter Surgery Peri-sciatic Catheter Injectors Peri-sciatic Catheter Injection Procedures Peri-sciatic Catheter Cleaning Procedures References Neuropathic Pain Model, Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation Model Synonyms Definition Characteristics Methods for Producing the PSL Model Animals Surgical Operation Extent of Injury and Behavioral Outcome Factors Influencing Variability Advantages and Disadvantages of the PSL Model Compared to Others Acknowledgments References Neuropathic Pain Model, Spared Nerve Injury Synonyms Definition Characteristics Description of the Model Surgery Experimental Conditions Assessment of Tactile and Thermal Sensitivity References Neuropathic Pain Model, Spinal Nerve Ligation Model Definition Characteristics Methods to Produce the SNL Model Animals Surgical Operation Factors Influencing Variability Advantages and Disadvantages of the SNL Model Compared to Others References Neuropathic Pain Model, Tail Nerve Transection Model Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Neuropathic Pain Models, CRPS-I Neuropathy Model Synonyms Definition Characteristics Animals Preparation of the TSN Model Surgery Tetanization Determination of Sensory Disorders Tactile Allodynia Heat Hyperalgesia Cold Hyperalgesia Mechanical Hyperalgesia Determination of Vasomotor Disorders Variables Potentially Affecting the TSN Model Genetic Considerations Environmental Considerations References Neuropathic Pain of Central Origin Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Poststroke Pain Spinal Cord Injury Pain Surgical Lesions Traumatic Brain injury Other Neurological Disorders Clinical Characteristics of Central Pain Temporal Profile Location of Pain Central Pain Syndromes Thalamic Syndrome Poststroke Pain Pain Following Spinal Lesions Pain Following Traumatic Brain Injury Other Central Pain Conditions Imaging Central Pain Lesions Causing Central Pain Pathophysiology of Central Pain Treatment of Central Pain Conclusion References Neuropathic Pain, Diagnosis, Pathology, and Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Pathology Prevalence Management References Neuropathic Pain, Joint and Muscle Origin Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Neuropathic Syndrome Neuropathy Definition Cross-References References Neuropathy Due to HAART Neuropeptide Nociceptin 1 Neuropeptide Release Neuropeptide Release in Inflammation Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Neuropeptide Y Synonyms Definition Cross-References Neuropeptides Definition Cross-References Neuropeptides in Neuropathic Pain States Neuropile Definition Cross-References Neuroplasticity Definition Cross-References Neurosecretion Definition Cross-References Neurosensory Testing Synonyms Definition Cross-References Neurosteroids Definition Cross-References Neurostimulation Neurosurgery for Pain Definition Cross-References Neurosurgery for Pain in the DREZ Neurosurgical Treatment of Pain Synonyms Introduction Characteristics Ablative Neurosurgical Procedures with Improved Rationales Ablative Neurosurgical Procedures with High Efficacy Ablative Neurosurgical Procedures with Tighter Indications Stimulation Procedures: Improved Indications and Demonstrated Efficacy Acknowledgments References Neurotomy Definition Cross-References Neurotransmitter Definition Cross-References Neurotransmitter Receptors Definition Cross-References Neurotransmitters Used by the Axons that Form Synapses Onto These Neurons Neurotrophic Factors Definition Cross-References Neurotrophic Support Definition Cross-References Neurotrophin Definition Cross-References Neurotrophin Receptors Definition Neurotrophins Neurotrophins in Spinal Cord Nociception Neutral Cell (RVM) Definition Cross-References Neutral Medical Examination Neutrophils Neutrophils in Inflammatory Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References New Daily Persistent Headache Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology of NDPH Differential Diagnosis of NDPH Treatment References Newborn Synonyms Definition Cross-References NGF NGF -/- Mice Definition Cross-References NGF, Regulation During Inflammation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Inhibition of NGF Biosynthesis Drugs Acting at Adrenergic Receptors Stimulation of NGF Biosynthesis Beta Adrenergic Agonists Vitamin D Receptor Agonists Tachykinin NK1 Receptor Agonists References NGF, Sensitization of Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cell Types Involved in the Generation of NGF-Mediated Hyperalgesia Direct Actions of NGF on Nociceptor Function References NGF-OE Mice Nick Model of Cutaneous Pain and Hyperalgesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Primary and Secondary Hyperalgesia After Incision Injury Peripheral and Central Sensitization After Incision Injury Peripheral Sensitization After Incision Spinal Sensitization After Incision Pharmacology of Incisional Pain Preemptive Analgesia Conclusion References Nicotinic Receptors NIRS Nitric Oxide (NO) Definition Cross-References Nitric Oxide Synthase Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nitrous Oxide Antinociception and Opioid Receptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Methionine-Enkephalin (ME) beta-Endorphin (beta-EP) Dynorphin (DYN) Other Actions of N2O Direct Effects on Receptors N2O Induction of Another Messenger: NO and CRF Summary References NK NK-1 Blockers Definition Cross-References NK-1 Receptor Definition Cross-References NMDA Definition Cross-References NMDA Glutamate Receptor(s) Synonyms Definition Cross-References NMDA Receptor NMDA Receptors in Spinal Nociceptive Processing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Biology and Biophysics of NMDARs Involvement of NMDARs in Normal Nociception Involvement of NMDARs in Persistent Nociception Electrically Induced Spinal Neuronal Hyperexcitability Induction of Hyperexcitability by Persistent Tissue Damage Plasticity of the NMDAR References N-methyl-D-aspartate Synonyms Definition Cross-References N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Antagonist Definition Cross-References N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Definition Cross-References N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor NMR NNT Definition Cross-References NOC Nocebo Definition References Nocebo Effect Definition Cross-References Nociceptin Nociception Definition Cross-References Nociception and Sleep Nociception in Genital Mucosa Nociception in Mucosa of Sexual Organs Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pain Perception in Sexual Mucosa Nociceptors in Sexual Mucosa References Nociception in Nose and Oral Mucosa Definition Characteristics Nasal Cavity Anatomy of Nasal Trigeminal Afferents Intranasal Pain-Related Fibers Measures of Nasal Nociceptive Sensation Intranasal Trigeminal Sensations and Smell Oral Cavity Anatomy of Oral Pain Intraoral Pain-Related Fibers Measures of Oral Nociception Oral Chemesthesis and Taste Oral Pain Syndromes References Nociception Induced by Injection of Dilute Formaldehyde Nociception: Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nav1.3 (SCN3A) NaV1.7 (SCN9A) Nav1.8 (SCN10A) Nav1.9 (SCN11A) References Nociceptive Circuitry in the Spinal Cord Definition Characteristics Background Neuronal Components in the Dorsal Horn What We Know About Neuronal Circuitry in the Spinal Cord Cross-References References Nociceptive Coding in Lateral Thalamus Nociceptive Masseter Muscle Afferents Nociceptive Nerve Endings Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Neuroplasticity Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Pain Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Pathways Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Peripheral Afferent Fibers Nociceptive Primary Afferents Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Processing Nociceptive Processing in the Amygdala, Behavioral and Pharmacological Studies Nociceptive Processing in the Amygdala: Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomy and Circuitry Nociception and Nociceptive Plasticity Pharmacology of Nociception and Plasticity Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Neuropeptides Pain Modulation by the Amygdala References Nociceptive Processing in the Brain Stem Introduction Characteristics Role of the Vc in Orofacial Nociceptive Processing Role of Rostral Components of the TBNC Ascending Projections and Higher Level Processing of Trigeminal Nociceptive Inputs Summary References Nociceptive Processing in the Cingulate Cortex Nociceptive Processing in the Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex, Neurophysiology and Pharmacology Introduction Characteristics Facilitation of Pain Noxious Information Processing Summary References Nociceptive Processing in the Nucleus Accumbens, Neurophysiology and Behavioral Studies Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Nociceptive Processing in the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acknowledgments References Nociceptive Processing in the Spinal Cord Characteristics Nociceptive Functions of the Spinal Cord Structure of the Dorsal Horn and Spinal Projection of Nociceptive Afferents Laminae I-VI Spinal Termination of Non-nociceptive and Nociceptive Primary Afferent Fibers Inputs of Neurons in Laminae I-VI Output of Neurons in Laminae I-VI Response Properties of Nociceptive Spinal Cord Neurons Encoding of Noxious Stimuli in the Spinal Cord Plasticity in the Nociceptive Processing in the Spinal Cord Wind-Up Long-term Potentiation (LTP) and Long-term Depression (LTD) Central Sensitization in the Course of Inflammation and Nerve Damage Transmitters and Receptors Involved in the Spinal Nociceptive Processing Glutamate Adenosine Triphosphate GABA and Glycine Acetylcholine Excitatory Neuropeptides Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) Neurotensin Cholecystokinin (CCK) Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Inhibitory Neuropeptides Opioid Peptides Somatostatin Galanin Neuropeptide Y Other Mediators Involvement of Calcium Channels in Release of Transmitter and Postsynaptic Excitability Activation of Glia Efferent Functions of the Spinal Cord Final Conclusions References Nociceptive Processing in the Thalamus Characteristics Spinothalamic Targets Periphery of VP, Rod, and Matrix of VP and VMpo Brainstem Inputs Spinothalamocortical Connectivity Synaptic Connectivity Species Differences Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Somatic Representation References Nociceptive Projecting Neurons Nociceptive Reflex Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Selective Stimulation Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Sensory Neurons Definition Cross-References Nociceptive System Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Temporomandibular Joint Afferents Nociceptive Threshold Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Transduction Definition Cross-References Nociceptive Transmission Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex Definition Cross-References Nociceptive-Specific Neurons Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nociceptive-Specific Neurons (NS) Nociceptor Accommodation Nociceptor Desensitization Definition Cross-References Nociceptor Generator Potential Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Nociceptor Inactivation Nociceptor Sensitization Definition Cross-References Nociceptor(s) Definition Cross-References Nociceptor, Adaptation Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Nociceptor, Axonal Branching Synonyms Definition Characteristics Innervation Territories of Nociceptors Axonal Properties of Different Nociceptor Classes Neurogenic Inflammation Analysis of Neurogenic Inflammation Neurogenic Inflammation and Secondary Hyperalgesia Epidermal Axonal Branching References Nociceptor, Categorization Synonyms Introduction Noxious and Nociceptor Classification of Sense Organs as Nociceptors Definition Rationale Characteristics Classification of Nociceptors by Effective Stimuli Characterization by Conduction Velocity Characterization by Tissue of Origin Characterization by Molecular Features Characterization by Central Projection Summary References Nociceptor, Fatigue Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Nociceptors and Activity-Dependent Changes in Axonal Conduction Velocity Synonyms Introduction Definition Characteristics Action Potential Initiation Axonal Action Potentials Somal Action Potentials Activity-Dependent Changes in Axonal Conduction Velocity Mechanisms Contributing to Activity-Dependent Changes in Axonal Conduction Velocity Analysis of Activity-Dependent Changes in Axonal Conduction Velocity Summary References Nociceptors in the Dental Pulp Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure of Intradental Innervation Function of Intradental Nociceptors Inflammation-Induced Changes in Pulpal Nociceptor Function References Nociceptors in the Mucosa Nociceptors in the Orofacial Region (Meningeal/Cerebrovascular) Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Nociceptors in the Orofacial Region (Skin/Mucosa) Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Nociceptors in the Orofacial Region (Temporomandibular Joint and Masseter Muscle) Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics TMJ Nociceptors Masticatory Muscle Nociceptors Summary Acknowledgments References Nociceptors in the Skin Nociceptors, Action Potentials, and Post-Firing Excitability Changes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Action Potentials in Nociceptive Neurons Axonal Action Potentials Soma Action Potentials Mechanism of Differences in Action Potential Duration Post-Firing Excitability Changes in Nociceptive Neurons Analysis of Conduction Velocity Slowing in C-Fibers Mechanisms Underlying Post-Firing Changes in Nociceptor Excitability Summary References Nociceptors, Cold Thermotransduction Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cold-Sensitive Fibers Cold-Sensitive Neurons Molecular Sensors for Cold References Nociceptors: High-Threshold Afferents Nocifensive Definition Cross-References Nocifensive Behavior Definition Cross-References Nocifensive Behaviors Nocifensive Behaviors Evoked by Myositis Nocifensive Behaviors of the Urinary Bladder Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Observations and Psychophysical Studies Micturition Reflexes Pseud(o)Affective Reflexes Responses to Urinary Bladder Distension (UBD) Responses to the Intravesical Instillation of Proinflammatory Compounds Responses to the Direct Application of Irritants Responses to Cyclophosphamide (Chemotherapy-Induced Cystitis) Conclusions References Nocifensive Behaviors, Gastrointestinal Tract Synonyms Definition Characteristics Colorectal Distension (CRD) Gastric Distension (GD) Small Bowel Distension Pseudaffective Reflexes and Anesthesia Gastrointestinal Hypersensitivity Conclusions References Nocifensive Behaviors, Muscle and Joint Synonyms Definition Characteristics Joint Inflammation Primary Hyperalgesia Secondary Hyperalgesia Muscle Pain Primary Hyperalgesia Secondary Hyperalgesia Musculoskeletal Pain in Humans Primary Hyperalgesia Secondary Hyperalgesia References Nocisensor Nocistatin Nodes of Ranvier Definition Cross-References Nodose Ganglia Definition Cross-References Nomogenic Symptoms and Signs Nonanatomic Symptoms and Signs Non-cardiac Chest Pain Noncompetitive Antagonist Definition Cross-References Non-corpuscular Sensory Endings Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nondrug Treatment Nonexertional Capability Definition Cross-References Nonexertional Limitations and Restrictions Definition Cross-References Non-migraine Headaches Definition Characteristics References Nonneurogenic Inflammation Definition Cross-References Nonnutritive Sucking Definition Cross-References Nonopioid Analgesia Definition Cross-References Nonopioid Analgesic Drug Definition Cross-References Non-opioid Analgesics Nonorganic Aspects of Visceral Pain Nonorganic Physical Findings (Waddell Signs) Definition Nonorganic Symptoms and Signs Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Non-pharmacologic Pain Management Definition Cross-References Non-Pharmacological Interventions Non-pharmacological Treatment Definition Cross-References Nonselective COX Inhibitors Nonselective NSAIDs Nonspecific Low Back Pain Definition Cross-References Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Clinical Use and Side Effects Derivatives of Salicylic Acid Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) Derivatives of Acetic Acid Indomethacin Diclofenac Derivatives of Arylpropionic Acid Oxicams COX-2 Selective NSAIDs (COXIBs) Cross-References References Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs NSAIDs Nonsteroidal Antirheumatic Drugs Non-structural Disorders Nonsynaptic Functional Coupling Nonsynaptic Neuron-to-Neuron Coupling Nonsystemic (Isolated) Vasculitic Neuropathy (NSVN) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nonthermal Effects Definition Cross-References Non-topographic Definition Cross-References References Nontraditional Medicine NOP Receptor Definition Cross-References Noradrenaline Definition Cross-References Noradrenergic Definition Cross-References Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Inhibitory Pathways Definition Cross-References Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors Norepinephrine-Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors NOS Noxious Cold Receptor Noxious Stimulus Definition Noxious Stimulus Intensity Definition Cross-References Noxious Stimulus Location Definition Cross-References NPY NRS NRSF NS Neuron NSAID NSAID-Induced Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathogenesis of NSAID-Induced Peptic Ulcers Gastrointestinal Side Effects Due to Therapy with Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Primary Prophylaxis, Therapy, and Secondary Prophylaxis of NSAID-Induced Gastrointestinal Lesions Therapy of NSAID-Induced Peptic Ulcers Secondary Prophylaxis of Gastrointestinal Complications Due to NSAIDs H. pylori Eradication Versus PPI Misoprostol Versus PPI Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitors, So-Called Coxibs, Solution of the Problem? References NSAIDs NSAIDs and Cancer Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Inhibition of Cell Cycle Progression Induction of Apoptosis Inhibition of Angiogenesis Implications for Clinical Management Acknowledgments References NSAIDs and Coxibs NSAIDs and Their Indications Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classes of NSAIDs Clinical Uses Inflammation Treatment of Pain Acute Pain Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Pain Migraine Dysmenorrhea Topical Preparations Other Clinical Uses Comparisons with Paracetamol Adverse Effects Gastrointestinal Thrombosis Renal Impairment and Hypertension Asthma Summary References NSAIDs, Adverse Effects Synonyms Definition Characteristics Overview Gastrointestinal Toxicity Renal Toxicity Platelet Aggregation and Cardiovascular System Bone Healing Aspirin Asthma Ototoxicity Pregnancy References NSAIDs, Chemical Structure and Molecular Mode of Action Definition Structure and Metabolic Function of COX-1 Characteristics Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenases Fenamate Group Fenac Group Heteroaryl Acetic Acid Group Profen Group Oxicam Group Pyrazolone Group Pyrazolidindione Group COX-2 Selective Inhibitors Structural Features of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors References NSAIDs, COX-Independent Actions Synonyms Definition Characteristics Effects on Transcription Factors Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kappaB) AP-1 Effects on Cellular Kinases Inhibitor Kappa B Kinase Complex (IKK) Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP)-kinase cascade Protein Kinase B (PKB/Akt) AMP-Activated Kinase (AMPK) Effects on Cell Cycle Proteins Modulation of the Activity of Nuclear Receptor Family Members Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Other Targets Intracellular Carbonic Anhydrase Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) Ca2+ Release References NSAIDs, Mode of Action Synonyms Definition Characteristics Prostanoid Synthesis Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases by NSAIDs Cyclooxygenases and Prostanoids at the Peripheral Site Cyclooxygenase and Prostanoids in CNS Mechanisms of Prostaglandin-Mediated Hyperalgesia Peripheral Sensitization Central Sensitization Central and Peripheral Antihyperalgesic Effects of NSAIDs Conclusion References NSAIDs, Pharmacogenetics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Polymorphisms in the Cyclooxygenase-1 Gene Polymorphisms in the Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) Polymorphisms in Metabolizing Enzyme Genes Impact of Nonfunctional Alleles on Drug-Drug Interaction Summary References NSAIDs, Pharmacokinetics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Salicylic Acid Derivatives Arylpropionic Acids Heteroaryl Acetic Acids Diarylheterocycles Enolic Acids Indole and Indene Acetic Acids Alkanones Sulfanilides Anthranilic Acids References NSAIDs, Side Effects NSAIDs, Survey Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Routes of Administration Applications Side Effects Efficacy Cost Indications References NSAR NST NT-3 Neurotrophin 3 Definition Cross-References NTT Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nucleoplasty Definition Cross-References Nucleotide Definition Cross-References Nucleotide Receptors Nucleus Accumbens Nucleus Caudalis DREZ Nucleus Gelatinosus Nucleus Gracilis Definition Cross-References Nucleus Pulposus Definition Cross-References Nucleus Raphe Magnus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nucleus Submedius (SM) Definition Cross-References Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Definition Cross-References Null Number Needed to Harm Definition Cross-References Number Needed to Treat Synonyms Definition Cross-References Numerical Rating Scale Synonyms Definition Cross-References Nursing Home Residents Definition Cross-References Nutraceuticals Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Application Efficacy Safety Conclusions References Nutriceutical Definition Cross-References Nutritional Neuropathies NVNP O kappa-opioid Receptors 40Hz Oscillations O´Leary-Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index