Race, Ethnicity, Gender, & Class

Description

Halftitle......Page 2 Dedication......Page 3 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 8 Brief Contents......Page 9 Detailed Contents......Page 15 Preface......Page 38 Acknowledgments......Page 48 About the Authors......Page 55 PART I: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MINORITY GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 56 1.    Diversity in the United States: Questions and Concepts......Page 58 Some American Stories......Page 61 Increasing Diversity......Page 65 What’s in a Name?......Page 66 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: On Being American......Page 69 What Is a Minority Group?......Page 71 Theoretical Perspectives......Page 75 Minority-Group Status and Stratification......Page 82 Race......Page 83 Gender......Page 87 Prejudice......Page 91 Discrimination......Page 92 Ideological Racism......Page 93 Institutional Discrimination......Page 94 A Global Perspective......Page 95 Immigration and Globalization......Page 96 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: A White Male Reflects on Privilege......Page 97 Summary......Page 100 Key Terms......Page 102 Review Questions......Page 103 Student Study Site......Page 104 Student Study Site......Page 109 The “Traditional” Perspective on Assimilation: Theories and Concepts......Page 115 Types of Pluralism......Page 123 European Origins and Conditions of Entry......Page 133 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Entering the Promised Land......Page 142 The Campaign Against Immigration: Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination......Page 144 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Ethnicity, Prejudice, and the Irish Political Machine......Page 154 The Descendants of the Immigrants Today......Page 170 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 174 The Twilight of White Ethnicity?......Page 177 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Assimilation, Then and Now......Page 180 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: Immigration and Ireland......Page 181 Contemporary Immigrants: Does the Traditional Perspective Apply?......Page 182 Implications for Examining Dominant–Minority Relations......Page 184 Student Study Site......Page 192 The Cognitive Dimension: Stereotypes......Page 200 Cognitive and Affective Dimensions of Stereotypes......Page 205 Intersections of Race, Gender, and Class......Page 206 Sociological Causes of Prejudice......Page 208 Theoretical Perspectives on Group Competition and Prejudice: Power/Conflict Models......Page 210 Social Distance Scales: The Cultural Dimensions of Prejudice......Page 220 Traditional Prejudice: Changing Attitudes?......Page 230 Explaining the Decline of Traditional Prejudice 1: The Role of Education......Page 231 Explaining the Decline of Traditional Prejudice 2: The Contact Hypothesis......Page 233 Modern Racism: The New Face of Prejudice?......Page 238 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: The Contact Hypothesis and European Prejudice......Page 239 Key Terms......Page 256 PART II: THE EVOLUTION OF DOMINANT–MINORITY RELATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 260 4.   The Development of Dominant–Minority Group Relations in Preindustrial America: The Origins of Slavery......Page 263 The Origins of Slavery in America......Page 266 The Labor Supply Problem......Page 268 The Contact Situation......Page 269 The Creation of Slavery in the United States......Page 273 Paternalistic Relations......Page 274 The Dimensions of Minority-Group Status......Page 278 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: A Slave’s Life......Page 281 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 285 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 286 Mexican Americans......Page 290 Comparing Minority Groups......Page 295 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: Mexico, Canada, and the United States......Page 296 Summary......Page 297 Review Questions......Page 299 Student Study Site......Page 300 5.   