Applications of Polymer Nanofibers

Description

Applications of Polymer Nanofibers delivers a complete introduction to the basic science of polymer nanofibers as well as a review of their diverse applications. The book assesses their potential for commercialization and presents contributions from leading experts emphasizing their practical and technological details. New and up to date research findings are presented throughout the book in areas including filters, fabric, energy, fuel cells, batteries, sensors, biomedicine, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound dressings. The book also presents a fulsome analysis of the technology of electrospinning, the most convenient and scalable technique for nanofiber production. It also provides readers with practical information on relevant surface modification techniques. Applications of Polymer Nanofibers effectively balances theoretical background with practical applications of the technology, including insights into polymer nanofiber materials that will be useful for advanced students and researchers. Perfect for researchers and graduate students studying polymer science and engineering, chemical engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology. Applications of Polymer Nanofibers will also earn a place in the libraries of industrial researchers concerned with electrospinning, air filtration, fabrics, drug delivery, catalysis, and biomedicine. Cover Half Title Applications of Polymer Nanofibers Copyright Dedication Contents List of Contributors Preface 1. Electrospinning Parameters and Resulting Nanofiber Characteristics 1.1 Electrospinning Overview 1.2 Effect of Process Parameters 1.2.1 Theoretical Analysis 1.2.2 Experimental Results 1.3 Effect of Setup Parameters 1.4 Effect of Solution Parameters 1.4.1 Polymer Solution Properties (Molecular Weight, Concentration, Viscosity, and Elasticity) 1.4.2 Solvent Selection 1.4.3 Additivities to Tune Solution Properties 1.4.3.1 Surface Tension 1.4.3.2 Conductivity 1.5 Electrospinnable Systems 1.5.1 Nonpolymer Electrospinning 1.6 Advanced Fiber Characteristics 1.6.1 Ribbons, Wrinkles, Branching, and Netting 1.6.2 Porous Fibers 1.6.3 Core–Shell Fibers 1.6.3.1 Coaxial Electrospinning 1.6.3.2 Emulsion Electrospinning 1.7 Process Scalability 1.7.1 Melt Electrospinning 1.7.2 Needleless or “Free-Surface” Electrospinning 1.7.3 Alternative Fiber Production Methods References 2. Textile Applications of Nanofibers 2.1 Introduction of Nanofibers in Textile Applications 2.2 Fabrication of Nanofiber Yarns 2.2.1 Electrospinning 2.2.2 Bicomponent Spinning 2.2.3 Melt Blowing 2.2.4 Flash Spinning 2.2.5 Centrifugal Spinning 2.2.6 Formation of Nanofiber Yarns 2.3 Structure and Properties of Nanofiber Yarns 2.4 Fabrication of Nanofiber Fabrics 2.4.1 Nanofibrous Nonwoven Fabrics 2.4.2 Nanofibrous Woven Fabrics 2.5 Characteristics and Specialized Applications of Nanofiber Fabrics 2.5.1 Protective Clothing 2.5.2 Filter Fabrics 2.5.3 Wearable Devices 2.5.4 Functional Fabrics 2.5.5 Biomedical Textiles 2.6 Summary and Future Trends References 3. Nanofiber Mats as High-Efficiency Filters 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Background 3.1.2 Filtration Overview 3.1.3 Available Information 3.1.4 Scope of This Chapter 3.2 Filters Made with Nanofibers 3.2.1 Consequences of Reducing Fiber Size 3.2.2 Slip Flow 3.2.3 Pressure Drop 3.2.4 Particle Collection Mechanisms 3.2.5 Evaluation 3.2.6 Nanofiber Media Modeling 3.3 Filtration Developments 3.3.1 Media Scale 3.3.1.1 Support Substrates 3.3.1.2 Mixed Bead-Fiber 3.3.1.3 Unsupported Nanofiber Membranes 3.3.1.4 Multilayer Mats 3.3.1.5 Intermingled Nanofiber Mats 3.3.1.6 Mesh Substrates 3.3.1.7 Mat Morphological Modifications 3.3.2 Fiber Scale 3.3.2.1 Functional Fibers 3.3.2.2 Coated Fibers 3.3.2.3 Combining Nanofibers and Nanoparticles for Dual Function 3.3.2.4 Core Shell Fibers 3.3.2.5 Electrostatics 3.4 Outlook Acknowledgments References 4. Nanofiber-Based Chemical Sensors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General Features of Sensors 4.3 Nanofibers as a Sensor Material 4.3.1 Nanofiber vs. Thin-Film Geometry 4.4 Approaches to Nanofiber Sensor Design 4.5 Gravimetric Nanofiber Sensors 4.5.