Objective Factors Definition Cross-References Objective Judgment Definition Cross-References Objective Medical Evidence Definition Cross-References OBP Observation of Pain Behavior Observational Learning Obsolete: Hyperesthesia Obstetric and Gynecological Pain Introduction Characteristics Acute Pain in Obstetrics and Gynecology Chronic Obstetric and Gynecological Pain Mechanisms of Pain Generation and Modulation in Women Management of Chronic Pain in Obstetrics and Gynecology Summary References Obstetric Brachial Palsy Obstipation Definition Cross-References Occlusal Force Definition Cross-References Occupational Behavior Definition Cross-References Occupational Capacity Evaluation Occupational Pain Occupational Therapist Definition Cross-References Occupational Therapy in Children Ocular Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomy of Ocular Innervation Functional Properties of Ocular Sensory Receptors References Ocular Pain Receptors Odds Ratio Definition Cross-References ODI Odorant Definition Cross-References Off-Cells (RVM) Definition Cross-References OFQ OFQ/N Older People Oligonucleotide Array Definition Cross-References On-Cells (RVM) Definition Cross-References Oncological Pain Ondansetron Definition Cross-References On-demand Analgesia On-demand Analgesia Computer On-Demand Epidural Analgesia Ondine´s Curse Definition Ongoing Pain Definition Cross-References On-the-Job Site Evaluation Definition Cross-References Oocyte Definition Cross-References OP1 Receptors Operant Definition Cross-References Operant Conditioning Definition Cross-References Operant Conditioning Approaches to Chronic Pain Operant Conditioning Model of Chronic Pain Definition Cross-References Operant Conditioning or Learning Models of Pain Operant Escape Definition Cross-References Operant Perspective of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Theory Treatment Implications Experimental Studies References Operant Treatment Operant Treatment of Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Operant-Behavioral Treatment Operculum Definition Cross-References Operidine Ophthalmic Migraine Ophthalmodynia Periodica Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Definition Cross-References Opiate Opiate Receptors Opiates During Development Definition Opiates and Development Characteristics Development of Opioid Receptors and Peptides Pharmacokinetics of Morphine Development of Analgesia Dependence Tolerance Summary References Opiates, Rostral Ventromedial Medulla, and Descending Control Introduction The Rostral Ventromedial Medulla (RVM) and Descending Control Definition Rostral Ventromedial Medulla (RVM) On-Cell, RVM Off-Cell, RVM Neutral Cell, RVM Primary Cell, RVM Secondary Cell, RVM Characteristics RVM and Mu-Opioid Analgesia Delta-Opioid Actions in the RVM Kappa-Opioid Actions in the RVM Physiological Role of Opioids Within the RVM References Opiates: Pharmacology of Pain Introduction Characteristics Opioid Receptors and Endogenous Opioids The Distributions of the Opioid Receptors are Consistent with Pain Pathways Spinal Sites of Action Supraspinal Sites of Action Synergistic Actions at Spinal/Supraspinal Sites Paradoxical Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia Opioid-Induced Paradoxical Pain is Promoted by Descending Facilitation from the RVM Spinal Dynorphin and Opioid-Induced Paradoxical Pain Summary References Opioid Definition Cross-References Opioid Addiction Opioid Adverse Effects Definition Cross-References Opioid Analgesia, Genetic Factors Contributing to Opioid Analgesia, Genotypic Influences on Opioid Analgesia, Strain Differences Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Opioid Analgesic Definition Opioid Analgesic Actions Outside the Central Nervous System Opioid Antagonists Definition Cross-References Opioid Dependency Opioid Dose Titration Definition Cross-References Opioid Electrophysiology in PAG Synonyms Definition Characteristics Postsynaptic Actions of Opioids in PAG Presynaptic Actions of Opioids in PAG Functional Consequences of Cellular Actions of Opioids in PAG References Opioid Hyperexcitability Definition Cross-References Opioid Hypoalgesia Opioid Modulation by Cytokines Opioid Modulation of Nociceptive Afferents In Vivo Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physiology of the Spinal and Peripheral Opioid System Modulation of Central Projections Modulation of Nociceptive Terminals References Opioid Peptide Definition Cross-References Opioid Peptide Co-localization and Release Synonyms Definition Characteristics Localization and Co-expression Release Other Considerations References Opioid Peptide Release Opioid Peptides from the Amphibian Skin Definition Characteristics References Opioid Pseudo-pharmacological Ceiling Dose Opioid Receptor Localization Definition Mu Receptors Delta Receptors Kappa1 Receptors Other Kappa Receptors Opioid-Receptor-Like (ORL-1) Receptor Conclusion Characteristics Peripheral Opioid Receptors Spinal Cord Brain Stem Midbrain and Forebrain Conclusion References Opioid Receptor Recruitment Opioid Receptor Redistribution Opioid Receptor Sorting Opioid Receptor Targeting Opioid Receptor Trafficking in Pain States Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Cell Trafficking of deltaOR in Chronic Pain Functional Significance References Opioid Receptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Opiate-Receptor Binding Sites Molecular Biology of Opioid Receptors Functional Studies Conclusion Acknowledgments Cross-References References Opioid Receptors at Postsynaptic Sites Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomical Distribution of Opioid Receptors in the Spinal Cord Responses of Dorsal Horn Neurons to Drugs that Act on the mu Opioid Receptor Internalization of MOR1 as a Means of Studying Its Activation Opioid Receptors and Itch References Opioid Responsiveness Definition Cross-References Opioid Responsiveness in Cancer Pain Management Definition Characteristics Strategies to Improve the Opioid Response References Opioid Rotation Definition Characteristics References Opioid Rotation in Cancer Pain Management Definition Characteristics Conversion Example References Opioid Switch Definition Cross-References Opioid Therapy for Primary Afferents Opioid Therapy in Cancer Pain Management, Route of Administration Synonyms Definition Characteristics Oral Administration Transdermal Administration Transmucosal Administration Sublingual and Buccal Intranasal Subcutaneous Administration Intravenous Administration Spinal Administration Intrathecal Epidural Intraventricular Topical Administration Inhalation Change of Route References Opioid Therapy in Cancer Patients with Substance Abuse Disorders, Management Definition Substance Abuse Addiction Chemical Coping Pseudoaddiction Tolerance Physical Dependence Least Divertible Units (LDUs) Characteristics Concerns over Current Definitions Clinical Management References Opioid Tolerance Opioid Tolerance and Glutamate Homeostasis Opioid Tone Definition Cross-References Opioid-Induced Analgesia Definition Cross-References Opioid-Induced Neurotoxicity Definition Cross-References Opioid-Induced Release of CCK Synonyms Definition Characteristics In Vitro Release Studies In Vivo Release Studies Opioid Receptors Mediating CCK: LI Release Mechanisms of Opioid-Induced Release of CCK-LI References Opioids and Bladder Pain/Function Definition Characteristics Bladder Function Anatomy Innervation of the Urinary Bladder Physiology: Initiation of Micturition Pathophysiology: Effect of Inflammation and Distension Bladder Pain: Animal Models Bladder Pain: Clinical States Bladder Function: Effects of Opioids Bladder Pain: Effect of Opioids Clinical Considerations: Routes of Administration of Opioids References Opioids and Gene Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Opioids and Inflammatory Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Peripheral Opioid Receptors and Inflammation Inflammation and Exogenous Opioids Inflammation and Endogenous Opioid Peptides Peripheral Opioids and Clinical Implications Summary References Opioids and Muscle Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Opioids and Nucleus Gracilis Opioids and Opioid Receptor Function in Inflammation Opioids and Reflexes Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Opioids in Geriatric Application Definition Characteristics Pain Prevalence, Etiology, and Features Aging and Opioid Pharmacology Indications and Guidelines Non-Self-Reporting Patients References Opioids in Sympathetically Maintained Pain Opioids in the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Effects of Opioids in CRPS Effects of Opioids in Other Neuropathic Pain States Summary References Opioids in the Modulation of Ascending Pathways Opioids in the Periphery and Analgesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Opioid Receptor Signaling in Primary Afferent Neurons Peripheral Opioid Receptors and Tissue Injury Endogenous Ligands of Peripheral Opioid Receptors Preclinical Studies on Peripheral Opioid Analgesics Clinical Studies on Peripheral Opioid Analgesics Acknowledgments References Opioids in the Spinal Cord and Central Sensitization Definition Characteristics Wind-Up NMDA Receptor Interactions with Opioids References Opioids in the Spinal Cord and Modulation of Ascending Pathways (N. gracilis) Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Opioids, Clinical Opioid Tolerance Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Opioids, Effects of Systemic Morphine on Evoked Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Opioids, Kappa Receptors, and Visceral Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Kappa-Opioid Receptors, Pharmacological Subtypes, and Cloned Receptor Kappa-Agonists Opioid Receptors and Pain Pathways Analgesic Effects of Kappa-Agonists in Visceral Pain Models Involvement of Peripheral kappa1-Receptors in Kappa-Agonists Induced Visceral Analgesia in Intact Animals Involvement of Non-opioid Blockade of Sodium Currents in Kappa-Agonists Direct Effects on Visceral Sensory Input Clinical Data on Kappa-Agonists in Visceral Pain Side Effect Profile of Kappa-Agonists Kappa-Agonists, Targeted Clinical Profile for Visceral Pain References Oral Dysesthesia Oral Dystonia, Dyskinesia Oral Opioids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical Background Application Routes of Administration Adverse Effects Efficacy Osteoarthritis Low Back Pain Neuropathic Pain Management Strategies References Ordinary Cramp Definition Cross-References Ordinary Headache Ordine-Morphine-Hydrochloride Organ or Body Part Dysfunction Orofacial Pain Introduction Characteristics The Scope of Orofacial Pain Etiology and Pathogenesis of Orofacial Pain Conditions Classification and Diagnostic Approaches and Issues Management Approaches and Issues Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Orofacial Pain, Movement Disorders Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) Bruxism and Oral Parafunctions Tremor, Orofacial Dystonia, and Dyskinesia Summary References Orofacial Pain, Sleep Disturbance Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Epidemiology and Risk Factors Interaction Between Pain and Sleep Sleep Architecture and Pain Experimental Pain and Sleep Fragmentation Models Management Summary Acknowledgments References Orofacial Pain: Taxonomy/Classification Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor Definition Cross-References Orphanin FQ Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Orthodromic Activation Definition Cross-References Orthologues Definition Cross-References Orthostatic Component of Pain Definition Cross-References Orthostatic Hypotension Definition Cross-References Oscillations (Neuronal) Definition Cross-References Oscillatory Mobilization Osmolysis Definition Cross-References Osmosensitive Definition Cross-References Osmotic Definition Cross-References Osteoarthritic Pain Definition Cross-References Osteoarthritis Definition Cross-References Osteoarthritis Model Osteoblast Definition Cross-References Osteoblastoma Definition Cross-References Osteoclast Definition Cross-References Osteolysis Definition Cross-References Osteolytic Fibrosarcoma Definition Cross-References Osteopathy Osteophyte Definition Cross-References Oswestry Disability Index Synonyms Definition Scoring Versions in Non-English Languages Characteristics Validity Reliability Responsiveness Effect Size Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) Error of Measurement References Oswestry Disability Questionnaire Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire Other Cranial Nerve Neuralgias: Neuralgia of Cranial Nerve IX With or Without Cranial Nerve X Other Types of Nerve Injury Outcome Expectancies Outcome Measures Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Applications Measuring Pain Pain Intensity Pain Affect Pain Location Measures of Disability Quality of Life Psychological Measures Service Utilization Socioeconomic Patient Satisfaction Validity References Outcome Questionnaires Outcomes Assessment Tools Ovariectomy Definition Cross-References Overalertness Overlap Syndrome Definition Cross-References Over-the-Counter Analgesics Oxidative Stress Definition Cross-References Oxycodone Synonyms Definition Cross-References OxyContin Definition Cross-References Oxynorm P P/Q-Type Calcium Channel Definition Cross-References P1 Receptors Definition Cross-References P2X Receptor Definition Cross-References P2X3 Receptor Definition Cross-References P2X7 Receptor P2Y Receptors Definition Cross-References p38 MAP Kinase Synonyms Definition Cross-References P38 MAPK p75 Receptor Definition Cross-References PACAP Definition Pachymeningeal Enhancement Definition Cross-References Pachymeningeal Enhancement in MRI with Gadolinium Definition Cross-References PAG Paget´s Disease Definition Cross-References Pain Definition Cross-References Pain Affect Pain Afferents Pain and Sedation of Children in the Emergency Setting Synonyms Definition Characteristics Guidelines for Procedural Analgesia Classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Non-pharmacological Management of Pain and Anxiety Pharmacological Management of Pain and Anxiety References Pain as a Cause of Psychiatric Illness Synonyms Definition Characteristics Relationship Between Pain and Psychiatric Disorder Proposed Model of Development of Psychopathology Pain as a Stressor Relationship of Individual Psychiatric Disorders and Pain Pain and Substance-Related Disorders Pain and Depressive Disorder Pain and Anxiety Disorder Pain and Somatoform Disorders Pain and Personality Disorder Conclusion References Pain as a Stressor Pain Assay Pain Assessment Definition Cross-References Pain Assessment in Children Synonyms Definition Characteristics Behavioral Pain Scales Physiological Pain Scales Psychological Pain Scales Pain Ratings: What Do the Numbers Mean? Guidelines for Selecting a Pain Scale for Children References Pain Assessment in Neonates Synonyms Definition What is Pain Assessment in Neonates? Introduction Characteristics Dimensions to Consider in Tool Selection Type of Pain Insult Usage in Research Versus Clinical Settings Unidimensional Versus Multidimensional Measures Behavioral Versus Physiological Domains Commonly Used Neonatal Pain Assessment Tools Beyond the Assessment Tool: Challenges to Neonatal and Infant Pain Assessment Specificity of Pain Responses Caregiver Influences Summary Acknowledgments References Pain Assessment in the Elderly Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiologic Studies Reasons for Age-Related Changes in Pain Prevalence Pain Physiology Clinical Pain, Suffering, and Disability Management Outcomes Multidisciplinary Pain Management Dementia Conclusions References Pain Associated with Assisted Reproduction Introduction Characteristics Neurobiology of Pain During ART Pain Associated with Oocyte Stimulation Pain Associated with Procedures Related to Oocyte Retrieval and Embryo Transfer Summary References Pain Associated With Traumatic Nerve Injury Pain Asymbolia Definition Cross-References Pain Attacks Pain Behavior Definition Cross-References Pain Behaviors Pain Belief Definition Cross-References Pain Catastrophizing Definition Cross-References Pain Centralization Definition Cross-References Pain Chronification Pain Clinics Pain Cocktail Definition Cross-References Pain Communication Pain Control in Children with Burns Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacological Treatment for Pediatric Inpatients Non-pharmacological Treatment for Pediatric Inpatients Treatment for Pediatric Outpatients Phantom Limb Pain Itching Sleeping Difficulties Summary References Pain Control in Children with Cancer Pain Coping Skills in Children Definition Cross-References Pain Detection and Pain Tolerance Thresholds Definition Cross-References Pain Diaries Definition Cross-References Pain Disability Index Definition Cross-References Pain Disorder Pain Drawings Definition Cross-References Pain Due to Cancer Pain Evaluation Pain Evaluation, Psychophysical Methods Synonyms Definition Characteristics Traditional Psychophysical Methods Method of Limits Absolute Threshold Difference Threshold Method of Constant Stimuli Absolute Threshold Difference Threshold Method of Adjustments Variations of the Traditional Methods: Adaptive Methods Stochastic Approximation Method The Simple Up-and-Down or Staircase Method The Extended Up-and-Down or Staircase Method Conclusions Response-Dependent Methods References Pain Facilitatory Pathways Pain Facilitatory Systems Pain Flares Pain Generator Definition Cross-References Pain History Definition Cross-References Pain in Children Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Epidemiology Progress in the Field Contemporary Research in Pediatric Pain Summary References Pain In Children with Cognitive Impairment Pain in Children with Disabilities Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Sources and Epidemiology Assessment and Treatment Functional Impact of Pain Summary References Pain in Early Pregnancy Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Physiological Effects of Pregnancy Differential Diagnosis Ectopic Pregnancy Miscarriage Ovarian/Adnexal Torsion Fibroids Urinary Tract Infections Appendicitis Gastroesophageal Reflux and Peptic Ulcer Disease Intestinal Obstruction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Musculoskeletal Pain Idiopathic Pain in Pregnancy Imaging in Pregnancy Use of Analgesia in Pregnancy Summary References Pain in Ganglionopathy Pain in HIV/AIDS Pain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Synonyms Definition Etiologies of Pain Prevalence Characteristics Types of Pain in HIV/AIDS Neuropathic Pain Syndromes Barriers to Treatment of Pain Conclusions References Pain in Humans, EEG Documentation Synonyms Definition Neurophysiology of EEG Physiology Functions Pain and Consciousness Pain and Awareness in Multifactors of EEG Measurement EEG Mapping Characteristics EEG in Experimental Pain Phasic Pain Tonic Pain Topographic Spatial Effects EEG in Clinical Pain Cognitive Disorders Headache Fibromyalgesia Chronic Pain New Perspectives of EEG Measurement for Human Pain Basic Sciences Clinical Applications Pain Treatment Efficacy and Mechanisms References Pain in Humans, Electrical Stimulation (Skin, Muscle, and Viscera) Definition Characteristics References Pain in Humans, Psychophysical Law Synonyms Definition Characteristics Spatial Summation Pain Intensity Discriminability The Relationship of the Power Law to Validation of Pain Scales as Ratio Measurement Scales References Pain in Humans, Sensory-Discriminative Aspects Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discriminating the Presence of Pain: The Pain Threshold Measurement of the Pain Threshold The Fundamental Problem of Pain Measurement Does Pain Discrimination Solve the Problem of Measuring Pain Intensity? References Pain in Humans, Sleep Disturbances Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Interaction of Pain and Disordered Sleep Headache and Sleep Back Pain and Sleep Arthritic Disease and Sleep Osteoarthritis and Sleep Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sleep Fibromyalgia and Related Disorders and Sleep References Pain in Humans, Thermal Stimulation (Skin, Muscle, Viscera), Laser, Peltier, Cold (Cold Pressure), Radiant Synonyms Definition Characteristics Some Fundamentals of Thermal Physics Stimulators Based on Heat Transfer by Conduction Stimulators Based on Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection Stimulators Based on Heat Transfer by Radiation Experimental Studies Using Thermal Stimulation Clinical Studies Using Thermal Stimulation References Pain in Humans, Thresholds Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Pain in Radiculopathy Pain in Superficial Tissues Characteristics Significance of Nociception in Superficial Tissues Pain Theories Properties of Nociceptors CMHs and AMHs Mechano-insensitive Nociceptors Nociceptors and Pain Pain and Itch Hyperalgesias Conclusion References Pain in Syringomyelia Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Clinical Symptomatology: Description and Assessment Central (Neuropathic) Pain Description of Symptoms Screening and Assessment of Neuropathic Pain in Syringomyelia Is the Neuropathic Pain of Syringomyelia Distinct From or Similar to that of Other Neuropathic Pain Conditions? Other Painful Syndromes Sensory Deficits and Evoked Pains Other Symptoms and Signs Mechanism of Central Pain in Syringomyelia The Main Hypotheses of Central Pain Mechanisms and Their Relevance to Syringomyelia Central Imbalance Disinhibition Theories Central Sensitization Role of Spinal and Supraspinal Structures in the Pain of Syringomyelia Potential Relationships Between the Clinical Phenotypes of Syringomyelia and Underlying Mechanisms Treatment of Central Pain Associated with Syringomyelia Is the Surgical Treatment of the Syrinx Effective on Neuropathic Pain? Pharmacological Treatment Neurostimulation and Neuroablative Techniques Summary References Pain in the Neonate Pain in the Workplace, Compensation, and Disability Management Introduction Characteristics Clinical Symptomatology: Description and Assessment Central (Neuropathic) Pain Description of Symptoms Screening and Assessment of Neuropathic Pain in Syringomyelia Is the Neuropathic Pain of Syringomyelia