Industrialization and Dominant–Minority Relations: From Slavery to Segregation and the Coming of Postindustrial Society......Page 306 Industrialization and the Shift From Paternalistic to Rigid Competitive Group Relations......Page 310 The Impact of Industrialization on the Racial Stratification of African Americans: From Slavery to Segregation......Page 311 Reconstruction......Page 312 De Jure Segregation......Page 313 The Origins of De Jure Segregation......Page 314 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: Jim Crow Segregation and South African Apartheid......Page 317 The Great Migration......Page 319 Competition With White Ethnic Groups......Page 320 The Origins of Black Protest......Page 321 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: The Kitchenette......Page 322 Gender and Race......Page 325 Occupational Specialization......Page 328 Bureaucracy and Rationality......Page 329 Growth of White-Collar Jobs and the Service Sector......Page 330 A Dual Labor Market......Page 332 Globalization......Page 333 Postindustrial Society and the Shift From Rigid to Fluid Competitive Relationships......Page 334 Modern Institutional Discrimination......Page 335 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 336 The Continuing Power of the Past......Page 338 Affirmative Action......Page 341 Summary......Page 344 Review Questions......Page 346 Student Study Site......Page 347 PART III: UNDERSTANDING DOMINANT–MINORITY RELATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY......Page 351 Review Questions......Page 354 The End of De Jure Segregation......Page 358 The Black Power Movement in Perspective......Page 373 Black–White Relations Since the 1960s: Issues and Trends......Page 377 The Criminal Justice System and African Americans......Page 381 The Family Institution and the Culture of Poverty......Page 392 Mixed Race and New Racial Identities......Page 395 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 405 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 407 Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?......Page 416 Student Study Site......Page 422 7.   Native Americans......Page 425 Size of the Group......Page 429 American Indian Cultures......Page 431 Relations With the Federal Government After the 1890s......Page 434 Reservation Life......Page 435 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Civilize Them With a Stick......Page 437 Early Efforts......Page 442 Red Power......Page 443 Natural Resources......Page 446 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: Australian Aborigines and American Indians......Page 447 Attracting Industry to the Reservation......Page 448 Gaming and Other Development Possibilities......Page 451 Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 453 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 455 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 456 Acculturation......Page 457 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: An Indian View of White Civilization......Page 458 Secondary Structural Assimilation......Page 460 Primary Structural Assimilation......Page 465 Comparing Minority Groups......Page 466 Progress and Challenges......Page 467 Summary......Page 469 Review Questions......Page 471 Student Study Site......Page 472 Review Questions......Page 477 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: The Meaning of Macho......Page 487 Mexican Americans and Other Minority Groups......Page 505 Migration (Push and Pull) and Employment......Page 509 Puerto Ricans and Other Minority Groups......Page 512 Immigration (Push and Pull)......Page 515 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Gender Images of Latinas......Page 516 Regional Concentrations......Page 518 Cuban Americans and Other Minority Groups......Page 522 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 526 Hispanic Americans and the Evolution of the American Racial Order......Page 545 How Will the Racial Order Evolve?......Page 549 Student Study Site......Page 554 Student Study Site......Page 557 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 564 Contact Situations and the Development of the Chinese American and Japanese American Communities......Page 566 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 567 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Growing Up in Chinatown......Page 575 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: Japan’s “Invisible” Minority......Page 587 Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 594 Comparing Minority Groups: Explaining Asian American Success......Page 612 Asian Americans and Colonized Racial Minority Groups......Page 614 Review Questions......Page 621 10.   New Americans, Immigration, Assimilation, and Old Challenges......Page 625 Current Immigration......Page 628 New Hispanic Groups: Immigrants From the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, and Colombia......Page 630 Three Case Studies......Page 631 Non-Hispanic Immigrants From the Caribbean......Page 633 Two Case Studies......Page 634 Four Case Studies......Page 636 Middle Eastern and Arab Americans......Page 640 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Refugees......Page 641 Detroit’s Arab American Community......Page 644 9/11 and Arab Americans......Page 647 Immigrants From Africa......Page 648 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: 9/11 and Middle Eastern