Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism

Description

Biochemistry for Sport and Exercise Metabolism Contents Preface One Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics 1 Energy sources for muscular activity 1.1 Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency 1.2 Energy continuum 1.3 Energy supply for muscle contraction 1.4 Energy systems and running speed 1.5 Why can't a marathon be sprinted? 1.6 Energy sources and muscle 1.7 Can muscle use protein for energy? 1.8 Key points 2 Skeletal muscle structure and function 2.1 Skeletal muscle structure 2.1.1 Gross anatomical structure 2.1.2 The muscle fibre 2.2 Muscle contraction 2.2.1 Propagation of the action potential 2.2.2 Excitation-contraction coupling 2.2.3 The sliding filament mechanism 2.3 Muscle fibre types 2.3.1 General classification of muscle fibres 2.3.2 Muscle fibre distribution 2.3.3 Muscle fibre recruitment 2.4 Muscles in action 2.4.1 Types of muscle contraction 2.4.2 The twitch contraction 2.4.3 The length-tension relationship 2.4.4 Tetanus contractions 2.4.5 Force-velocity relationship 2.4.6 Muscle fatigue 2.5 Key points 3 Biochemical concepts 3.1 Organization of matter 3.1.1 Matter and elements 3.1.2 Atoms and atomic structure 3.1.3 Atomic number and mass number 3.1.4 Atomic mass 3.1.5 Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients 3.2 Chemical bonding 3.2.1 Ionic bonds 3.2.2 Covalent bonds 3.2.3 Molecular formulae and structures 3.2.4 Functional groups 3.3 Chemical reactions, ATP and energy 3.3.1 Energy 3.3.2 ATP 3.3.3 Units of energy 3.3.4 Types of chemical reactions 3.4 Water 3.4.1 General functions of water 3.4.2 Water as a solvent 3.5 Solutions and concentrations 3.6 Acid-base balance 3.6.1 Acids, bases and salts 3.6.2 pH Scale 3.6.3 Buffers 3.7 Cell structure 3.7.1 The plasma membrane 3.7.2 The nucleus 3.7.3 Cytoplasm and organelles 3.8 Key points Two Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry 4 Proteins 4.1 Protein function 4.1.1 General protein function 4.2 Amino acids 4.2.1 Amino acid structure 4.3 Protein structure 4.3.1 Primary structure 4.3.2 Secondary structure 4.3.3 Tertiary structure 4.3.4 Quaternary structure 4.4 Proteins as enzymes 4.4.1 Mechanisms of enzyme action 4.4.2 Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions 4.4.3 Coenzymes and cofactors 4.4.4 Classification of enzymes 4.4.5 Regulation of enzyme activity 4.5 Protein turnover 4.5.1 Overview of protein turnover 4.5.2 DNA structure 4.5.3 Transcription 4.5.4 The genetic code 4.5.5 Translation 4.6 Amino acid metabolism 4.6.1 Free amino acid pool 4.6.2 Transamination 4.6.3 Deamination 4.6.4 Branched chain amino acids 4.6.5 Glucose-alanine cycle 4.6.6 Glutamine 4.6.7 The urea cycle 4.7 Key points 5 Carbohydrates 5.1 Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise 5.2 Types and structure of carbohydrates 5.2.1 Monosaccharides 5.2.2 Disaccharides and polysaccharides 5.3 Metabolism of carbohydrates 5.3.1 Glycogenolysis 5.3.2 Glycolysis 5.3.3 Lactate metabolism 5.3.4 The 'link' reaction; production of acetyl-CoA 5.3.5 The TCA (or Krebs) cycle 5.3.6 Electron transport chain 5.3.7 Oxidative phosphorylation 5.3.8 Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation 5.3.9 Overview of glucose oxidation 5.3.10 Fructose metabolism 5.3.11 Gluconeogenesis 5.3.12 Glycogenesis 5.4 Key points 6 Lipids 6.1 Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise 6.2 Structure of lipids 6.2.1 Classification of lipids 6.2.2 Compound lipids 6.2.3 Derived lipids 6.3 Metabolism of lipids 6.3.1 Lipolysis 6.3.2 ß-oxidation 6.3.3 Ketone body formation 6.3.4 Formation of fatty acids 6.3.5 Triglyceride synthesis 6.4 Key points Three Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise 7 Principles of metabolic regulation 7.1 How are catabolic and anabolic reactions controlled? 7.2 Hormones 7.3 Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation 7.3.1 Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis 7.3.2 Adrenaline activation of lipolysis 7.3.3 Insulin activation of glycogen synthase 7.3.4 Insulin inhibition of lipolysis 7.3.5 Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis 7.4 Steroid hormones and regulation 7.5 Allosteric effectors 7.5.1 Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase 7.5.2 Regulation of PFK 7.5.3 Regulation of PDH 7.5.4 Regulation of CPT1 7.5.5 AMPK as a metabolic regulator 7.6 Key points 8 High-intensity exercise 8.1 Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in high-intensity exercise 8.1.1 Definition of high-intensity exercise 8.1.2 Energy production during high-intensity exercise 8.1.3 Evidence of energy sources used in HIE 8.1.4 Metabolic regulation during high-intensity exercise 8.2 Effects of exercise duration 8.3 Effects of nutritional status 8.3.1 Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE? 8.4 Effects of training 8.5 Mechanisms of fatigue 8.5.1 Reduced ATP 8.5.2 Reduced PCr 8.5.3 Increased Pi 8.5.4 Lactate and H+ 8.6 Key points 9 Endurance exercise 9.1 Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in endurance exercise 9.1.1 Definition and models of endurance exercise 9.1.2 Energy production in endurance exercise 9.1.3 Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise 9.2 Effects of exercise intensity 9.2.1 CHO metabolism 9.2.2 Lipid metabolism 9.3 Effects of exercise duration 9.4 Effects of nutritional status 9.4.1 CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability 9.4.2 Fat-loading strategies 9.4.3 Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion 9.4.4 Pre-exercise FFA availability 9.5 Effects of training status 9.5.1 CHO metabolism 9.5.2 Lipid metabolism 9.5.3 Protein metabolism 9.6 Mechanisms of fatigue 9.7 Key points 10 High-intensity intermittent exercise 10.1 Overview of energy production in intermittent exercise 10.1.1 Definition and models of intermittent exercise 10.1.2 Energy systems utilized in intermittent exercise 10.2 Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise 10.3 Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio 10.4 Effects of nutritional status 10.4.1 Muscle glycogen availability 10.4.2 Pre-exercise CHO ingestion 10.4.3 CHO ingestion during exercise 10.5 Muscle adaptations to interval training 10.6 Mechanisms of fatigue 10.6.1 Carbohydrate availability 10.6.2 PCr depletion 10.6.3 Acidosis 10.6.4 Extracellular potassium 10.6.5 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 10.6.6 Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+ release 10.7 Key points References and suggested readings Index