Distinct from or Similar to that of Other Neuropathic Pain Conditions? Other Painful Syndromes Sensory Deficits and Evoked Pains Other Symptoms and Signs Mechanisms of Central Pain in Syringomyelia The Main Hypotheses of Central Pain Mechanisms and Their Relevance to Syringomyelia Central Imbalance Disinhibition Theories Central Sensitization Role of Spinal and Supraspinal Structures in the Pain of Syringomyelia Potential Relationships Between the Clinical Phenotypes of Syringomyelia and Underlying Mechanisms Treatment of Central Pain Associated with Syringomyelia Is the Surgical Treatment of the Syrinx Effective on Neuropathic Pain? Pharmacological Treatment Neurostimulation and Neuroablative Techniques Conclusion Summary References Pain in the Workplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, and Demographics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Age as a Predictor of Chronicity and Work-Related Disability Sex as a Predictor of Chronicity and Work-Related Disability Marital Status as a Predictor of Chronicity and Work-Related Disability Educational Level as a Predictor of Chronicity and Work-Related Disability Household Income as a Predictor of Chronicity and Work-Related Disability Race/Ethnicity as a Predictor of Chronicity and Work-Related Disability Predictors of Recurrent Work Disability Conclusions References Pain in the Workplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, and Psychosocial Factors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Alcohol and Substance Abuse as Predictors of Chronicity Affective Distress as Predictor of Chronicity Fear Avoidance Patient Expectations Health Perceptions as Predictors of Chronicity Conclusion References Pain in the Workplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, and Workplace Factors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Work Load Psychosocial Work Factors Job Accommodation Availability of Wage Replacement Company Size References Pain in the Workplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, Job Demands Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pain in the Workplace Risk Factors Job Demands Is There Job Security? Is There Worker Motivation? Are There Physical Limitations? Is a Graduated Return to Work Acceptable? Is There Unrecognized Conflict? Is There Secondary Gain? Is There Physician Interference? References Pain Inhibitory Pathways Pain Inhibitory Systems Pain Inventories Synonyms Definition Characteristics Self-report Pain Measures The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI) Pain Disability Index (PDI) Chronic Illness Problem Inventory (CIPI) Pain Drawings Pain Diary UAB Pain Behavior Scale References Pain Judgment Pain Management Definition Cross-References Pain Management in Infants Pain Management Programs Pain Mapping Pain Measurement Definition Cross-References Pain Measurement by Questionnaires, Psychophysical Procedures, and Multivariate Analysis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Questionnaires and Rating Scales Unidimensional Scales Short Questionnaires Psychophysical Procedures: Traditional Thresholds, Statistical or Sensory Decision Theory, and Ratio Scaling Traditional Thresholds Sensory Decision Theory (SDT) Ratio Scaling Contextual Effects Multivariate Analysis (MVA): Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Cluster Analysis (CA) Multidimensional Scaling Models (MDS) Cluster Analysis Conclusions Acknowledgments References Pain Measures Pain Mechanisms in Endometriosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Pain Memory Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Pain Modulation Pain Modulatory Circuitry and Endogenous Pain Control Pain Modulatory Pathways Pain Nurse(s) Definition Cross-References Pain of Recent Origin Pain Ombudsman-Nurses Definition Cross-References Pain Paroxysms Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Manifestation Sensory Characteristics Mechanism Segmental Paroxysms and Hyperpathia Treatment Cross-References References Pain Pathway Definition Cross-References "Pain" Pathway Pain Prevention Pain Processing in the Cingulate Cortex, Behavioral Studies in Humans Definition Characteristics Structural Specialization for Pain Perception ACC-PCC Coactivation ACC Activity: Pain Perception or Cognitive Control? ACC and Endogenous Pain Modulation Systems Is ACC Activity for Pain Dissociable from ACC Activity for Negative Affect? Empathy for Pain ACC as Context-Driven Integrator References Pain Progression Pain Prone Personality Definition Cross-References Pain Questionnaire Pain Questionnaires Pain Rehabilitation Definition Cross-References Pain Scale Definition Cross-References Pain Schema Definition Cross-References Pain Schools Pain Sense Organs Pain Signal Pain System Pain Tension Cycle Definition Pain Therapy Pain Threshold Definition Cross-References Pain Thresholds Pain Tolerance Definition Cross-References Pain Tools Pain Treatment in Pediatric Palliative Care Synonyms Introduction Characteristics Diagnosing and Managing Pain Young or Noncommunicative Children Treating Pain World Health Organization´s Pain Ladder Summary References Pain Treatment, Implantable Pumps for Drug Delivery Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Routes of Administration Implantable Pumps for the Treatment of Cancer Pain Complications Pump Designs Emerging Strategies in the Use of Intrathecal Therapies for Pain References Pain Treatment, Intracranial Ablative Procedures Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Pain Treatment, Motor Cortex Stimulation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Patient Screening Mechanism of Effect Morbidity Facial Pain Central Pain Syndromes Motor Effects Surgical Technique Conclusions References Pain Treatment: Spinal Cord Stimulation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Neuropathic Pain Ischemic Extremity Pain Angina Pectoris Summary References Pain Treatment: Spinal Nerve Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Pain, Psychiatry, and Ethics Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Pain-Facilitatory Systems Definition Cross-References Painful Channelopathies Definition Characteristics References Painful Disk Syndrome Painful Neuropathy Painful Scars Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Painful Tonic Seizure Definition Cross-References Pain-Inhibitory System Definition Cross-References Pain-inhibitory Systems Painkillers Painless Neuropathies Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Pain-Modulatory Systems, History of Discovery Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Pain-Prone Patients Characteristics References Pain-related Anxiety Pain-related Disability Pain-Related Fear Definition Cross-References Pain-Related Impairment Pain-Relevant Communication Definition Cross-References Paleospinothalamic Tract Synonyms Definition Cross-References Palliation Palliation of Upper GI Cancer Palliative Care Definition Cross-References Palliative Care and Cancer Pain Management Palliative Care in Children Palliative Medicine Definition Cross-References Palliative Radiotherapy Definition Cross-References Palliative Rehabilitation Palliative Surgery in Cancer Pain Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Features References Pancreatalgia Pancreatitis Pain Panic Attacks Definition Cross-References PAOD Papillae Definition Cross-References Papilledema Definition Cross-References PAR Parabrachial Hypothalamic and Amygdaloid Projections Definition Characteristics Lamina I Afferent Projection to PB Solitary Afferent Projection to PB Properties of PB-Ce and PB-Hypothalamic Neurons Projections upon the Amygdala Projections upon the Hypothalamus References Parabrachial/PAG Definition Cross-References Paracetamol Synonyms Definition Cross-References Paracetamol in Postoperative Pain Paracrine Definition Cross-References Paracrine Immune Cells Paradoxical Cold Sensation Definition Cross-References Paradoxical Heat Definition Cross-References Paraesthesia Parafascicular Nucleus (PF) Definition Cross-References Parafascicular Nucleus, Pain Modulation Synonyms Introduction Characteristics Parafasciculus Ascending and Descending Types of Neurons Effect of Stimulation Stimulation of Other Brain Nuclei Affecting PF Properties Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation and Lesioning Effect of Drugs Summary References Parahippocampal Region Definition Cross-References Parallel Pain Processing Definition Cross-References Paraneoplastic Syndrome Definition Cross-References Paraphysiological Cramps Definition Cross-References Paraproteinemic Neuropathies Paraspinal Definition Cross-References Parasylvian Definition Cross-References Parasympathetic Component Definition Cross-References Paravertebral Muscle Parental Response Paresthesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Parietal Cortex Parity Definition Cross-References Parkinson´s Disease Definition Cross-References Paroxysmal Definition Cross-References Paroxysmal Hemicrania Synonyms Definition Paroxysmal (I.H.S. 3.2) Hemicrania Diagnostic Criteria Episodic and Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Diagnostic Criteria Episodic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania (CPH) Probable Paroxysmal Hemicrania Characteristics Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Episodic Paroxysmal Hemicrania Imaging Differential Diagnosis Treatment References Paroxysmal Hypertension Definition Cross-References Paroxysmal Hypertensive Headaches Definition Cross-References Part of the Spinoreticular Tract Partial Agonist Definition Cross-References Partial Dorsal Rhizotomy Partial Dorsal Root Ganglion Lesioning Partial Radiofrequency Dorsal Root Ganglion Lesion Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation Synonyms Definition Participation Definition Cross-References Participation Restrictions Definition Cross-References Parvalbumin Definition Cross-References Parvocellular Neurons Definition Cross-References Parvocellular VP Synonyms Definition Cross-References Passive Definition Cross-References Passive Avoidance Definition Cross-References Passive Relaxation Passive Spinal Mobilization Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Applications Efficacy Low Back Pain Neck Pain Headache of Cervical Origin Contraindications Adverse Effects References Patch-Clamp Definition Cross-References Pathological Fracture Definition Cross-References Pathophysiological Pain Definition Patient Education Definition Characteristics Rationale Instruments Efficacy Indications Cross-References References Patient Information Patient-assisted Laparoscopy Patient-Centered Definition Cross-References Patient-centered Care Patient-Controlled Analgesia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia Definition Cross-References Patient-controlled Intravenous Analgesia Patient-Therapist Interaction Definition Cross-References Pavlovian Conditioning Synonyms Definition Cross-References Paw Pressure Test Definition Cross-References PCA PCA Pump Definition Cross-References PCEA PDPH Pediatric Burns Pediatric Chronic Pain Management Pediatric Dosing Guidelines Pediatric Migraine Pediatric Pain Management Pediatric Pain Measures Pediatric Pain Scales Pediatric Pain Treatment, Evolution Pediatric Pharmacological Interventions Pediatric Postsurgical Pain Pediatric Procedural Analgesia Pediatric Psychological Interventions Pediatric Sedation Peltier Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pelvic Neurectomy Definition Cross-References Pelvic Pain Syndrome Penile Block Definition Cross-References Peptides in Neuropathic Pain States Synonyms Definition Characteristics Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) Dynorphin Cholecystokinin (CCK) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) References Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Periaqueductal Gray Synonyms Definition Cross-References Periaqueductal Gray - Nucleus Raphe Magnus (PAG-NRM) Pathway Periaqueductal Gray - Rostral Ventromedial Medulla (PAG-RVM) Pathway Periaqueductal Grey Pericranial Muscles Definition Cross-References Peridural Peridural Analgesia Peridural Block Peridural Infusions Peridural Space Perikarya Perineural Catheters Definition Cross-References Perineural Injection Definition Cross-References Perineuronal Basket Definition Cross-References Perineuronal Satellite Cells Perineuronal Terminals Period Prevalence Periodic Disorders of Childhood that are Precursors to Migraine Perioperative Nutritional Support Definition Cross-References References Peripheral and Central Neuronal Sensitization Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease Synonyms Definition Cross-References Peripheral Glutamate Receptors Peripheral Mechanisms of Opioid Analgesia Peripheral Modulation of Sensory Stimuli Peripheral Nerve Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Blocks Principles Applications Validity Utility Therapeutic Blocks Prophylactic Blocks Prognostic Blocks Cross-References References Peripheral Nerve Injury Peripheral Neuralgia Peripheral Neurogenic Pain Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Precipitating Events Individual Variability Symptoms and Signs The Sensory Quality of Neuropathic Pain Anesthesia Dolorosa and Phantom Limb Pain Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms Injury and Disease Alter Neuronal Phenotype Spontaneous Ectopic Discharge Pain on Movement and Deep Palpation Abnormal Response to Other Stimuli Allodynia Hyperpathia The Relation of PNS Injury to Central Sensitization Deafferentation Pain Treatment Modalities Systemic Drugs Transition to Chronicity Perspective Cross-References References Peripheral Neuropathies Definition Cross-References Peripheral Opioid Analgesia Peripheral Opioid Receptors (OR) Definition Cross-References Peripheral Sensitization Definition Cross-References Peripheral Sensitization in Muscle and Joint Peripheral Vascular Disease Definition Cross-References Periphery of the Ventral Posterior Complex (VPp) Definition Cross-References Perireceptor Elements Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Perireceptor Events Perispinal Infusions Periventricular Gray Definition Cross-References Permanent Partial Disability Permanent Partial Impairment Permanent Restrictions Definition Cross-References Persistent Acute Pain Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain Persistent Pain Persistent Pain Following Herpes Zoster (shingles, varicella zoster virus, VZV) Persistent Postsurgical Pain Persisting Pain Person Definition Cross-References Personal Factors Definition Cross-References Personality Personality and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Hypochondriasis and Somatization Neuroticism or Negative Affectivity Anxiety Sensitivity Personality Disorders and Psychopathology Personality Disorders MMPI Summary References Personality Disorder Definition Cross-References Personality Disorders and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Personally Relevant Stressful Situations Definition Cross-References Persuasion Definition Cross-References Pervasiveness of Low Back Pain PES PET PET and fMRI Imaging PET and fMRI Imaging in Parietal Cortex (SI, SII, Inferior Parietal Cortex BA40) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Summary References Pethidine Petrissage PGE2 Definition Cross-References PGH Synthase PGHS PGHS-1 PGHS-2 PHA-L Definition Cross-References Phantom Limb Pain, Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Prevention of Phantom Limb Pain References Phantom Sensation Definition Cross-References Phantom Tooth Pain Pharmacodynamics Definition Cross-References Pharmacogenetics Definition Cross-References Pharmacokinetic Profile of Fentanyl Definition Cross-References Pharmacokinetics Definition Cross-References Pharmacokinetics of the NSAIDs Pharmacological Interventions Definition Cross-References Pharmacology of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mode of Action and Side Effects of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Side Effects Associated with COX-1 Inhibition Analgesic Action Dependent on COX-2 Inhibition Side Effects Associated with COX-2 Inhibition COX Inhibition in the Whole Blood Assay Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (Acidic Antipyretic Analgesics) NSAIDs with Low Potency and Short Elimination Half-Life NSAIDs with High Potency and Short Elimination Half-Life NSAIDs with Intermediate Potency and Intermediate Elimination Half-Life NSAIDs with High Potency and Long Elimination Half-Life Compounds of Special Interest Selective COX-2 Inhibitors Acetaminophen Pyrazolinone Derivatives References Pharmacotherapy Definition Cross-References Phase-1 Reactions Definition Cross-References Phase-2 Reactions Definition Cross-References Phenadone Phenotype Definition Cross-References Phentolamine Test Definition Cross-References Pheromones Definition Cross-References PHN Phonophobia Definition Cross-References Phosphatases and Glia Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Photochemical Model Photophobia Definition Cross-References Photosensitivity Definition Cross-References Physeptone Physical Abuse Definition Cross-References Physical Activity Definition Cross-References Physical Agent Definition Cross-References Physical Capacity Evaluation Physical Conditioning Programs Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction to Cochrane Systematic Reviews Characteristics of Study Population Characteristics of Physical Conditioning Programs Outcomes of Interest Quality Assessment of Included Studies Overall Quality of the Evidence Overall Effectiveness of PCPs Discussion Implications for practice Implications for Research Summary References Physical Deconditioning Definition Cross-References Physical Dependence Definition Cross-References Physical Exercise Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Exercise in Fibromyalgia (FM) Exercise, Pain, and Mood Compliance References Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Introduction Characteristics Role of PRM in Pain Management Physical Medicine Modalities Team-Oriented Rehabilitation Summary References Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Team-Oriented Approach Synonyms Definition Characteristics Characteristics of an Effective Team (Modified from McGregor 1960) Summary References Physical Performance Capacity Physical Therapy Physiological Pain Measure Definition Cross-References Physiological Pathways Physiotherapist Definition Cross-References Physiotherapy Definition Characteristics Methods Mechanisms Effects in Pain Syndromes References Pin-Prick Pain PIRFT Definition Cross-References Piriformis Definition Cross-References Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide Definition Cross-References Pituitary Gland Definition Cross-References PKA PKC Placebo Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Biochemical Mediators Response Rate Clinical Application Sustained Partnership Mastery Story Summary Cross-References References Placebo Analgesia Definition Cross-References Placebo Analgesia and Descending Opioid Modulation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Methodological Aspects Mechanisms Nocebo Hyperalgesia Clinical Implications References Placebo Analgesic Effect Placebo Analgesic Response Placebo Effect Definition Cross-References Plain Radiography Synonyms Definition Characteristics Contrast Media Utility Fractures Infection and Tumors Arthropathy Degenerative Joint Disease Structural Abnormalities Implications Fluoroscopy References Plain X-Ray Plantar Incision Model Plantar Test Plasma Concentration Versus Time Profiles Plasma Extravasation Definition Cross-References Plasticity Definition Cross-References Pleomorphic Vesicles Definition Cross-References Plexopathy Definition Cross-References Plexus Injuries and Deafferentation Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background and Anatomy Pain Mechanisms Treatment References PLIF Definition Cross-References PMS Pneumothorax Synonyms Definition Cross-References PNOC (Homo sapiens) PNX PO Point Prevalence Definition Cross-References Polyarteritis Enterica Polyarthritis Definition Cross-References Polymodal Nociceptor Polymodal Nociceptor(s) Definition Cross-References Polymodal Nociceptors Polymodal Nociceptors, Heat Transduction Synonyms Definition Characteristics CMHs CHs AMHs Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms References Polymodal Sensory Neurons Definition Cross-References Polymodality Definition Cross-References Polymorphism Definition Cross-References Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Granulocytes (PMN) Polymyalgia Rheumatica Definition Cross-References Polymyositis Definition Cross-References Polyol Pathway Definition Cross-References Polyps Definition Cross-References Polyradiculopathy Definition Cross-References Polysomnography Definition Cross-References POm Pons Definition Cross-References Poor Sleep Quality Portacatheters Definition Cross-References Positioning Definition Cross-References Positive Reinforcement Definition Cross-References Positive Sensory Phenomenon Definition Cross-References Positron Emission Tomography Synonyms Definition Cross-References Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Possible Contributors Postamputation Pain Definition Cross-References Post-dural Puncture Headache Synonyms Definition Cross-References Posterior Column Posterior Column Neurons Posterior Horn Posterior Intervertebral Joint Posterior Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Posterior Part of the Ventromedial Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Posterior Primary Ramus Definition Cross-References Post-excitatory Effects of C-Fibers Postherpetic Neuralgia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Postherpetic Neuralgia, Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Incidence, Natural History, and Demographics Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Prevention The Treatment of Established Postherpetic Neuralgia How Effective Are Pharmacological Agents in Clinical Practice? A Summary of Practical Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia References Postherpetic Neuralgia, Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment Options Synonyms Definition Characteristics Vaccines Pharmacological Management