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance 4.5.2 Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators 4.6 Optical Sensors 4.6.1 Colorimetric Sensors 4.6.2 Fluorescence Sensors 4.7 Electrochemical Sensors 4.7.1 Metal-Oxide Sensors 4.7.2 Graphene-Based Sensors References 5. Nanofibers in Energy Applications 5.1 Overview 5.2 Energy Storage Applications 5.2.1 Rechargeable Batteries 5.2.1.1 Lithium-Ion 5.2.1.2 Sodium-Ion 5.2.1.3 Beyond Li-Ion 5.2.2 Supercapacitors 5.2.2.1 Electric Double-Layer 5.2.2.2 Pseudocapacitors 5.2.2.3 Separators 5.3 Energy Conversion Applications 5.3.1 Fuel Cells 5.3.1.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 5.3.1.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 5.3.1.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 5.3.2 Photovoltaics 5.3.2.1 Dye-Sensitized 5.3.2.2 Perovskite Solar Cells 5.3.2.3 Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) 5.4 Concluding Remarks References 6. Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods for Encapsulation of Bioactive Molecules in Electrospun Nanofibers 6.2.1 Blend Electrospinning 6.2.1.1 Delivery of Drugs 6.2.1.2 Delivery of Proteins 6.2.1.3 Fast-Dissolving Electrospun Nanofibers 6.2.1.4 Stimuli–Responsive Nanofibers 6.2.2 Coaxial Electrospinning 6.2.2.1 Delivery of Hydrophilic Drugs 6.2.2.2 Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs 6.2.2.3 Delivery of Proteins, Enzymes, and Growth Factors 6.2.2.4 Delivery of Multiple Drugs 6.2.2.5 Stimuli–Responsive Nanofibers 6.2.3 Emulsion Electrospinning 6.2.3.1 Single Electrospinning 6.2.3.2 Coaxial Electrospinning 6.3 Conclusion References 7. Interfacing Electrospun Nanofibers with Microorganisms: Applications from Killing to Repelling to Delivering Living Microbes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Brief Background on the Electrospinning Process 7.3 Electrospinning Process and Variables 7.4 Why It Is Important to Understand the Interactions Between Biomaterial 7.5 Background on Antibacterial Surface Engineering 7.6 Background on Antifouling Surface Engineering 7.7 Polymer Selection for Nanofibrous Biomaterials 7.8 Electrospinning Techniques Tailor the Location of Active Agents 7.9 Blend Electrospinning Yields a Dispersed Active Agent 7.10 Coaxial and Emulsion Electrospinning Enables the Controlled Delivery of Active Agents 7.11 Coating Electrospun Mats Tailors Their Interactions with Cells 7.12 Antibacterial Nanofiber Mats 7.13 Multifaceted Delivery from Nanofibrous Mats 7.14 Antifouling Nanofiber Mats 7.15 Nanofibrous Mats Containing Living Cells 7.16 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 8. Advances in Functionalizing the Interior and Exterior of Polymer Nanofibers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nanofibers with Controlled Nanoparticle Distribution 8.2.1 Thermodynamic Considerations of Polymer Blends 8.2.2 Hybrid Nanofibers with Polymer Blends 8.2.3 Hybrid Nanofibers in Electromagnetic Fields 8.2.4 Anisotropic Nanoparticles in Flow Fields 8.3 As-spun Nanofibers with Bioresponsive Properties 8.3.1 Interior Incorporation of Antimicrobial Additives 8.3.2 Exterior Biofunctionalization of Polymer Nanofibers 8.4 Polymer Nanofibers with Postfunctionalized Surfaces 8.5 Nanofibers Produced by Directed Self-Assembly 8.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 9. Nanofiber Aerogels: Bringing a Third Dimension to Electrospun Nanofibers 9.1 Aerogels 9.1.1 Processing 9.1.2 Properties and Applications 9.1.3 Challenges 9.2 Nanofiber-Based Aerogels 9.2.1 Historical Background 9.2.2 Fabrication of Nanofiber-Based Aerogels (NFAs) 9.2.2.1 Electrospinning 9.2.2.2 Dispersion Preparation 9.2.2.3 Solid Templating 9.2.3 Applications 9.2.3.1 Filtration 9.2.3.2 Thermal Insulation 9.2.3.3 Building and Lightweight Construction 9.3 Future Perspectives References 10. Micro and Nanofibers 10.1 Electrospinning 10.2 The Melt-blowing Process 10.2.1 The Reicofil Process 10.2.2 The Biax Multirow Process 10.2.3 The Hills Process 10.3 “Splittable” Bicomponent Fibers 10.4 Partially “Soluble” Bicomponent Fibers 10.5 Fibrillating Bicomponent Fibers References Index