Essentials of Antioxidant Biology and Medicine

Description

Written in a highly accessible style and consistent format, "Essentials of Antioxidant Biology and Medicine" takes a unique approach to integrating the fundamental principles with high quality cutting-edge research discoveries, and the basic bioscience with clinical medicine so as to provide the reader a comprehensive picture of the field in a concise manner. The book (i) blends basic and clinical sciences needed to effectively demonstrate the importance of the field; (ii) includes full-color illustrations to facilitate the understanding of the essential concepts; (iii) cites references mostly from highly influential journals to ensure the top quality of the information; (iv) uses self-assessment questions and glossary to enhance the assimilation of the cutting-edge knowledge; and (v) serves as a valuable reference or textbook for students, faculty, and other professionals in the fields of biology, pharmaceutical science, biomedical science, and clinical medicine. PREFACE UNIT I. fundamental principles Chapter 1. Defining Antioxidant Biology and Medicine 1. OVERVIEW 2. DEFINITION OF ANTIOXIDANT 3. THE THREE ACTION MODES OF ANTIOXIDANTS 3.1. Inhibition of ROS Formation 3.2. Scavenging of ROS Already Formed 3.3. Repairing of ROS-Induced Damage 4. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS 4.1. Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants 4.2. Intracellular and Extracellular Antioxidants 4.3. Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants 4.4. Protein and Non-Protein Antioxidants 4.5. Direct and Indirect Antioxidants 4.6. Nrf2/ARE-Dependent and -Independent Antioxidants 4.7. Natural and Man-Made Antioxidants 5. ANTIOXIDANT BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE VERSUS THE ANTIOXIDANT PARADIGM 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 2. Antioxidant Gene Regulation 1. OVERVIEW 2. NRF2 AND ITS REGULATION 2.1. General Aspects 2.2. Regulation of Nrf2 Activity via Controlling Its Protein Stability 2.3. Other Mechanisms Regulating Nrf2 Activity 2.4. Nrf2-Regulated Antioxidant Genes 2.5. Nrf2 in Health and Disease 3. OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 3.1. Nrf1 and Nrf3 3.2. NF-κB 3.3. p53 4. CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF ANTIOXIDANT GENE EXPRESSION 4.1. Chemical Classes of Antioxidant Inducers 4.2. Nrf2 as a Central Player in Chemical Induction of Antioxidants 4.3. Mechanisms of Nrf2 Activation by Chemoprotective Agents 5. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 6. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 3. Assessment of Antioxidants in Health and Disease 1. OVERVIEW 2. ANTIOXIDANT-BASED DISEASE INTERVENTION 2.1. Overall Strategies 2.2. Studies in Experimental Animals 2.3. Studies in Humans 3. ANTIOXIDANTS AS MULTITASKING MOLECULES 4. ANTIOXIDANTS AS DOUBLE-EDGED SWORDS 4.1. Antioxidants Promoting Cancer Development 4.2. ROS Levels Dictating Antioxidant-Mediated Cancer Promotion 4.3. Antioxidants Promoting Pathogen Virulence and Autoimmunity 4.4. Fine Tuning of Antioxidant Intervention 5. GENETICS OF ANTIOXIDANTS 5.1. Transgenic Animals 5.2. Human Gene Polymorphisms 5.3. Human Gene Therapy 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS UNIT II . superoxide dismutase and catalase Chapter 4. Superoxide Dismutase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. Transcription Factors 4.2. Epigenetic Regulation 4.3. Other Regulatory Mechanisms 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Conventional Functions 5.2. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 5. Catalase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. Catalase Expression 4.2. Chemical Inducibility 4.3. Intracellular Localization 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Conventional Functions 5.2. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS UNIT III . The Glutathione system Chapter 6. Glutathione and Its Synthesizing Enzymes 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. γGCL 4.2. GSS 4.3. GSH Efflux and Degradation 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Conventional Functions 5.2. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 7. Glutathione Peroxidase 1. OVERVIEW 1.1. GPx1 1.2. GPx2 1.3. GPx3 1.4. GPx4 1.5. GPx5 1.6. GPx6 1.7. GPx7 1.8. GPx8 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 3.1. Reduction of Peroxides 3.2. Reduction of Peroxynitrite 3.3. Peroxidation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. GPx1 4.2. GPx2 4.3. GPx3 4.4. GPx4 4.5. GPx 5–8 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. GPx1 5.2. GPx2 5.3. GPx3 5.4. GPx4 5.5. GPx5–8 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 8. Glutathione Reductase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Conventional Functions 5.2. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 9. Glutathione S -Transferase 1. OVERVIEW 1.1. Cytosolic GSTs 1.2. Mitochondrial GSTs 1.3. Microsomal GSTs 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Role in Metabolism of Electrophilic Xenobiotics and ROS 5.2. Role in Protecting against Cancer Development 5.3. Role in Regulation of Cell Signaling 5.4. Role in Biosynthesis and Catabolism 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 10. Glutaredoxin 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Conventional Functions 5.2. Atypical Functions 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS UNIT IV . The thioredoxin system Chapter 11. Thioredoxin 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. Nrf2 Signaling 4.2. Other Regulatory Mechanisms 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Antioxidant Functions 5.2. Role in Embryonic Development 5.3. Role in Cell Signaling 5.4. Role in Cancer Development 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 12. Peroxiredoxin 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. Prx1 4.2. Prx2 4.3. Prx3 4.4. Prx4 4.5. Prx5 4.6. Prx6 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Prx1 5.2. Prx2 5.3. Prx3 5.4. Prx4 5.5. Prx5 5.6. Prx6 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENTS QUESTIONS Chapter 13. Thioredoxin Reductase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. TrxR1 4.2. TrxR2 and TrxR3 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Antioxidant Functions 5.2. Role in Organ Development and Oxidative Disease Processes 5.3. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 14. Sulfiredoxin 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 3.1. Reduction of Cysteine Sulfinic Acid 3.2. Deglutathionylation 3.3. Denitrosylation 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. Nrf2 Signaling 4.2. Other Regulatory Mechanisms 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Conventional Functions 5.2. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS UNIT V . other antioxidant enzymes Chapter 15. Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Antioxidant Functions 5.2. Role in Protecting against Oxidative Disease Processes and Conditions 5.3. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 16. Heme Oxygenase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. HO-1 4.2. HO-2 4.3. Interaction between HO-1 and HO-2 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Functions 5.2. Protection against Oxidative Disease Processes by HO-1 5.3. Protection against Disease Processes by HO-2 5.4. Atypical Activities of HO-1 5.5. Atypical Activities of HO-2 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 17. NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. NQO1 4.2. NQO2 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. Conventional Functions 5.2. Atypical Activities 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Chapter 18. Paraoxonase 1. OVERVIEW 2. HISTORY 3. BIOCHEMISTRY 3.1. PON1 3.2. PON2 and PON3 4. MOLECULAR REGULATION 4.1. PON1 4.2. PON2 4.3. PON3 5. BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 5.1. PON1 5.2. PON2 5.3. PON3 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 7. SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS GLOSSARY