of Postherpetic Neuralgia Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Anticonvulsant Agents Tricyclic Antidepressants Topical Analgesics Opioid Analgesics Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Steroids Regional Anesthetic Techniques Sensory Nerve Block Sympathetic Nerve Blocks Neurolytic Blocks Other Nonpharmacological Therapies Ice and Other Cold Therapies Nerve Stimulation Therapies Acupuncture Psychological Consultation and Treatments Surgery References Post-hypnotic Suggestion Definition Cross-References Postictal Headache Postinfarctional Sclerodactylia Postinfective Polyneuritis Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache Postnatal Pain Postoperative Pain Management Definition Cross-References Postoperative Pain Model Postoperative Pain, Acute Neuropathic Pain Definition Characteristics Prevalence Diagnosis Mechanisms Treatment References Postoperative Pain, Acute Pain Management Principles Definition Introduction Characteristics Pharmacological Relief of Acute Postoperative Pain Local Anesthetics, Nerve Blocks, and Neuraxial Analgesia Acute Pain Team Summary References Postoperative Pain, Acute Pain Team Definition Introduction Characteristics Why an Acute Pain Team Is Necessary How to Implement an Acute Pain Team Motivation for Change Who Must Join the APT and How to Start Important Success Factors for Implementing an Effective Acute Postoperative Pain Team References Postoperative Pain, Acute Presentation of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pain Autonomic Dysfunction Trophic Changes Motor Impairment Psychological Issues Diagnostic Criteria Acute Presentation: Stages Versus Severity Differentiating Acute CRPS from Trauma Investigations and Sympathetic Function Tests Treatment References Postoperative Pain, Adverse Events (Associated with Acute Pain Management) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Respiratory Depression Nausea and Vomiting Sedation Addiction and Inappropriate Opioid Self-Administration Drug and Programming Errors Neurological Injury After Regional Analgesia Local Anesthetic Toxicity During Regional Analgesia Hypotension Associated with Epidural Analgesia Inadvertent Dural Puncture During Epidural Catheter Insertion Epidural Space Infection After Epidural Analgesia Epidural Hematoma After Epidural Analgesia Inadequate Pain Management References Postoperative Pain, Anticonvulsant Medications Synonyms Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Antidepressants Synonyms Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Appropriate Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Assessment Pharmacological Management of Postoperative Pain Neuroaxial Blockade Regional Analgesic Techniques Additional Techniques References Postoperative Pain, Compartment Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathophysiology Diagnosis Management of Compartment Syndrome Analgesia and Compartment Syndrome Conclusion References Postoperative Pain, COX-2 Inhibitors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Efficacy Safety Gastrointestinal Cardiovascular Renal Hematological Other Conclusion References Postoperative Pain, Data Gathering and Auditing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Culture of Data Collection Purposes of Data Collection Methods of Data Collection Who Collects the Data Data Needed to Be Collected Quality of Data Data Security Audit Reports Future of Data Collection References Postoperative Pain, Epidural Infusions Synonyms Definition Introduction Continuous Infusions Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Fentanyl Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Analgesia Pharmacokinetics Transmucosal Fentanyl Formulation Transdermal Fentanyl Adverse Reactions Uses References Postoperative Pain, Gabapentin Synonyms Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Hydromorphone Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Importance of Mobilization Synonyms Definition Characteristics Preoperative Period Intraoperative Period Postoperative Care Effective Analgesia Early Enteral Feeding Postoperative Hypoxemia References Postoperative Pain, Intrathecal Drug Administration Synonyms Definition Characteristics Local Anesthetics Opioids Morphine Lipophilic Opioids Other Opioids Adjuvant Drugs Adrenaline Clonidine Dexmedetomidine Fadolmidine Midazolam Neostigmine Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Adenosine Sameridine Obstetrics Children Adverse Effects References Postoperative Pain, Joint Replacement Introduction Characteristics General or Neuraxial Anesthesia Epidural Analgesia Intrathecal Morphine Femoral Nerve Block Local Infiltration Analgesia Opioid Adjunct Analgesia Analgesic Considerations for Major Arthroplasty at Other Sites References Postoperative Pain, Ketamine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Activity Ketamine as an Anesthetic Agent Ketamine as an Analgesic Agent Ketamine as a Local Anesthetic Agent Postoperative Pain Novel Routes of Administration Adverse Effects Abuse Potential References Postoperative Pain, Lignocaine Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Local Anesthetics Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Postoperative Pain, Membrane-Stabilizing Agents Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Methadone Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Mexiletine Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Morphine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemistry Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Clinical Efficacy Conversion of the Slow-Release Formulation References Postoperative Pain, Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Synonyms Definition Characteristics General Mechanism of Action Efficacy Safety Platelet Function Renal Function Aspirin-Induced Asthma Peptic Ulceration Other Contraindications Conclusion References Postoperative Pain, Opioids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Opioid Receptor Location of Opioid Receptors Classification of Opioid Drugs Pharmacodynamics Analgesia Gastrointestinal Tract Respiratory System Tolerance and Dependence Opioid Hyperexcitability and Rotation Pharmacokinetics of Opioids Routes of Administration Sublingual Route Rectal Route Transdermal Route Parenteral Routes Spinal Opioids References Postoperative Pain, Oxycodone Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Metabolism Excretion OxyContin Controlled-Release Formulation Pharmacokinetics of OxyContin Clinical Efficacy Adverse Effects References Postoperative Pain, Paracetamol Synonyms Definition Characteristics General Mechanism of Action Efficacy Safety Hepatic Conclusion References Postoperative Pain, Pathophysiological Changes in Cardiovascular Function in Response to Acute Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Effects on Heart Rate Effects on Stroke Volume Effects on Systemic Vascular Resistance References Postoperative Pain, Pathophysiological Changes in Metabolism in Response to Acute Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Carbohydrate Metabolism Protein Metabolism Fat Metabolism Water and Electrolyte Balance References Postoperative Pain, Pathophysiological Changes in Neuroendocrine Function in Response to Acute Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Patient-Controlled Analgesia Devices, Epidural Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Issue of Background Infusions PCEA for Labor Pain Economic Aspects of PCEA Safety Aspects of PCEA Future Perspectives References Postoperative Pain, Patient-Controlled Analgesia Devices, Parenteral Synonyms Definition Characteristics PCA Versus Conventional Analgesia Dose Lockout Interval Continuous Infusions Drug Patient Factors Patient Outcome Adverse Effects Other Routes and Drugs References Postoperative Pain, Persistent Acute Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Risk Factors Genes Preoperative Risk Factors Intraoperative Risk Factors Postoperative Risk Factors Mechanisms Prevention and Management Future References Postoperative Pain, Pethidine Synonyms Characteristics References Postoperative Pain, Postamputation Pain, Treatment, and Prevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Characteristics Including Mechanisms Treatment Prevention Summary References Postoperative Pain, Preemptive or Preventive Analgesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Central Sensitization and ``Pain Memory´´ Clinical Studies Evidence from Controlled Clinical Trials of Identical Analgesic Treatments, Initiated Before Versus After the Surgical Incision or Procedure Evidence from Controlled Clinical Trials of Presurgical Versus No Treatment Effects of Preemptive Analgesia on the Development of Chronic Pain Other Approaches to Reduce Central Sensitization References Postoperative Pain, Pregabalin Introduction Characteristics Pharmacology Efficacy for Postoperative Pain Prevention of Chronic Pain Clinical Use Side Effects References Postoperative Pain, Preoperative Education Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anxiety Fears Preadmission Method Measures Children Results Future References Postoperative Pain, Regional Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Upper Extremity Brachial Plexus Interscalene Approach Axillary Approach The Thorax and Abdomen Intercostal Approach Paravertebral Approach The Lower Extremity Lumbar Plexus Femoral Nerve Sheath Approach Psoas Compartment Approach Sciatic Nerve Drugs for Continuous Perineural Anesthesia Contraindications References Postoperative Pain, Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pulmonary and Cardiac Function After Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery Effects of Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia on Pulmonary and Myocardial Function Specific Problems of High Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Clinical Implications of Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia for Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery Systemic Analgesia After Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery References Postoperative Pain, Tramadol Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacodynamic Properties Respiratory Effects Gastrointestinal Motility Central Nervous System Pharmacokinetics Clinical Efficacy Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pediatric Use Intraoperative Analgesia Day Surgery Neuropathic Pain Side Effects Drug Interactions References Postoperative Pain, Transition from Parenteral to Oral Drugs Synonyms Definition Characteristics Patients Where Pain Intensity Is Expected to Decline Rapidly Patients Where the Decline in Pain Intensity Will Occur Over Days to a Week Patients Where Pain Is Thought to Be Stable but Ongoing for Longer Periods of Time Choice of Drugs Morphine Oxycodone Methadone Tramadol References Postoperative Pain, Venous Thromboembolism Synonyms Definition Characteristics Causation Methods of Reduction Effects of Neuraxial Blockade on Venous Thromboembolism Conclusion References Postpartum Pain Synonyms Introduction Characteristics Pregnancy-Related Pelvic Girdle Pain (PPGP) and Pregnancy-Related Low Back Pain (PLBP) Headache Perineal Pain Abdominal Pain Acute versus Chronic Pain References Post-seizure Headache Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology and Clinical Features Subtypes of PSH Migraine-Like PSH Therapy References Poststroke Central Pain Definition Cross-References Poststroke Pain Model, Cortical Pain (Injection of Picrotoxin) Definition Characteristics References Poststroke Pain Model, Thalamic Pain (Lesion) Definition Characteristics References Postsurgical Nerve Injury Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons Synonyms Definition Cross-References Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons, Responses to Visceral Input Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Pathway (See Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons) Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projection, Anatomical Organization Synonyms Definition Characteristics Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projection in Animals Laminae III and IV Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons Medial Laminae III-VII Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons Lamina X Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projection in Humans References Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projection, Functional Characteristics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Laminae III and IV Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons Lamina X Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons References Postsynaptic Inhibition Definition Cross-References Postsynaptic Opioid Receptors Posttraumatic Dystrophy Posttraumatic Headache Posttraumatic Neuralgia Definition Cross-References Posttraumatic Pain Syndrome Postural Position Synonyms Definition Cross-References Posture Definition Cross-References Potassium Sensitivity Testing Definition Cross-References Potentially damaging stimulus Potent Opioid Analgesic Definition Cross-References Pourfour du Petit Syndrome Pourpre Myelotomy Power Law Definition Cross-References Power of Ultrasound Definition Cross-References PPI Preadmission Clinics Definition Cross-References Preamputation Pain Definition Cross-References Precontemplation Definition Cross-References Predentin Definition Cross-References Preemptive Analgesia Cross-References Preemptive or Preventive Analgesia and Central Sensitization in Postoperative Pain Synonyms Definition Preemptive Analgesia Preventive Analgesia Characteristics References Preferential Processing Definition Cross-References Prefrontal Cortex, Effects on Pain-Related Behavior Definition Characteristics References Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Premenstrual Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Etiology Treatment References Premenstrual Tension Premorbid Functioning Definition Cross-References Preoperative Education Definition Cross-References Preoperative Patient Education Preoperative Teaching Prepaid Care Definition Cross-References Preparation Definition Cross-References Preparation Programs Prepuce Clitoris Definition Cross-References Present Pain Intensity Subscale Synonyms Definition Cross-References Pressing/Tightening Definition Cross-References Pressure Algometer Definition Cross-References Presynaptic Definition Cross-References Presynaptic Inhibition Definition Cross-References Presynaptic Reuptake Definition Cross-References Prevalence Definition Cross-References Prevalence of Chronic Pain Disorders in Children Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Prevalence Estimates (1991-2009) Impact of Pain on Functioning Summary Acknowledgments References Prevalence of Low Back Pain Preventative Rehabilitation Prevention of Postoperative Pain Preventive Analgesia Preventive Migraine Therapy Definition Characteristics Treatment Preventive Treatment Medication Antidepressants Calcium-Channel Blockers Anticonvulsant Medications Serotonin Antagonists Natural Products Newer Treatments Preventive Migraine Therapy Summary References Preventive Therapy Definition Previously Used Diagnostic Labels Pricking Pain Primary Afferent Primary Afferents of the Urinary Bladder Definition Cross-References Primary Afferents/Neurons Definition Cross-References Primary and Secondary Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Primary and Secondary Zones Definition Cross-References Primary Anorgasmia Definition Cross-References Primary Cells (RVM) Definition Cross-References Primary Cough Headache Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Reports Symptomatic Cases Pathophysiology of Cough Headache Treatment Summary References Primary Dysmenorrhea Definition Cross-References Primary Exertional Headache Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria Epidemiology Clinical Characteristics Differential Diagnosis Pathophysiology Treatment Summary References Primary Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Primary Motor Cortex Definition Cross-References Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1), Effect on Pain-Related Behavior in Humans Definition Characteristics References Primary Somatosensory Cortex (SI) Definition Cross-References Primary Stabbing Headache Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Reports Pathophysiology Treatment Summary Cross-References References Principalism PRM Specialist Definition Cross-References PRN Pro Re Nata Synonyms Definition Cross-References Probability Definition Cross-References Probable Cause Definition Cross-References Procedural Distress Definition Cross-References Prognosis Definition Cross-References Prognostic Block Programmed Cell Death Progressive Adjustive Progressive Muscle Relaxation Definition Cross-References Proinflammatory Proinflammatory Cytokines Synonyms Definition Characteristics Peripheral Tissues Peripheral Nerves Dorsal Root Ganglia Spinal Cord Brain Implications for Pain Control Conclusions Cross-References References Projection Neurons Definition Cross-References Projective Field (PF) Definition Cross-References Prolactin Definition Cross-References Proliferant Definition Cross-References Prolonged Acute Pain Prolotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Technique Applications Efficacy Low Back Pain Osteoarthritis of the Knee Osteoarthritis of the Hand Lateral Epicondylalgia Wrist Knee Achilles Tendon Safety Indications References Promoter Definition Cross-References Prophylactic Pain Treatment Propofol Definition Cross-References Propranolol Definition Proprioception Definition Cross-References Propriospinal Neurons Definition Cross-References Prospective Observational Cohort Study Definition Cross-References Prostacyclin Definition Cross-References Prostadynia Definition Cross-References Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase 1 Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase 2 Prostaglandin H Synthase Prostaglandins Definition Cross-References Prostaglandins in Inflammatory Nociceptor Sensitization Prostaglandins, Spinal Effects Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics PG Effects on Ion Currents, Release of Mediators, and Synaptic Transmission PG Effects on Responses to Natural Stimuli Summary References Prostanoids Definition Cross-References Protective Analgesia Protein Extravasation Protein Kinase A Synonyms Definition Cross-References Protein Kinase C Synonyms Definition Cross-References Proteinase-Activated Receptors Synonyms Definition Protein-Calorie Malnutrition Definition Cross-References Proteoglycan Definition Cross-References Provocation Discogram Provocation Discography Provocative Definition Cross-References Provocative Discography Provocative Maneuver Provoked Vestibulodynia Proximal Diabetic Neuropathy Pruriception Definition Cross-References Pruriceptive Definition Cross-References Pruritic Stimulus Definition Cross-References Pruritus Definition Cross-References PSDC PSDC Projection Pseudaffective Pseudaffective Response Definition Cross-References Pseudoaddiction Definition Cross-References Pseudoaffective Pseudoaffective Response Pseudomigraine with Lymphocytic Pleocytosis Pseudoptosis Definition Cross-References Pseudotumor Cerebri Definition Cross-References PSL Model Psoas Compartment Definition Cross-References Psoriatic Arthritis Definition Cross-References Psychalgia (ICD-10) Psychiatric Aspects of Litigation and Pain Definition The Concept of ``Compensation Neurosis´´ The Relationship Between Compensation Status and Persistent Pain Compensation Status and Pain Description The Effect of Compensation on Pain Treatment Outcome The Compensation System and Chronic Pain Characteristics Chronic Pain, Litigation, and Psychiatric Diagnosis Alleged Malingering of Chronic Pain Conclusions References Psychiatric Aspects of Multimodal Treatment for Pain Psychiatric Aspects of Pain and Dentistry Synonyms Definition Characteristics Initiation and Diagnosis Associated Symptoms: Physical Persistent Symptoms Management Counseling and Changing the Agenda Summary of Management References Psychiatric Aspects of the Epidemiology of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics What Is the Prevalence of Chronic Pain Associated with Psychiatric Comorbidity? Do Chronic Pain and Psychological Comorbidity Affect the Prognosis and/or the Clinical Course of Chronic Pain or Depression? Does Chronic Pain Influence the Risk of Developing Psychiatric Conditions? Do Psychiatric Conditions Influence the Risk of Developing Pain Disorders? Bidirectional Influence of Pain and Psychological Problems as Risk Factors What Psychological/Psychiatric Conditions Affect the Course and Prognosis of Chronic Pain? References Psychiatric Aspects of the Management of Cancer Pain Synonyms Introduction Definition Characteristics Psychiatric Management of Cancer Pain Psychological Factors and Psychological Symptoms in Cancer Pain Patients Addiction and Fear of Addiction Issues Related to Psychiatric Management Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Cancer Patients with Pain Use of Psychotropics for Cancer Pain Management Psychological Treatments, Communication, and Counseling Behavioral Intervention for Cancer Pain Maintaining Quality of Life Summary Acknowledgments References Psychiatric Aspects of Visceral Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Neuroanatomy of Visceral Pain Association with Functional Somatic Symptoms Relationship of Psychiatric Issues in Disorders Leading to Visceral Pain Noncardiac Chest Pain Irritable Bowel Syndrome Uterine and Pelvic Pain Conclusion References Psychiatric Disorder Definition Cross-References Psychiatric Evaluation Psychiatric Illness Psychiatric Management of Cancer Pain Psychiatry and Pain Definition References Psychobiological Model Psychoeducation Psychoeducational Intervention Definition Cross-References Psychogenic Definition Cross-References Psychogenic Headache Psychogenic Pain Definition Cross-References Psychogenic Rheumatism Psychological [Behavioral Health] Assessment of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Experience of Pain and Related Symptoms Treatments Received and Currently Receiving Compensation/Litigation Activity Responses by Patient and Significant Others Coping Educational and Vocational History Social History Alcohol and Substance Use Psychological Dysfunction Concerns and Expectations Treatment Goals References Psychological Aspects of Pain Psychological Aspects of Pain in Women Definition Characteristics Epidemiology of Pain in Women Clinical Pain Pain Sensitivity in the Laboratory Factors Mediating Gender Differences/Proposed Mechanisms The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle/Reproductive Hormone Status Central Processing Gender Roles/Expectations Emotional Factors Trauma/Abuse and Pain Coping Styles Clinicians´ Responses to Women´s Symptoms and Pain Treatment Outcome Analgesic Responses References Psychological Consequences of Pain Psychological Evaluation Psychological Factors Definition Cross-References Psychological Management of Cancer Pain Psychological Pain Measures Definition Psychological Predictors of Chronicity Synonyms Definition Characteristics Personality Theories Prospective Studies Fear-Avoidance Model Diathesis-Stress Model Summary References Psychological Risk Factors Psychological Strategies Definition Cross-References Psychological Treatment Psychological Treatment in Acute Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Education and Preparation Relaxation Hypnosis Distraction Sensory Focusing Cognitive Restructuring Social Support Memory-Influencing Strategies Humor and Positive Mood Induction Positive Reinforcement Treatment Combinations Summary References Psychological Treatment of Chronic Pain, Prediction of Outcome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chronic Low Back Pain Headache Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Rheumatoid Arthritis Upper Extremity Disorders Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Summary and Conclusions References Psychological Treatment of Headache Synonyms Definition Characteristics Efficacy Therapeutic Mechanisms Areas of Ongoing Research Difficult-to-Treat Headache Types Cognitive-Attributional Emphases Mindfulness Meditation Techniques Application in Primary Practice Settings Integration with Drug Therapy References Psychological Treatment of Pain in Children Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Procedure-Related Pain Chronic Pain Summary References Psychological Treatment of Pain in Older Populations Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Psychological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons Randomized Controlled Trials Psychological Approaches to the Management of Pain: Special Considerations in Older Persons Summary References Psychological Treatment of Pain in the Elderly Psychology of Pain and Psychological Treatment Characteristics The Role of Learning in Chronic Pain Cognitive Factors and Pain Pain and Affect Biobehavioral Perspective Memory for Pain Psychological Assessment of Pain and Its Consequences Psychological Treatment of Chronic Pain Biofeedback and Relaxation Operant Behavioral Treatment Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Chronic Pain Important Aspects of Psychological Treatment of Chronic Pain References Psychology of Pain, Assessment of Cognitive Variables Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Cognitive Assessment of Pain-Related Thought Content Coping Self-efficacy Pain Catastrophizing Pain Acceptance Pain/Health Beliefs Expectancies Cognitive Assessment of Pain-Related Thought Process References Psychology of Pain, Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Psychology of Pain, Self-efficacy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Self-efficacy and Pain-Related Outcomes Theoretical Perspectives on Self-efficacy Mechanisms of Action: Self-efficacy and Pain Mechanism of Action: Self-efficacy and Disability Assessment Treatment References Psychology of Pain, Sensitization, Habituation, and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nonassociative Learning Mechanisms Associative Learning Mechanisms Summary References Psychometric Function Definition Cross-References Psychometrics Definition Cross-References Psychomotor Physiotherapy Definition Cross-References Psychomyogenic Headache Psychopathology Definition Cross-References Psychopathology Caused by Pain Psychophysical Law Psychophysical Procedures Introduction Characteristics Assessment of Pain Responses Pain and Pain Tolerance Thresholds Rating Scales Multidimensional Assessment of Pain Signal Detection Theory References Psychophysical Testing Psychophysics Definition Cross-References Psychophysiologic Model of Pain Definition Cross-References Psychophysiological Assessment Definition Cross-References Psychophysiological Assessment of Pain Synonyms Definition Common Measures Used in Pain Assessment Electromyography (EMG) Other Measures of Interest Characteristics Adaptation Baseline Reactivity Recovery Muscle Scanning Muscle Discrimination Trigger Points Summary References Psychophysiological Reactivity Definition Cross-References Psychophysiological Stress Profile Psychosocial Factors Definition Cross-References Psychosocial Interventions Definition Cross-References Psychosocial Maladjustment and Pain Psychosocial Management of Cancer Pain Psychosocial Obstacles to Recovery Psychosocial Predictors or Risk Factors Psychosocial Risk Factors Psychosocial Treatments for Pain Definition Cross-References Psychosocioeconomic Definition Cross-References Psychosocioeconomic Syndrome Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Physiotherapy Psychotherapy Definition Cross-References Psychotic Definition Cross-References Psychotropics Definition Cross-References Ptgs Ptgs1 Ptgs2 PTHA Ptosis Definition Cross-References PTPN10 Pudendal Nerve Definition Cross-References Pudendal Nerve Entrapment Pudendal Neuralgia Definition Cross-References Pudendal Neuralgia in Women Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Diagnosis Pudendal Neuralgia Is Associated with Pelvi-perineal Dysfunction Pudendal Neuralgia Is a Clinical Diagnosis Etiology Importance of Anesthetic Blocks in the Diagnosis Treatment Minor Measures Medication Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Physical Therapy Physiotherapy Pudendal Nerve Blocks Surgery Spinal Cord Stimulation: Neuromodulation References Puerperium Definition Cross-References PUF Scale Definition Cross-References Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pulpal Nociceptors Pulpalgia Pulpitis Definition Cross-References Pulsed Electromagnetic Therapy Punch Skin Biopsies Definition Cross-References Punctate Allodynia Definition Cross-References Punctate Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Punctate Midline Myelotomy Punishment Definition Cross-References Purine Receptor Targets in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Modulation of Adenosine Signaling for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain P2X Receptors P2X Receptors in Sensory Neurons as Targets for Neuropathic Pain Microglial P2 Receptors as Targets for Neuropathic Pain P2Y Receptors in Sensory Neurons References Purinergic Receptors Definition Cross-References Putamen Definition Cross-References Pyeloplasty Definition Cross-References Pyramidal Cells Definition Cross-References Pyramidal Neuron Definition Cross-References Pyrazolinones Pyst1 Q QOL QST QTL Quadratus Lumborum Definition Cross-References Quality of Life Synonyms Definition Cross-References Quantal Release Probability Definition Cross-References Quantification of Pain Quantitative Sensory Testing Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Assessment and Induction Techniques Use of QST in Practice Examples Summary References Quantitative Sensory Tests Synonyms Definition Cross-References Quantitative Thermal Sensory Testing of Inflamed Skin Definition Characteristics References Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Synonyms Definition Cross-References Quotas R α2-Receptor Agonists Race Radial Arm Maze Definition Radiant Heat Definition Cross-References Radiant Heat Test Radiant Stimulation Radiculalgia Radicular Leg Pain Radicular Nerve Root Pain Definition Cross-References Radicular Pain Definition Cross-References Radicular Pain, Diagnosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathophysiology Clinical Features Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Acknowledgments References Radiculopathies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Features History Anatomy Diagnostic Work-Up Therapy Cross-References References Radiculopathy Radiofrequency Definition Cross-References Radiofrequency Ablation Definition Cross-References Radiofrequency Denervation Definition Cross-References Radiofrequency Lesion Radiofrequency Neurotomy Radiofrequency Neurotomy, Electrophysiological Principles Synonyms Definition Characteristics Electrophysiological Principles Creation and Size of Lesion Physiology Indications Side Effects and Complications Efficacy Acknowledgments References Radiofrequency Rhizotomy Definition Cross-References Radiography Radioisotope Definition Cross-References Radioligand Binding Definition Cross-References Radiopharmaceuticals Definition Cross-References Radiosurgical Rhizotomy Definition Cross-References Radiotherapy Definition Cross-References Raeder´s Paratrigeminal Syndrome Definition Cross-References Ramus Definition Cross-References Randall-Selitto Paw Pressure Test Definition Characteristics References Randomized Definition Cross-References Randomized Controlled Trial Synonyms Definition Cross-References RAP Raphe Nuclei Definition Cross-References Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Synonyms Definition Cross-References Rapidly Adapting Responses Definition Cross-References RAS Rat Tail Model Rating Impairment Due to Pain in a Workers´ Compensation System Synonyms Characteristics Introduction California Workers´ Compensation System Washington State Workers´ Compensation System Summary References Ratio Scale Definition Cross-References Ratio Scaling Raynaud´s Syndrome Definition Cross-References Raynaud´s Vibration White Finger Syndrome Definition Cross-References RCT Reactive Arthritis Reactive Tachycardia Reactivity Definition Cross-References Real-Time PCR Definition Cross-References Reassurance and Activation Recall Definition Cross-References Receiver Operating Characteristics Synonyms Definition Cross-References Receptive Field (RF) Definition Cross-References Receptor Definition Cross-References Receptor Affinity Definition Cross-References Receptor Potential Definition Cross-References Receptor Selectivity Definition Cross-References Receptors for These Neurotransmitters That Are Expressed by the Neurons Receptors in the Descending Circuitry Recist Definition Cross-References Recognition Definition Cross-References Recognizing Issues Contributing to Pain Secondary to Burn Injury and Its Treatment Recollection Definition Cross-References Reconstructive Therapy Recording of Pain Behavior Recovery Definition Cross-References Recovery Cycles Recruitment to an Injury Site Definition Cross-References Rectangular Pulses Definition Cross-References Recurrent Abdominal Pain Synonyms Definition Cross-References Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) Recurrent Pelvic Pain Red Flags Definition Cross-References References Red Thrombi Reentrant Excitation Definition Cross-References Referred Abdominal Muscle Pain Model Referred Hyperalgesia Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Referred Muscle Pain Definition Cross-References Referred Muscle Pain, Assessment Definition Characteristics Referred Hyperalgesia References Referred Pain Definition Cross-References Reflective Listening Definition Cross-References Reflex Neurovascular Dystrophy (Unconventional Taxonomy Used by a Few Clinicians) Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) Reflexes and Opioids Refractory Period Definition Cross-References Regional Anesthesia Definition Cross-References Regional Blocks Regional Heterogeneity Definition Cross-References Regional Infusion Regression to the Mean Definition Cross-References Rehabilitation Definition Cross-References Rehabilitation Plan Definition Cross-References Reinforcers Definition Cross-References Reiter´s Syndrome Synonyms Definition Cross-References Relationship Relative Potency Definition Cross-References Relaxation Definition Cross-References Relaxation in the Treatment of Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Types of Relaxation Therapy Efficacy Therapeutic Mechanism References Relaxation Interventions Definition Cross-References Relaxation Therapy Definition Cross-References Relaxation Training Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Relaxation-Induced Anxiety Definition Cross-References Release of CCK Reliability Definition Characteristics Cross-References References REM Sleep Remote Management of Pediatric Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Types of Interventions Utilized Booklets/Written Manuals/Tapes Telephone and Telemedicine CD-ROM Intervention Programs Internet Interventions Mobile Communications Summary References Renin Definition Cross-References Repetitive Strain Injuries Synonyms Definition Cross-References Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Repetitiveness of Movement Definition Cross-References Repriming Definition Cross-References Rescue Analgesic Definition Cross-References Residual Functional Capacity Synonyms Definition Cross-References Residual Limb Pain Definition Cross-References Resiniferatoxin Synonyms Definition Cross-References Resistance Definition Cross-References Respiratory Centers Definition Cross-References Respiratory Depression Definition Cross-References Respondent Conditioning Respondent Conditioning of Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Respondents Definition Cross-References Response Prevention Definition Cross-References Response to Analgesics Definition Cross-References Response-dependent Method Responses of Spinothalamic Tract Neurons to Pruritic Stimuli Synonyms Definition Characteristics Histaminergic and Non-histaminergic Itch Spinal Inhibition of Itch References Responsive Neurostimulation Definition Cross-References Responsiveness Definition Cross-References Rest and Movement Pain Definition Characteristics Potential Etiology Management of Movement-Associated or Incident Pain References Rest Position Resting State Network Definition Cross-References Restless Legs Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Restorative Rehabilitation Reticular Activating System Synonyms Definition Cross-References Reticular Formation Definition Cross-References Reticular Nucleus Inputs from Cortex Retinal Slip Definition Cross-References Retrograde Definition Cross-References Retrograde Axonal Tracer Definition Cross-References Retrograde Cellular Changes After Nerve Injury Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nerve Injury and Neuropathic Pain Do DRG Neurons Die After Peripheral Nerve Injury? Transmitters/Neuropeptides in DRG Neurons Expression of Regulatory Molecules After Axotomy Classic Growth Factors Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Global Gene Expression Studies Species Differences: Strain Matters Mechanisms Underlying Injury-Induced Phenotypic Changes Functional Consequences of Altered Gene Expression in the DRG Nerve Injury-Induced Cell Loss in the Dorsal Horn Changes in Spinal Glia After Peripheral Nerve Injury Summary Acknowledgments References Retrograde Labeling Retrograde Tracing Technique Synonyms Definition Cross-References Retrograde Transport Definition Cross-References Retroperitoneal Definition Cross-References Retrospective Definition Cross-References Reversal Reaction Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome Rexed´s Lamina II Rexed´s Laminae Definition Cross-References RF RFC RF-DRG Rheumatoid Arthritis Definition Cross-References Rhinorrhea Definition Cross-References Rhizotomy Definition Cross-References Risk Definition Cross-References Risk Factor Definition Cross-References References Risk Factors for Chronicity Risk for Development of a WMSD Definition Cross-References RLS ROC Rolandic Sulcus Role In Inflammation Role Modeling Definition Cross-References Role Plays Definition Cross-References Root Canal Therapy Definition Cross-References Root Disease Rostral Ventral Medulla Synonyms Definition Cross-References Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Cell Types Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Roxicodone® RSD (Obsolete Taxonomy) RSI RSIs rTMS RTX Ruffini Receptor Definition Cross-References Rumination Definition Cross-References RVM RVM Cell Types RVM, Rostral Ventromedial Medulla S S/N Ratio S2 Sacral Hiatus Definition Cross-References Sacroiliac Injury Sacroiliac Joint Definition Cross-References Sacroiliac Joint Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Setting Technique Complications Evaluation Application Validity Utility Indications References Sacroiliac Joint Denervation Sacroiliac Joint Injection Sacroiliac Joint Neurotomy Sacroiliac Joint Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Anatomy Medical History Physical Exam Diagnostic Testing Radiology Differential Diagnosis Treatment Options Conclusion References Sacroiliac Joint Radiofrequency Sacroiliac Joint Radiofrequency Denervation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Indications Technique Efficacy Complications References Sacroiliitis Sacrum Definition Cross-References Saliency Definition Cross-References Salpingitis-Oophoritis-Peritonitis Sarcomere Definition Cross-References Satellite Cells Synonyms Definition Cross-References Satellite Glia Cells, SCG Satellite Glial Cells Satellite Glial Cells and Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Terminology Characteristics Structure of Satellite Glial Cells Gap Junctions Identification of Satellite Glial Cells Physiological Properties of SGCs Pharmacology Satellite Glial Cells in Tissue Culture SGCs in Nerve Injury and Pain Models SGCs as Therapeutic Target for Pain Acknowledgments References Scalenus Anticus Syndrome Scanning Definition Cross-References SCC Schedules of Reinforcement Definition Schema Definition Cross-References Schema Activation Definition Cross-References Schemata Definition Cross-References Schrober´s Test Schwann Cell Definition Cross-References Sciatic Inflammatory Neuritis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Sciatic Inflammatory Neuropathy Sciatic Neuralgia Sciatic Neuropathy Sciatic Notch Sciatica Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acute Sciatica Chronic Sciatica Differential Diagnosis Cross-References References Sclerotherapy Scotoma Definition Cross-References Scratch Screening Definition Cross-References Second Messenger Cascades Definition Cross-References Second Order Neuron Definition Cross-References Second Pain Assessment Second Somatic Area Second Somatosensory Cortex Synonyms Definition Cross-References Secondary Cells (RVM) Definition Cross-References Secondary Dysmenorrhea Definition Cross-References Secondary Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Secondary Losses Definition Cross-References Secondary Prevention Secondary Somatosensory Cortex Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2) and Insula, Effect on Pain-Related Behavior in Animals and Humans Definition Characteristics Lesions Stimulation Overview References Second-Generation Antidepressants Second-Order Cutaneous Mechanical Input Second-Order Neurons Second-Order Subtype: Central Lateral Thalamotomy Second-order/Ascending Pruriceptive Pathway Sedentary Work Definition Cross-References Segmental Analgesia Definition Cross-References Segmental Anti-Nociceptive Mechanisms Definition Cross-References Segmental Demyelination Definition Cross-References Seizure-Associated Headache Definition Cross-References Seizures Definition Cross-References Selectins Definition Cross-References Selection Factors Definition Cross-References Selective Anesthesia Definition Cross-References Selective Attention Selective COX-2 Inhibitors 201981.0 Definition 201981.0 Cross-References Selective Nerve Root Injection Definition Cross-References Self-constructs Definition Cross-References Self-control Self-Efficacy Definition Cross-References Self-management Definition Cross-References Self-Organization Definition Cross-References Self-regulation Self-reinforcement Definition Cross-References Self-Report Pain Measures Definition Cross-References Self-traction Seltzer Model Sense of Control Definition Cross-References Sensibility Sensitive Locus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Sensitivity Definition Cross-References Sensitization Definition Cross-References Sensitization of Muscular and Articular Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Ongoing Pain/Dysesthesias and Mechanical Allodynia/Hyperalgesia During Diseases or Overuse of Muscle and Joint Mechanosensitivity Changes in Muscle Afferents During Pathophysiological Conditions Mechanosensitivity Changes in Articular Afferent Fibers During Joint Inflammation Mechanisms of Sensitization of Muscular Nociceptors Mechanisms of Mechanical Sensitization of Articular Afferents References Sensitization of the Nociceptive System Definition Cross-References Sensitization of Visceral Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Sensory Decision Theory Sensory Dimension of Pain Definition Cross-References Sensory Discrimination Definition Cross-References Sensory Endings in Joint Tissues Sensory Focusing Sensory Ganglia Definition Cross-References Sensory Ganglionectomy Sensory Ganglionitis Sensory Impairment Sensory Modalities Definition Cross-References Sensory Motor Retuning Sensory Neuronopathy Sensory Receptor Definition Cross-References Sensory Relay Neurons Definition Cross-References Sensory Rhizotomy Sensory Saturation Definition Cross-References Sensory Stimulation-Guided Radiofrequency Neurotomy Sensory Transduction Definition Cross-References Sensory-Discriminative Aspect of Pain Definition Cross-References Sensory-Discriminative Aspects SEPs Sequential Relay Definition Cross-References Serotonergic Definition Cross-References Serotonin Synonyms Definition Cross-References Serotonin Antagonist Definition Serotonin Antagonist Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs) Serotonin Blockers Definition Cross-References Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Serous Meningitis Sex Definition Cross-References Sex and Chronicity Sex Differences in Descending Pain Modulatory Pathways Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Anatomical Organization of the PAG-RVM Circuit Steroid Modulation of the PAG-RVM Circuit Activation of the PAG-RVM Circuit Sex Differences in Mu Opioid Receptor Expression in the PAG Summary Acknowledgments References Sex Differences in Opioid Analgesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Sexual Abuse Definition Cross-References Sexual Activity Headache Definition Cross-References Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual Pain Disorder Sexual Response Definition Cross-References SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire Definition Cross-References SFEMG SF-MPQ Definition Cross-References SF-MPQ-2 Sham Shear Stress Definition Cross-References Shingles Pain Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing Shortwave Diathermy Shoulder Pain Definition Cross-References Shoulder-Hand Syndrome SIA Definition Cross-References Sicca Syndrome Definition Cross-References Sick Role Definition Cross-References Sickle Cell Disease Definition Cross-References Side Effects Sign of Formication Signal Detection Analysis/Theory Definition Cross-References Signaling Definition Cross-References Signaling Molecules of Thalamic Regions Signals from Injured Neurons that Modulate Microglia Introduction Neuronal Signals Regulating the Microglial Response to Peripheral Nerve Damage Characteristics Microgliosis is Dependent on Primary Afferent Derived Injury Signals Neuroglial Signaling Molecules Fractalkine CCL2 Metalloproteinase-9 Neuregulin-1 Summary Conclusions References Signal-to-Noise Ratio Synonyms Definition Cross-References Significant Others Definition Cross-References Significant Others´ Responses to Pain Definition Cross-References SII SII/PV Sildenafil Synonyms Definition Cross-References Silent Myocardial Ischemia Definition Cross-References Silent Nociceptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Silent Nociceptors Simple Analgesic Simple Analgesics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Application Efficacy Cross-References References Simple Nerve Blocks Definition Cross-References Simple Synapse Definition Cross-References Simulated Job Tasks Definition Cross-References SIN Single Interval Procedure Definition Single or Straight Form of Terminal Branches Definition Cross-References Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Synonyms Definition Characteristics Applications References Single Unit Activity Synonyms Definition Cross-References Single-Fiber Electromyography Synonyms Definition Cross-References Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Synonyms Definition Cross-References Single-Unit Recording Definition Cross-References Sinus Thrombosis Definition Cross-Reference Sinus-Venous Thrombosis (SVT) siRNA Definition Cross-References Situational Assessment Synonyms Definition Cross-References Situational Factors Definition Cross-References Situational Pain Questionnaire Definition Sjaastad´s Syndrome Sjögren´s Syndrome Definition Cross-References Skin Conductance-Assisted Relaxation Definition Cross-References Skin Nociception Skin-Nerve Preparation Definition Cross-References Skin-to-Skin Contact Definition Cross-References SLE SLEA Sleep and Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Impact of Comorbid Chronic Pain and Sleep Disturbance Mechanisms of Pain and Sleep Sleep Assessment Treatment of Comorbid Chronic Pain and Sleep Summary References Sleep Disturbance Sleep Disturbances Sleep Fragmentation Definition Cross-References Sleep Problems Sleep Stage Definition Cross-References Sleeping Nociceptor Small Fiber Neuropathies Definition Characteristics Causes of Small Fiber Neuropathies Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Tests for SFN Pathogenesis Treatment References Small Fibers Definition Cross-References SMP SNI Model SNL SNP Social and Interpersonal Features of Pain Social Dislocation and the Chronic Pain Patient Synonyms Definition Characteristics The World of Work Family Relations Social Disruption Social Support and Headache Chronic Low-Back Pain (CLBP) and Social Support Conclusion References Social Learning Definition Cross-References Social Learning Theory Definition Cross-References Social Security Disability Insurance Synonyms Definition Cross-References Social Security Disability Insurance (United States) Social Support Definition Cross-References Socioeconomic Factors Sodium Channel Definition Cross-References Sodium Channel Blockers Definition Cross-References Sodium Pump Definition Cross-References Soft Tissue Manipulation Soft Tissue Pain Syndromes Synonyms Definition Cross-References Soft Tissue Rheumatism Softener Definition Solicitous Definition Cross-References Solicitous Responses Definition Cross-References Solicitousness Soma Synonyms Definition Cross-References Somatic Dysfunction Definition Cross-References Somatic Pain Definition Characteristics Background Nociceptors Spinal Cord Integration Supraspinal Somatic Pain Pathways Cortical Representation of Somatic Pain Cross-References References Somatic Referred Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nature Clinical Features References Somatic Sensory and Intralaminar Nuclei of Thalamus Definition Cross-References Somatic Sensory Nucleus of Human Thalamus Definition Cross-References Somatization Definition Cross-References Somatoform Disorders Definition Cross-References Somatoform Pain Disorder Definition Cross-References Somatoform Pain Disorder (DSM-III R and ICD-10) Somatosensory Definition Cross-References Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Synonyms Definition Cross-References Somatosensory Nervous System Definition Cross-References Somatosensory Pain Memories Definition Cross-References Somatosensory Pathways Definition Cross-References Somatostatin Synonyms Definition Cross-References Somatotopic Definition Cross-References Somatotopic Organization Definition Cross-References Somatotopical Location Definition Cross-References Somatotopy Definition Cross-References Somatotropin Somatovisceral Convergence Definition Cross-References Sonography Soul Pain Definition Cross-References Source Analysis Spa Definition Cross-References Spa Therapy Spa Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Spared Nerve Injury Spared Nerve Injury Model Spasm Definition Cross-References Spasticity Definition Cross-References Spatial Summation Definition Cross-References Special Place Imagery Definition Cross-References Specialist Palliative Care Definition Cross-References Species Differences Species Differences in Skin Nociception Synonyms Definition Characteristics Caenorhabditis elegans Mammalian Skin Molecular Evolution: Species Differences, but Molecular Similarities Summary References Specificity Definition Cross-References Specificity Theory Definition Cross-References SPECT Definition Cross-References Spike Definition Cross-References Spike Bursting Spike Bursts Definition Cross-References Spike Initiation and Conduction in Nociceptors Spillover Definition Cross-References Spinal (Neuraxial) Opioid Analgesia Definition Spinal Analgesia Definition Cross-References Spinal Arthrodesis Definition Cross-References Spinal Ascending Pathways Definition Cross-References Spinal Ascending Pathways, Colon, Urinary Bladder, and Uterus Synonyms Definition Characteristics General Intraspinal (Propriospinal) Pathways Anterolateral White Matter Lamina I Spinothalamic Pathways Dorsal Column Pathways Summary Acknowledgments References Spinal Block Definition Cross-References Spinal Cord Definition Cross-References Spinal Cord Astrocyte Spinal Cord Compression Synonyms Definition Cross-References Spinal Cord Injury Spinal Cord Injury Pain Characteristics Incidence Pain in Relation to Level of Injury Cranial to Injury At the Level of Injury Caudad to Injury Psychological Factors and Substance Abuse Other Factors Causing Pain After SCI Management of Particular SCI Pain Syndromes Medications Interventional Pain Techniques Surgical Interventions Cross-References References Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, Contusion Injury Model Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Description of the Model Clinical Relevance Findings References Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, Cordotomy Model Definition Characteristics Summary References Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, Hemisection Model Synonyms Definition Characteristics Summary References Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, Ischemia Model Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acute Pain-Like Behaviors, Its Underlying Physiological Mechanisms and Pharmacology Chronic Allodynia, Its Underlying Physiological Mechanisms and Pharmacology References Spinal Cord Injury, Central Neuropathic Pain Spinal Cord Injury, Excitotoxic Model Synonyms Definition Experimental Models of Spinal Cord Injury Pain The Excitotoxic Model of Spinal Cord Injury Characteristics Behavioral Consequences of Excitotoxic Spinal Injury Mechanical and Thermal Hypersensitivity Excessive Grooming Behavior (Overgrooming) Spatial Profile of Spinal Cord Damage Required for the Onset of Pain Behaviors Following Excitotoxic Spinal Injury Functional Correlates of Behavioral Changes Following Excitotoxic Spinal Cord Injury Supraspinal Changes Associated with Excitotoxic Spinal Cord Injury Peripheral Changes Associated with Excitotoxic Spinal Cord Injury Summary Acknowledgments References Spinal Cord Laminae Definition Cross-References Spinal Cord Microglia Spinal Cord Neurons Projecting to the Lateral Parabrachial Area Spinal Cord Neurons Projecting to the Thalamus Spinal Cord Nociception Spinal Cord Nociception and CGRP Spinal Cord Nociception, Neurotrophins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nerve Growth Factor Neurotrophin 3 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor References Spinal Cord Segmental Level Definition Cross-References Spinal Cord Stimulation Definition Cross-References Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) Spinal Dorsal Horn Definition Cross-References Spinal Dorsal Horn Pathways, Colon, Urinary Bladder, and Uterus Spinal Dorsal Horn Pathways, Dorsal Column (Visceral) Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Spinal Dorsal Horn Pathways, Muscle and Joint Synonyms Definition Clinical Characteristics Spinal Terminations Primary Afferents from Muscle Primary Afferents from Joint Dorsal Horn Laminae Containing Second-Order Neurons Involved in Muscle and Joint Pain Second-Order Neurons Involved in Nociception from Muscle and Fascia Spread of Muscle-Induced Excitation of Dorsal Horn Neurons Under Pathologic Conditions Glia-Neuron Interaction Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) as a Sensitizing Substance Second-Order Neurons Involved in Nociception from Joint Inflammation-Evoked Hyperexcitability of Spinal Neurons with Joint Input Central Sensitization Can Persist During Chronic Inflammation Transmitters Involved in Activation and Sensitization of Spinal Neurons with Joint Input References Spinal Flattened Neuron Definition Cross-References Spinal Fusiform Neuron Definition Cross-References Spinal Fusion for Chronic Back Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Indications Investigations Characteristics Summary References Spinal Injection Spinal Manipulation, Characteristics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Summary References Spinal Manipulation, Pain Management Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Applications Efficacy Low Back Pain Thoracic Pain Neck Pain Cervicogenic Headaches Migraine Contraindications Adverse Effects References Spinal Modulatory Impulses Definition Cross-References Spinal Multipolar Neuron Definition Cross-References Spinal Nerve Block Spinal Nerve Ligation Model Synonyms Definition Cross-References Spinal Neurons Projecting to the Thalamus Spinal Nociceptive Processing Spinal Nociceptive Tail Flick Withdrawal Reflex Spinal Nociceptive Transmission Spinal Pyramidal Neuron Definition Cross-References Spinal Radicular Arteries Definition Cross-References Spinal Reflex Definition Cross-References Spinal Root Disease Definition Cross-References Spinal Segment Definition Cross-References Spinal Sensitization Definition Cross-References Spinal Stenosis Definition Cross-References Spinal Subarachnoid Space Definition Cross-References Spinal Tract of the Trigeminal Nerve Definition Cross-References Spinal Transection Definition Cross-References Spinoannular Definition Cross-References Spinohypothalamic Neurons Definition Cross-References Spinohypothalamic Tract, Anatomical Organization, and Response Properties Definition Characteristics References Spinomedullary Neurons Definition Cross-References Spinomesencephalic Neurons Definition Cross-References Spinomesencephalic Tract Synonyms Definition Characteristics Conclusions References Spinomesencephalic Tract (SMT) Spinoparabrachial Neurons Definition Cross-References Spinoparabrachial Pathway Definition Cross-References Spinoparabrachial Tract Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Spinoparabrachial Tract Neurons, Anatomical Features Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Spinoparabrachial Tract Morphology of Lamina I Neurons Morphology and Function of Lamina I Neurons References Spinopetal Modulation of Pain Spinoreticular Neurons Definition Cross-References Spinosolitary Neurons Definition Cross-References Spinotectal Definition Cross-References Spinothalamic Input: Cells of Origin (Monkey) Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Neuron Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Spinothalamic Neurons Spinothalamic Projections in Rat Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Terminations, Core and Matrix Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Tract Cells Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Central Sensitization Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Descending Control by Brain Stem Neurons Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Glutamatergic Input Characteristics Anatomical Evidence for Glutamatergic Input Pharmacological Evidence for Glutamatergic Input Sources of Glutamate in the Dorsal Horn References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, in Deep Dorsal Horn Definition Characteristics Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) Neurons Nociceptive-Specific Neurons The Coordination of Superficial and Deep Dorsal Horn Neurons Convergence of Cutaneous, Muscular, and Visceral Primary Afferents on Deep Dorsal Horn Neurons Central Projections of Deep Dorsal Horn Neurons References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Morphology Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Peptidergic Input Synonyms Definition Characteristics Co-transmission G-Protein Coupled Receptors Phenotypic Changes Other Sources of Peptidergic Input References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Responses to Chemical Stimulation Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Role of Nitric Oxide Definition Characteristics References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Visceral Input Synonyms Characteristics Spinothalamic Tract Cells: Spinal Cord Processing Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Visceral Pain and Spinothalamic Tract Cells Viscerosomatic Convergence Proximal and Axial Somatic Involvement Deep, Dull, Diffuse, Aching Pain Visceral Pain and Hyperalgesia References Spinothalamic Tract Neurons: Neurotransmitter Inputs and Receptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Spinothalamic Tract Neurons Primary Afferent Input Inputs from Other Spinal Cord Neurons Descending Inputs Receptors on Spinothalamic Neurons References Spinothalamocortical Pathway Definition Cross-References Spinothalamocortical Projections from SM Synonyms Definition Characteristics VLO Neurons Retrogradely Labeled from the SM SM Neurons Retrogradely Labeled from the VLO Midbrain Neurons Retrogradely Labeled from the VLO Midbrain Neurons Retrogradely Labeled from the SM References Spinothalamocortical Projections to Ventromedial and Parafascicular Nuclei Definition Characteristics References Spiral CT Spiritual Problems Definition Cross-References Splice Variants Definition Cross-References Spondyloarthropathy Definition Cross-References Spondylolisthesis Definition Cross-References Spontaneous Aliquorrhea Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Leak Synonyms Definition Cross-References Spontaneous Dissection Definition Cross-References Spontaneous Ectopia Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Spontaneous Onset Definition Cross-References Spontaneous Pain Definition Cross-References Sports Headache Spouse, Role in Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Sprained Ankle Pain Model Definition Characteristics Procedure for Ankle Sprain Pain Model Anatomical Observation Behavioral Changes References Spray and Stretch Definition Cross-References Spreading Depression Definition Cross-References SRD SSDI sSNI Model SSR Stabilizing Exercise Static Allodynia Definition Cross-References Statistical Decision Making Definition Step Cycle Definition Cross-References Stepwise Approach Definition Cross-References Stereological Techniques Definition Cross-References Stereotactic Stereotactic Cingulotomy Definition Cross-References Stereotactic Medial Thalamotomy Definition Cross-References Stereotactic Operation with Thalamic Target Stereotactic Radiosurgery Definition Cross-References Stereotactic Sacroiliac Joint Denervation Stereotactic Surgery Definition Cross-References Stereotaxy Definition Cross-References Steroid Injections Synonyms Definition Characteristics Technique Application Lateral Elbow Low Back Pain Discussion References Steroids Definition Cross-References Stimulation Treatments of Central Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Central Nervous System Stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Peripheral Nervous System Stimulation Summary References Stimulation-Produced Analgesia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cortical and Diencephalic Descending Systems Mesencephalic Descending Systems Pontine and Medullary Descending Systems Descending Fibers from Supraspinal Nuclei Terminate in Spinal Dorsal Horn and Selectively Inhibit Nociceptive Neurons Cross-References References Stimulus Quality Definition Cross-References Stimulus-dependent Method Stimulus-Dependent Pain Definition Cross-References Stimulus-Evoked Pain Definition Cross-References Stimulus-Independent Pain Definition Cross-References Stimulus-Response Functions Characteristics Pain Threshold and Pain Tolerance Assessing the Range Between Pain Threshold and Tolerance: Suprathreshold Scaling Issues Concerning the Choice of Response The Use of Experimental Pain Scaling in the Assessment of Clinical Pain References Stomatodynia Stomatopyrosis STP Syndromes Straight-Leg-Raising Sign Strain Definition Cross-References Stratum Corneum Definition Cross-References Strengthening Exercise Stress Definition Cross-References Stress and Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction A Brief Overview of Stress Pain Systems and Connections to the Stress Systems Characteristics The Influence of Stress on Pain Stress-Induced Modulation of Pain Stress-Related Disorders and Pain Early Life Stressors and Pain Stress, Immune Function, and Pain The Influence of Pain on Stress Pain and Stress Chronic Pain and Stress-Related Disorders Pain, Immunity, and Stress Chronic Pain and Quality of Life References Stress Management Stress Metabolism Stress Profile Stress Response Definition Cross-References Stress-Induced Analgesia Definition Cross-References Stressor Definition Cross-References Stretching Definition Characteristics Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain Malalignment Syndromes Muscle Soreness Conclusion References Stretch-sensitive Receptors Stria Terminalis (ST) Definition Cross-References Stroke Definition Cross-References Structural Lesion Definition Cross-References Struggle Definition Cross-References Strychnine Definition Cross-References Stump Pain Definition Cross-References SUA Subacute Pain Subarachnoid Drug Administration Subarachnoid Space Definition Cross-References Subarachnoid/Spinal Anesthesia Definition Cross-References Subchondral Bone Definition Cross-References Subclinical Forehead Sweating Definition Cross-References Subcutaneous Mechanoreception Definition Cross-References Subdural Definition Cross-Reference Subdural Drug Pumps Subdural Hematoma: Posttraumatic Subdural Hemorrhage Subfamily V Subject Weights Definition Subjective Factors Definition Cross-References Subjective Judgment Definition Cross-References Subjective Pain Experience Definition Cross-References Subjective Pain Measurement Sublenticular Extended Amygdala Synonyms Definition Cross-References Sublimaze Subliminal Receptive Fields Definition Cross-References Submaximum Effort Tourniquet Technique Subnucleus Caudalis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Subnucleus Reticularis Dorsalis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Subnucleus Reticularis Ventralis Definition Cross-References Substance Abuse Definition Cross-References Substance P Definition Cross-References Substance P Regulation in Inflammation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Peptide Family Receptors Neurogenic Inflammation Antagonists References Substance P Tachykinin Substantia Gelatinosa Synonyms Definition Cross-References Substantial Gainful Activity Definition Cross-References Sucrose Suddick´s Atrophy (Historical Name) Sudeck´s Atrophy Sudeck´s Atrophy (1901) Sudomotor Function and Dysfunction Definition Suffering Definition Cross-References Suggestibility Definition Cross-References Sulci Definition Cross-References Sulfur Bath Definition Cross-References Sunburn Definition Cross-References Sunburn as a Model of Cutaneous Hyperalgesia SUNCT Status Definition Cross-References SUNCT Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Localization Intensity and Character of Pain (Intensity of Pain) Duration of Attacks Temporal Distribution of Attacks Accompaniments Precipitating Mechanisms Symptomatic SUNCT Treatment Differential Diagnosis Pathophysiology Cross-References References Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Superficial Dorsal Horn Definition Cross-References Superficial Dry Needling Definition Cross-References Superficial Dyspareunia Definition Cross-References Supersensitivity Definition Cross-References Supplemental Security Income Supplemental Security Income Disability Program Definition Cross-References Supportive Care Definition Cross-References Supportive Rehabilitation Suppression Supraspinal Antinociceptive Mechanisms Supraspinal Pain Control Systems Supraspinal Pain Modulation Supraspinal Regulation Suprathreshold Stimuli Definition Cross-References Sural Nerve Biopsy Definition Cross-References Sural Spared Nerve Injury Model Surgery in the DREZ Definition Cross-References Surgical Denervation Definition Cross-References Survivin Definition Cross-References Swaddling Definition Cross-References Swedish Massage Sweet Solutions for Pain Management Synonyms Introduction Background Characteristics What Is the Optimal Dose? What Volume Is Effective? What Is the Most Effective Delivery Method: Single Dose Versus Aliquots Throughout the Procedure? Is Sucrose Effective for Infants on Opioids? Are Repeated Doses Over Days/Weeks/Months Effective and Safe? What Is the Maximum Age of Effect? Clinical Recommendations Recommendations for Further Research Summary References Switching Definition Cross-References Sylvian Fissure Synonyms Definition Cross-References Symmetric Diabetic Neuropathy Sympathectomy Definition Cross-References Sympathetic Afferents Sympathetic and Sensory Neurons After Nerve Lesions, Structural Basis for Interactions Synonyms Definition Characteristics What Is the Physical Relationship Between Sympathetic and Sensory Neurons in the Somatic Domain? Neuronal Plasticity Distal to a Nerve Injury Retrograde Changes Proximal to the Injury Vascular Changes After Nerve Injury References Sympathetic Arousal Definition Cross-References Sympathetic Blockade Definition Cross-References Sympathetic Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Techniques Stellate Ganglion Block Thoracic Sympathetic Block Celiac Plexus Block Splanchnic Nerve Block Lumbar Sympathetic Block Hypogastric Plexus Block Ganglion Impar Block Agents Used Local Anesthetics Neurolytic Agents Validity Complications Indications and Applications Rest Pain Due to Chronic Vascular Insufficiency Chronic Malignant Pain Sympathetically Maintained Neuropathic Pain Cross-References References Sympathetic Nerve Block Sympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain Introduction Characteristics Biology of the Sympathetic Nervous System Reactions of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Pain Role of the Sympathetic System in the Generation of Pain Physiological Conditions Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling Dependent on Activity in Sympathetic Neurons Coupling after Nerve Lesion Via Noradrenaline and α-Adrenoceptors Coupling via the Micromilieu of the Nociceptor Sensitization of Nociceptors Mediated by Sympathetic Terminals Independent of Excitation and Release of Noradrenaline Sensitization of Nociceptors Initiated by Cytokines or Nerve Growth Factor Possibly Mediated by Sympathetic Terminals Nerve Growth Factor Proinflammatory cytokines Sympathetic Nervous System and Central Mechanisms in the Control of Hyperalgesia and Inflammation Sympatho-Adrenal System and Nociceptor Sensitization Sympathetic Nervous System and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I Sympathetic Nervous System and Immune System Conclusions Acknowledgments References Sympathetic Nervous System in the Generation of Pain, Animal Behavioral Models Definition Characteristics Models of CRPS I (with No Apparent Nerve Lesion) Models of CRPS II (After Nerve Lesion) Autotomy Model Partial Sciatic Nerve Lesion Chronic Constriction Injury of the Sciatic Nerve Spinal Nerve Ligation Conclusion References Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons in Neurogenic Inflammation of the Synovia Definition Characteristics SPGNs are Involved in Synovial Inflammation Mechanism of SPGN Synovial Inflammation Primary Afferent Neuron-SPGN Integration in Neurogenic Inflammation Endocrine-SPGN Integration in Neurogenic Inflammation Conclusions References Sympathetic Skin Response Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling in the Afferent Nerve Fiber, Neurophysiological Experiments Synonyms Definition Characteristics Coupling Between Sympathetic Fibers and Afferent Endings in Neuromas Following Nerve Lesion Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling After Nerve Lesion with Subsequent Regeneration of Afferent and Sympathetic Fibers to the Target Tissue Coupling Between Unlesioned Postganglionic and Afferent Nerve Terminals Following Partial Nerve Lesion Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling in the Nerve Proximal to the Nerve Lesion Significance of Sympathetic Coupling onto the Afferent Nerve Fiber Conclusion Acknowledgments References Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling in the Dorsal Root Ganglion, Neurophysiological Experiments Synonyms Definition Characteristics In Vivo Neurophysiological Experiments After Sciatic Nerve Lesion In Vivo Neurophysiological Experiments After Spinal Nerve Lesion In Vitro Neurophysiological Experiments on Axotomized DRG Neurons Significance of Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling in the DRG Conclusion Acknowledgments References Sympathetic-Afferent Interaction Sympathetically Maintained Pain Synonyms Definition Cross-References Sympathetically Maintained Pain (SMP) Sympathetically Maintained Pain and Inflammation, Human Experimentation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Sympathetic Influence on Neurogenic Inflammation in Human Pain Models Neurogenic Inflammation in CRPS Immune Cell-Mediated Inflammation and Cytokine Release in CRPS The Link Between Immune Cell-Mediated Inflammation and Neurogenic Inflammation in CRPS The Link Between Sympathetic Activity and Inflammation in CRPS Sympathetically Maintained Pain in Other Inflammatory Pain States Summary Acknowledgments References Sympathetically Maintained Pain in CRPS I, Human Experimentation Synonyms Definition Characteristics SMP in CRPS I Conclusion Acknowledgments References Sympathetically Maintained Pain in CRPS II, Human Experimentation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Treatments Conclusions References Sympathetically Maintained Pain, Clinical Pharmacological Tests Synonyms Definition Characteristics Adrenergic Hyperalgesia in a Human Pain Model Adrenoreceptor Subtypes Identifying Patients with a Peripheral Adrenergic Component of Pain Summary Acknowledgments References Sympathetic-Sensory Coupling Sympathetic-Sensory Coupling Distal to the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG), Peripheral Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling Sympatho-adrenal System and Mechanical Hyperalgesic Behavior, Animal Experimentation Definition Characteristics Effect of Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy on Mechanical Hyperalgesic Behavior Effect of Denervation or Removal of the Sympatho-Adrenal System Effect of Denervation of the Adrenal Medullae 14 Days Following Vagotomy Interpretation of the Results Conclusions References Sympatho-Nociceptive Coupling Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction Definition Cross-References References Symptom Magnifier Definition Cross-References Symptomatic Annular Tear Symptomatic Cramps Definition Cross-References Symptomatic Intracranial Hypotension Symptoms Definition Cross-References Synapse Definition Cross-References Synaptic Glomerulus Definition Cross-References Synaptic Organization Definition Cross-References Synaptic Organization of Afferent Fibers from Viscera in the Spinal Cord Synchronization Definition Cross-References Syndrome X Definition Cross-References Synergistic Definition Cross-References Synergy Definition Cross-References Synovial Joints Definition Syntenic Definition Cross-References Syringomyelia Definition Cross-References Syringomyelia and Pain Systematic Definition Cross-References Systematic Review Definition Cross-References References Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Systemic Morphine Effects on Evoked Pain Systems Theory Definition Cross-References T T Cells and HIV Neuropathy Introduction Definition Characteristics Peripheral CD4+ T Lymphocytes and HIV Neuropathy Infiltrating T Lymphocytes and HIV Neuropathy Summary References Tabes Dorsalis Definition Cross-References Tachykinin Definition Cross-References Tachyphylaxis Tactile Allodynia Definition Cross-References Tactile Allodynia Test Definition Cross-References Tactile Stimuli Definition Cross-References Tail Immersion Definition Cross-References Tail Skin Temperature Recording Definition Cross-References Tail-Flick Latency Definition Cross-References Tail-Flick Latency Correction Definition Cross-References Tail-Flick Test Definition Introduction Characteristics Possible Remedies Summary References Talairach Coordinates Definition Cross-References Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Tapotement Targeting Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures Definition Cross-References Task Force on Vicarious Instigation Definition Cross-References TAUT Definition Cross-References Taut Band Definition Cross-References Taxonomy Synonyms Definition Characteristics IASP Taxonomy IHS Taxonomy Cross-References References Taxonomy of Pelvic Pain Introduction Characteristics Classification as a Science Terminology Phenotype Taxonomy Cause, Predisposition, and Maintenance The Classification of Chronic Pelvic Pain Case History Classification, Terminology, and Phenotypes as Relevant to Gynecological Practice Summary References TCAs TCD Team Approach Technique of Ultrasound Application Definition Cross-References Tegretol Synonyms Definition Cross-References Telehealth Telemedicine Telemetric Definition Cross-References Temperament Temporal Arteritis Definition Cross-References Temporal Association Definition Cross-References Temporal Resolution Definition Cross-References Temporal Summation (Windup) Definition Cross-References Temporomandibular Disorder Synonyms Definition Cross-References Temporomandibular Disorders Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) Temporomandibular Joint Synonyms Definition Cross-References Temporomandibular Joint and Muscle Pain Dysfunction Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology and Pathogenesis Case Assignment Classification Systems Phenomenology General Characteristics Spatial Characteristics Temporal Characteristics Pain Affect Management References Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMJDs) Temporomandibular Pain Definition Cross-References Tender Points Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomy Clinical Characteristics Recent Objections Cross-References References Tenderness Definition Cross-References Tendinitis Definition Cross-References Tendon Sheath Inflammation Definition Cross-References Tenosynovitis Definition Cross-References TENS TENS Outcomes TENS, Mechanisms of Action Synonyms Definition Characteristics High-Frequency (50-100Hz) TENS Effects on Behavior and Dorsal Horn Neurons Pharmacology Autonomic and Peripheral Effects Low-Frequency (10Hz) TENS Effects on Behavior and Dorsal Horn Neuron Activity Pharmacology Autonomic Effects of Low-Frequency TENS References Tension Headache Tension Receptors Tension-Type Headache Definition Cross-References TePs Tertiary Gain Definition Cross-References Testosterone Definition Cross-References Tetrodotoxin Synonyms Definition Cross-References Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Resistant Sodium Channel Definition Cross-References TG Thalamatomy, Pain Behaviors in Animals Thalamic Bursting Activity Thalamic Bursting Activity, Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Thalamic Region of Vc and Its Importance in Pain Processing Is Thalamic Functional Mode Altered in Chronic Pain States? References Thalamic Neurotransmitters and Neurochemical Effector Molecules Thalamic Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Synonyms Definition Characteristics Ascending Sensory Input to Thalamus Spinothalamic Tract Medial Lemniscus Spinoreticular Pathways Corticothalamic Input Intrinsic Interneurons Glia Thalamic Output Neurotransmitters and Thalamic Integrative Function in Nociception Modulatory Systems Thalamic Transmitter Mechanisms and Adaptive Changes Summary References Thalamic Nociceptive System Thalamic Nuclei Definition Cross-References Thalamic Nuclei Involved in Pain, Human and Monkey Synonyms Characteristics Description References Thalamic Nuclei Involved in Pain: Cat and Rat Synonyms Definition Characteristics Lateral Thalamus Region of the Ventral Posterior Complex (VP) Posterior Complex (PO) Medial Thalamus References Thalamic Pain Thalamic Plasticity Thalamic Plasticity and Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Thalamic Projections Thalamic Reorganization Thalamic Response to Experimental Pain in Humans Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Thalamo-Amygdala Interactions and Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic Interactions Thalamocortical Dysrhythmia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Thalamocortical Fibers Definition Cross-References Thalamocortical Module Definition Cross-References Thalamocortical Neurons Definition Cross-References Thalamotomy Definition Cross-References Thalamotomy for Human Pain Relief Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Thalamotomy, Pain Behavior in Animals Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Thalamus Definition Cross-References Thalamus and Cardiac Pain Thalamus and Gastrointestinal Pain Thalamus and Pain Definition Cross-References Thalamus and Visceral Pain (Positron Emission Tomography or Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Thalamus and Visceral Pain Processing (Human Imaging) Definition Characteristics References Thalamus Lesion Thalamus Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Thalamus, Clinical Pain, Human Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Thalamus, Clinical Visceral Pain, Human Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cardiac Ischemia and Angina Esophageal Stimulation Gastric Stimulation Rectosigmoid Stimulation Summary References Thalamus, Dynamics of Nociception Synonyms Definition Characteristics Sensitization of the Thalamus Deafferentation-Induced Plasticity Spatiotemporal Dynamics in the Thalamus Thalamic Oscillations and Pain Processing References Thalamus, Nociceptive Cells in VPI, Cat and Rat Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Thalamus, Nociceptive Inputs in the Rat (Spinal) Definition Layers of the Spinal Cord Thalamus Characteristics The Spinal Relay Spinal Nociceptive Inputs to the Thalamus Brainstem Nociceptive Inputs to the Thalamus Synthesis References Thalamus, Nociceptive Neurotransmission Thalamus, Receptive Fields, Projected Fields, Human Synonyms Definition Characteristics Thalamic Neuronal Activity in Primates injuries of the Nervous System Thalamic Microstimulation in Humans with Chronic Pain References Thalamus, Visceral Representation Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Thalassotherapy Definition Cross-References Therapeutic Acupuncture Definition Cross-References Therapeutic Alliance Therapeutic Block Therapeutic Blocks Therapeutic Cold Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Definition Cross-References Therapeutic Exercise Definition Cross-References Therapeutic Gain Definition Cross-References Therapeutic Gene Transfer Therapeutic Heat Therapeutic Heat, Microwaves, and Cold Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Superficial Heat Hot Packs Heat Lamps Hydrotherapy Whirlpool Baths Contrast Bathing Paraffin Baths Diathermy Ultrasound Short-Wave Diathermy Microwaves Cold Therapy Technique References Therapeutic Relationships Therapeutic Ultrasound Therapy of Pain, Hypnosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Treatment for Acute Pain Treatment for Chronic Pain Conclusion References Thermal Allodynia Definition Cross-References Thermal Effects of Ultrasound Definition Cross-References Thermal Grill Illusion of Pain Definition Introduction Characteristics References Thermal Hyperalgesia Definition Cross-References Thermal Hyperalgesia Test Thermal Neuroablation Thermal Nociception Test Synonyms Definition Characteristics Overview Procedure Advantages and Disadvantages References Thermal Receptors Definition Cross-References Thermal Stimulation (Skin, Muscle, Viscera) Thermal Stimulation (Stimuli) Definition Cross-References Thermal Therapy Thermal Transduction Thermocoagulation Definition Cross-References Thermode Definition Cross-References Thermography Definition Cross-References Thermoreception Thermoreceptor Definition Cross-References Thermoregulation Definition Cross-References Theta Rhythm Definition Cross-References Thoracic Epidural Analgesia Definition Cross-References Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia Definition Cross-References Thoracic Medial Branch Blocks and Intra-Articular Blocks Synonyms Definition Characteristics Intra-Articular Block Medial Branch Block Evaluation Validity Application Patient Selection Contraindications References Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Thoracic Surgery Definition Cross-References Thought Suppression Definition Cross-References Threat Appraisal Definition Cross-References Three-Way Scaling Models Definition Threshold Definition Cross-References Threshold Determination Protocols Definition Introduction Characteristics Summary References Tic Doloreux Tic Douloureux Time Constant Definition Cross-References Time Loss Payment Time-Contingent Medication Time-Locked Medication Synonyms Definition Cross-References Timing Definition Cross-References Timolol Definition Cross-References Tinel Sign Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Cross-References References Tinel´s Sign Tinnitus Definition Cross-References Tissue Fatigue Definition Cross-References TLIF Synonyms Definition Cross-References TMD TMJ TMS TNF alpha(α) Toddler Tolerance Definition Cross-References Tolerance Thresholds Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome Definition Cross-References Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome (Painful Ophthalmoplegia) Tonic Firing Mode Definition Cross-References Tonic Rebalance Definition Cross-References Toothache Top-Down Control of Pain Definition Cross-References Topiramate Definition Topographical Definition Cross-References Topography Touch-Evoked Pain Tourniquet Ischemia Tourniquet Pain Ratio Definition Cross-References Tourniquet Test Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tourniquet Pain Ratio: A Method to Evaluate Clinical Pain Tourniquet Test in the Diagnosis of Altered Nociceptive Transmission Tourniquet Test and DNIC Tourniquet Test and Drug Screening Concluding Remarks References Toxic Neuropathies Definition Introduction Characteristics Neurons, Axons, and Neuropathy Structural Organization of Peripheral Nerves and Pathology of Toxic Neuropathies Clinical Applications Clinical Manifestations of Toxic Neuropathies Evolution of Pathology in Toxic Neuropathies Therapeutic Consequences Nociceptive Nerves in Toxic Neuropathies Classification of Toxic Neuropathies Summary Acknowledgments References Traction Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Applications Efficacy Indications Cross-References References Tractus Trigeminothalamicus Traditional Pharmacological Pain Relief Definition Cross-References Trafficking Definition Cross-References Trafficking and Localization of Ion Channels Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Trafficking of Proteins Definition Cross-References Training by Quotas Synonyms Definition Characteristics Baseline Quota Quota Increment Rates Quota Endpoints Examples Walking Pinpoint Baseline Record Quota Consequate Exercise (e.g., Hip Abduction, Deep Knee Bends, Arm Extension) Pinpoint Baseline Quota Consequate Quota Failures Status Performance Acknowledgments References Trait Trajectory Definition Cross-References Tramadol Definition Cross-References Tramadol Hydrochloride Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Pharmacokinetics Routes of Administration Applications Efficacy Contraindications Side Effects and Complications Drug Interactions Reproduction Precautions Pregnancy and Lactation Overdose Acknowledgments References Tramal Tramal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Synonyms Definition Cross-References Transcription Factor Definition Cross-References Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Applications Efficacy Side Effects Cross-References References Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Treatment of Muscle Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Outcomes Synonyms Introduction Definition Characteristics Efficacy of TENS for Chronic Pain Efficacy of TENS for Acute Pain The Challenges of TENS Research Summary References Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TES) Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (TNS) Transduction Definition Cross-References Transduction and Encoding of Noxious Stimuli Characteristics Sensory Transduction Stimulating Energy Perireceptor Elements Transduction Molecules Transduction Channels Directly Gated by the Stimulus Remote Sensors and Modulators of the Stimulus Transduction Mechanisms for the Different Stimuli Mechanotransduction Chemotransduction Acid Sensing Thermal Transduction Heat Cold Noxious Cold Generation and Encoding of Nerve Impulses Voltage-Gated Channels and the Encoding of Noxious Stimuli Na+ Channels K+ Channels Voltage-Gated K+ Channels (Kv) Two-Pore Domain K+ Channels (KCNK) Ca2+ Channels HCN Channels Electrical Activity in Peripheral Terminal Arborizations Impulse Firing in Parent Axons and Soma Summary Acknowledgments References Transduction Channel Definition Cross-References Transduction Sites Definition Cross-References Transfected Cells Definition Cross-References Transfer and Generalization Definition Cross-References Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection Transforaminal Injection of Steroids Transforaminal Interbody Fusion Transforaminal Steroids Transformed Migraine Transformed Migraine Headache Definition Cross-References Transganglionic Changes after Peripheral Nerve Injury Transganglionic Transport Definition Cross-References Transgene Definition Cross-References Transgenic Knockout Mice Definition Cross-References Transgenic Mice Transient Headache and CSF Lymphocytosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Transient Receptor Potential Definition Cross-References Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Transient Receptor Potential Family of Ion Channels Definition Cross-References Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Transition from Acute to Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Risk Factors for Transition to Chronic Pain States Type of Surgery Preoperative Factors Intraoperative Factors Early Postoperative Factors Late Postoperative Factors Mechanisms for the Transition from Acute to Chronic Pain Wind-Up Long-Term Potentiation Recruitment Immediate Early Gene Expression Excitotoxicity Conclusion References Transition from Parenteral to Oral Analgesic Drugs Transition to Chronicity Translaminar Epidural Steroid Injection Transmitters in the Descending Circuitry Transmucosal Definition Cross-References Transmucosal Fentanyl Definition Cross-References Transmural Definition Cross-References Traumatic Angiospasm Traumatic Nerve Endbulb Pain Traumatic Peripheral Neuropathy Treating Pediatric Burns Treatment Adherence Definition Cross-References Treatment Alliance Definition Cross-References Treatment Matching Definition Cross-References Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Treatment of Phantom Pain Treatment Outcome Treatment Outcome Research Treatment-Related Neutropenia Definition Cross-References Tremor Tricyclic Antidepressants Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Routes of Administration Applications Side Effects Cardiovascular Sedation Sexual Dysfunction Psychiatric Withdrawal Syndromes Serotonin Syndrome Efficacy Selection Cross-References References Tricyclics Trigeminal and Cranial Nerve Neuralgias Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Phenomenology Pathophysiology Treatment Acknowledgments References Trigeminal Brain Stem Nuclear Complex, Immunohistochemistry, and Neurochemistry Definition Characteristics Summary Acknowledgments References Trigeminal Brainstem Nuclear Complex, Anatomy Definition Characteristics Nucleus Principalis (Vp) Subnucleus Oralis (Vo) Subnucleus Interpolaris (Vi) Subnucleus Caudalis (Vc) References Trigeminal Brainstem Nuclear Complex, Physiology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Trigeminal Brainstem Nuclear Complex (VBNC) Organization General Features of Nociceptive Processing in Subnucleus Caudalis Special Features of Trigeminal Brainstem Nociceptive Processing References Trigeminal Ganglion Synonyms Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Lemniscus Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Nerve Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Neuralgia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Neuralgia, Aims of Surgical Management Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Neuralgia, Diagnostic Method Definition Trigeminal Neuralgia, Ignition Theory Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Neuralgia, Medical Management Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Neuralgia, Microvascular Decompression Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Neuralgia, Patient Information Definition Trigeminal Neuralgia, Types of Ablative Surgery Definition Trigeminal Neuralgia: Diagnosis and Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical History Examination Investigation Differential Diagnosis Management Pharmacological Approaches Surgical Approaches Other Treatment Approaches Patient Information and Support References Trigeminal Neuralgia: Tic Douloureux, Fothergill´s Disease, Epileptiform Neuralgia Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Subnucleus Interpolaris, Vi, Trigeminal Nucleus Interpolaris Trigeminal Tractotomy Definition Cross-References Trigeminal Transition Zone Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Trigeminal, Glossopharyngeal, and Geniculate Neuralgias Synonyms Definition Characteristics Demographics Clinical Features Pharmacological Treatment Surgical Treatment Summary References Trigeminocervical Complex Definition Cross-References Trigeminohypothalamic Tract Definition Characteristics References Trigeminothalamic Tract Projections Synonyms Definition Characteristics Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus Principal Sensory Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve: Trigeminal Nucleus Principalis Subnuclei of the Thalamus Trigeminothalamic Projection and Pain Trigeminothalamic Projection and Discriminative Sensations References Trigeminovascular System Definition Cross-References Trigger Point Definition Cross-References Trigger Point Pain Trigger Point Pressure Release Definition Cross-References Triple Response Definition Cross-References Triptans Definition Cross-References trkA TrkA Receptor(s) Definition Cross-References TrkA-IgG Definition Cross-References TRN Trochanteric Bursitis Definition Cross-References Trophic Factors Definition Cross-References Tropism Definition Cross-References TRP Channels Definition Cross-References TRPA1 Definition Cross-References TRPA1 Channel Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics TRPA1: A Chemosensor TRPA1: A Cold Sensor TRPA1: A Mechanosensor TRPA1: A Pharmacological Target for Treatment of Pain Summary Acknowledgments References TRPM8 Channel Definition Cross-References TRPV1 Synonyms Definition Cross-References TRPV1 Modulation by P2Y Receptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics References TRPV1 Modulation by PKC Synonyms Definition Characteristics References TRPV1 Receptor TRPV1 Receptor, Species Variability Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Relatives of TRPV1 Splice Variants Protein Sequence Alignment Pharmacological Differences Agonists Antagonists References TRPV1, Regulation by Acid TRPV1, Regulation by Nerve Growth Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics References TRPV1, Regulation by NGF TRPV1, Regulation by Protons Synonyms Definition Characteristics References TRPV1-Null Mice Definition Cross-References TSK TTX Tuberculoid Leprosy Definition Cross-References Tubo-ovarian Complex Tumor (National Cancer Institute Terminology: Neoplasm) Definition Cross-References Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha(α) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Twin Studies Definition Cross-References Twitch-Obtained Intramuscular Stimulation Twitch-Obtaining Intramuscular Stimulation Definition Cross-References Two Pore Domain K+ Channels Definition Cross-References Two-Way Scaling Models Definition Type 1 Reaction (Leprosy) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Type 2 Reaction (Leprosy) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Type-II Receptors Definition Cross-References Tyrosine Kinase A Synonyms Definition Cross-References U U-1 Type Units Definition Cross-References References U-2 Type Units Definition Cross-References References UAB Pain Behavior Scale Definition Cross-References Ulceration Definition Cross-References Ulceration, Prevention by Nerve Decompression Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Ulcerative Colitis Ultrasonography Ultrasound Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles Validity Summary Cross-References References Ultrasound Delivery Definition Cross-References Ultrasound Therapy Ultrasound Therapy of Pain from the Musculoskeletal System Synonyms Definition Characteristics Indications Ultrasound Precautions (See General Heat Precautions) General Heat Precautions References Ultrasound Treatment Ultrastructure Definition Cross-References Ultraviolet Light Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ultraviolet Radiation Unconventional Medicine Underdiagnosing of Pain in the Elderly Definition Cross-References Underreporting of Pain Definition Cross-References Understanding the Neural Basis of Pain in Human Infants Undertreated Pain in Children Unidimensional Definition Cross-References Unilateral Definition Cross-References Unilateral Headache Unloading Unmyelinated Axon Definition Cross-References Unpleasant Unpleasant Sensation Definition Cross-References (Un)provoked Vestibulodynia Unrecognized Pain in Children Upregulated Definition Cross-References Upregulation Definition Cross-References Ureteral Nociceptors Synonyms Definition Cross-References Urethral Dyssynergia Definition Cross-References Urinary Bladder Definition Cross-References Urinary Bladder Nocifensive Behaviors Urogenital Pain Urticaria Definition Cross-References UV Erythema UV Erythema, a Model for Inducing Hyperalgesias Synonyms Definition Characteristics References UV Light UV-B Erythema UV-Induced Erythema Synonyms Definition Characteristics UVR-Induced Inflammation in Humans Human Models of UVR-Induced Pain Primary vs. Secondary Sensory Changes Mediators Raised in the Skin Animal Models of UV Inflammation and Pain Analgesic Interventions in Human Models Summary References UV-induced Erythema as a Model of Inflammatory Pain V 24-h Variation Vagal Input and Descending Modulation Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Vagal Stimulation-produced Antinociception Vagally Mediated Analgesia Vagally Mediated Hyperalgesia Vaginal Hyperalgesia Model Vagoglossopharyngeal Neuralgia Valdecoxib Definition Cross-References Validity Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Valsalva Maneuver Definition Cross-References References Valsalva Maneuver Headache Vanilloid Receptor Subtype 1 Vanilloid Receptor Subunit 1 Vanilloid Receptor, Regulation by NGF Vanilloid Receptor, Regulation by Protons Vanilloids Definition VAP Varicosities Definition Cross-References References VAS Vasa Nervorum Definition Cross-References Vascular Compression Syndromes Definition Cross-References Vascular Hypertrophy Vascular Neuropathies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Neuropathies in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease (PAOD) Vasculitic Neuropathies References Vascular Orofacial Pain Synonyms Definition Cross-References Vascular-Type Craniofacial Pain Definition Cross-References Vasculitic Definition Cross-References Vasculitic Neuropathies Vasculitic Neuropathy Vasculitis Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Synonyms Definition Cross-References VDCCs Vector Definition Cross-References Vein Thrombosis Venereal Arthritis Venous Sinus Thrombosis Ventral Amygdaloid Pathway Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ventral Basal Complex of the Lateral Thalamus Definition Cross-References Ventral Basal Nucleus (VB) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ventral Caudal Nucleus (Vc) Definition Cross-References Ventral Lateral Nucleus Definition Cross-References Ventral Medial Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ventral Posterior Complex (VP) Definition Cross-References Ventral Posterior Inferior Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ventral Posterior Medial Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ventral Posterior Nuclear Group of the Thalamus Definition Cross-References Ventral Posterior Nucleus (Human Ventral Caudal) Definition Cross-References Ventral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus Ventral Tegmental Area Definition Cross-References Ventricular Collapse Ventrocaudal Nucleus (Vc) Ventrolateral Funiculus Definition Cross-References Ventrolateral Orbital Cortex Synonyms Definition Cross-References Ventrolateral System, Ascending Spinal Projection, Development Ventromedial Nucleus Definition Cross-References Ventroposterior Lateral Nucleus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Verapamil Definition Cross-References Vertebrobasilar Arterial Disease Definition Cross-References Vertigo Definition Cross-References Vesical Definition Cross-References Vesical Pain Models Vesicular Inhibitory AminoAcid Transporter Synonyms Definition Cross-References Vestibular Adaptation Exercises Vestibular Compensation Exercises Vestibular Habituation Exercises Vestibular Rehabilitation Vestibulectomy Definition Cross-References Vestibulodynia Definition Cross-References VGCCs VGSC VH1 VH6 Vi/Vc Transition Zone Synonyms Definition References VIAAT Viagra Vibration Definition Cross-References Vicarious Experience Definition Cross-References Vicarious Instigation Definition Cross-References Vicarious Learning VIP Viral Meningitis Viral Neuropathies Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnostic Studies Treatment Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnostic Studies Treatment Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnostic Studies Treatment Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnostic Studies Treatment Summary References Viral Vectors Virus-induced Nerve Dysfunction Visceral Definition Cross-References Visceral Afferent Definition Cross-References Visceral Hyperalgesia Visceral Hypersensitivity Definition Cross-References Visceral Inflammation Visceral Mechanoreceptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Visceral Modulation Visceral Nociception and Pain Definition Characteristics Visceral Nociception Spinal Processing Referred Pain Supraspinal Visceral Pain Pathways Role of Supraspinal Structures Cross-References References Visceral Nociceptive Tracts Visceral Nociceptors Visceral Pain Visceral Pain and Nociception Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Future Developments Cross-References References Visceral Pain from the Bladder Definition Cross-References Visceral Pain Model, Angina Pain Synonyms Characteristics Adequate Stimulus for Angina Pectoris Chemical Stimulation of Sensory Endings Methods of Chemical Stimulation of Cardiac Receptors References Visceral Pain Model, Irritable Bowel Syndrome Model Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Animal Models Neonatal Pain/Neonatal Inflammation Model Other Animal Models Summary References Additional References Visceral Pain Model, Kidney Stone Pain Definition Characteristics Operation Behavior in Stone Rats Oblique Muscle Hyperalgesia Destiny of the Stone Generation of Ureteral Pain Generation of Referred Hyperalgesia Pros and Cons of the Ureteral Stone Model References Visceral Pain Model, Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Methods Distension of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Construction of Balloon for Colorectal Distension in Rats and Mice Methods for Determining the Effects of Colorectal Distension in Rats and Mice Methods for Inducing Colorectal Hypersensitivity References Visceral Pain Model, Pancreatic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Pain Animal Models of Pancreatitis Pain Anatomy and Function of Pancreatic Innervation Pharmacological Characterization of Pancreatitis Pain in Animal Models References Visceral Pain Model, Small Intestinal Bowel Distension Pain Definition Characteristics Experimental Model Preparation Postimplantation Care Nociceptive Behavioral Response References Visceral Pain Model, Urinary Bladder Pain (Irritants or Distension) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Adequate, Appropriate, and Useful Stimuli Urinary Bladder Distension (UBD) Direct Instillation of Inflammatory Compounds Direct Application of Irritants Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis Comparison of Models References Visceral Pain Model; Esophageal Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Influence of Acid Reflux on Cellular Structure and Inflammation Neural Mechanisms Molecular Mechanisms Summary Acknowledgments References Visceral Pain Models, Female Reproductive Organ Pain Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Labor Pain (Cervix Distention) Uterine Inflammation Postmenopausal Dyspareunia Endometriosis-Induced Dyspareunia Endometriosis-Induced, Abdominal Muscle-Referred Vaginal Hyperalgesia Cross System, Viscero-visceral Interactions (Also Called ``Cross Talk´´) Summary Challenges for the Future Acknowledgments References Visceral Pain Pathway Visceral Referred Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Reflex Muscle Contraction Distinctions Cross-References References Visceral Representation Visceral Sensation Visceral Spinohypothalamic Tract (See Spinohypothalamic Neurons) Visceral Spinomedullary Tract (See Spinomedullary Neurons) Visceral Spinomesencephalic Tract (See Spinomesencephalic Neurons) Visceral Spinoreticular Tract Visceral Spinothalamic Tract Visceral Sympathetic Blocks Definition Cross-References Visceralgia Definition Cross-References Visceromotor Reflex Definition Cross-References Visceroreception Definition Cross-References Viscerosensation Definition Cross-References Viscerosomatic Pain Syndrome Definition Cross-References Viscerosomatic Pain Syndromes Viscerotome Definition Cross-References References Viscero-Visceral Hyperalgesia Synonyms Definition Cross-References Viscoelastic Elements Definition Cross-References Viscosupplementation Visual Analog Scale Synonyms Definition Cross-References Visual Evoked Potentials Definition Cross-References Vitamin Neuropathy VLO VM, VMb VMpo Vocalization Definition Cross-References Vocalization Threshold to Electrical Muscle Stimulation Definition Cross-References References Vocational Appraisal Vocational Aptitudes Definition Cross-References Vocational Assessment Vocational Assessment in Chronic Pain Synonyms Definition Characteristics Who Conducts Vocational Assessment Strategies for Vocational Assessment References Vocational Counseling Definition Characteristics Theoretical Perspectives in the Vocational Counseling Process Goals and Assessment Methods of Vocational Counseling Methods for Performing a Vocational Assessment The Validity of Vocational Assessments Predictors for Returning to Work Effectiveness Summary References Vocational Evaluation Voltage-dependent Calcium Channels Voltage-dependent Pores Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Definition Cross-References Voltage-Gated Channel Definition Cross-References Voltage-Gated Channels Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Definition Cross-References Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Definition Cross-References Voltage-sensitive Calcium Channels Volume Conduction Volume of Distribution (Vd) Definition Cross-References Volume Transmission Definition Cross-References Voluntary Control Von Frey Hair Definition Cross-References VOP Voxel-Based Morphometry Definition Cross-References VPI VPL VPM VPpc VR1 VR1, Regulation by NGF VR1, Regulation by Protons VR1, VRL1, TRPV1, TRPV2 Definition Cross-References VSCCs Vulvar Dysesthesia Vulvar Vestibulitis Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome Vulvodynia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acknowledgments Cross-References References Vulvodynia Model Vulvo-Vaginal Atrophy Definition Cross-References VVH W Waddell Signs Wage Replacement Definition Cross-References Wage Replacement Benefit Walking Epidural Definition Cross-References Wallerian Degeneration Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics Cellular Characteristics of Wallerian Degeneration The Cytokine Network of Wallerian Degeneration Immune Inhibitory Receptors in Wallerian Degeneration Neurotrophic Factors in Wallerian Degeneration Neuropathic Pain and Wallerian Degeneration Summary References Warm Allodynia Definition Cross-References WDR Neuron Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG) Definition Cross-References Weighted Scores Technique Definition Cross-References Weight-Lifter's Headache Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Definition Cross-References West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory Synonyms Definition Cross-References WGA-HRP Definition Cross-References Whiplash Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Clinical Features Natural History and Prognostic Factors Mechanisms Physical Examination Investigations Treatment Discussion References Whiplash Syndrome Whiplash-associated Disorders WHO Analgesic Ladder WHO International Classification of Functioning WHO System on Impairment and Disability Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Whole Body Receptive Fields Definition Cross-References Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recordings Definition Cross-References Whole-Brain/Partial-Brain Coverage Definition Cross-References WHYMPI Wide Dynamic Range Neuron Synonyms Definition Cross-References Wide-Dynamic Range Neurons (WDR) Wide-Field Radiation Definition Cross-References Willingness Wind-up Wind-Up (Phenomenon) Definition Cross-References Windup of Spinal Cord Neurons Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Winging Scapula Definition Cross-References Withdrawal Definition Cross-References Withdrawal Symptoms Definition Cross-References Work Capacity Definition Cross-References Work Capacity Evaluation Work Conditioning Work Duties Work Environment Work Fitness Definition Cross-References Work Fitness Test Work Hardening Work Intolerance Work Performance Evaluation Work Sample Work Samples Definition Cross-References Worker Compensation Benefits Synonyms Definition Cross-References Workers' Compensation Workplace Workplace Design Workplace Factors Work-Related Assessment Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Synonyms Definition Cross-References Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Work-related Upper-Extremity Disorders World Health Organization (WHO) Analgesic Ladder Definition Cross-References WRMD WRUEDs X Xanthochromia Definition Cross-References Y Yellow Flags Synonyms Definition Characteristics Beyond Yellow and Orange Flags: The Blue Flags and Black Flags References Z Z Joint Z Joint Blocks Zidovudine (AZT)-induced Headache Zona Incerta Definition Cross-References Zoster-associated Pain Zydol Zygapophyseal Joint Synonyms Definition Cross-References Zygapophyseal Joint Injection Zygapophysial Joint Injection Zygapophysial Joint Pain Zygapophysis Definition Cross-References Zymosan Definition Cross-References List of Entries