Americans......Page 649 Immigrants and the Secondary Labor Market......Page 651 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 652 The Attitudes of Americans......Page 653 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 654 The Immigrants......Page 656 Costs and Benefits......Page 657 Undocumented Immigrants......Page 659 DREAMers......Page 662 Is Contemporary Assimilation Segmented?......Page 663 The Case for Segmented Assimilation......Page 664 The Case for Traditional Assimilation Theory......Page 668 Recent Immigration in Historical and Global Context......Page 671 New Immigrants and Old Issues......Page 673 Summary......Page 674 Student Study Site......Page 676 PART IV: OTHER GROUPS, OTHER PATTERNS......Page 682 11.   Gender......Page 684 Hunting and Gathering......Page 688 Agrarian......Page 689 Industrial......Page 690 Postindustrial......Page 692 Suffragists (First Wave)......Page 694 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 695 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 697 Women’s Liberation Movement (Second Wave)......Page 698 Postmodern and Postindustrial Movements for Gender Equality (Third Wave)......Page 701 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Growing Up Transgender......Page 705 Institutional Sex Discrimination......Page 706 Sexual Harassment and Assault in the Military......Page 708 Reproductive Rights and Freedoms......Page 709 Sexism and Discrimination......Page 711 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: The Invisible Privileges of Maleness......Page 714 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: Women’s Status in Global Perspective......Page 716 Secondary Structural Assimilation......Page 721 Primary Structural Assimilation......Page 726 Conclusions and Implications for Dominant–Minority Relations......Page 728 Summary......Page 729 Review Questions......Page 731 Student Study Site......Page 732 12.   Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Americans......Page 736 Sexual Orientation, Sexual Identity, and Sexual Behavior......Page 739 Sexual Orientation Inequalities, Minority-Group Status, and Identity......Page 741 Visibility and Identity: Gender Traits and Sexual Orientation......Page 742 History and Background of Same-Sex Relationships......Page 743 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Black or Gay?......Page 744 Ancient Greece......Page 745 Separate Spheres: Agrarian to Industrial Society......Page 747 From World War II and the McCarthy Era to Civil Rights......Page 748 The 1960s and Beyond: Growing Visibility, Backlash, and HIV/AIDS......Page 749 Coming Out......Page 751 Recent Developments......Page 752 Homophile Organizations (Pre-Stonewall)......Page 753 Gay Liberation Movement (Post-Stonewall)......Page 755 LGBT and Queer Politics (New Millennium)......Page 757 The Role of Youth and Queer Liberation......Page 759 Same-Sex Marriage......Page 760 Sexual Orientation in the U.S. Military......Page 763 Race, Racism, and Sexual Orientation......Page 764 Homophobia and Heterosexism......Page 767 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 770 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 772 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: Attitudes Toward LGBTs in Global Perspective......Page 773 Secondary Structural Assimilation......Page 775 • NARRATIVE PORTRAIT: Negotiating the Job Market......Page 779 Primary Structural Assimilation......Page 780 Conclusions and Implications for Dominant–Minority Relations......Page 782 Summary......Page 783 Review Questions......Page 784 Student Study Site......Page 785 13.   Dominant–Minority Relations in Cross-National Perspective......Page 790 A Brief Review of Major Analytical Themes......Page 794 A Snapshot of Global Diversity......Page 797 A Global Tour......Page 800 Canada......Page 801 Northern Ireland......Page 803 • COMPARATIVE FOCUS: The Roma: Europe’s “True Minority”......Page 805 Switzerland......Page 809 Former Yugoslavia......Page 810 Rwanda......Page 813 South Africa......Page 815 The Middle East......Page 819 Hawaii......Page 821 Brazil......Page 823 • APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 824 • Answers to APPLYING CONCEPTS......Page 825 Analyzing Group Relations......Page 828 Summary......Page 831 Review Questions......Page 832 Student Study Site......Page 833 PART V: CHALLENGES FOR THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE......Page 835 14.   Minority Groups and U.S. Society: Themes, Patterns, and the Future......Page 837 Revisiting Some Americans......Page 839 The Importance of Subsistence Technology......Page 841 The Importance of the Contact Situation, Group Competition, and Power......Page 843 The Importance of Intersectionality......Page 847 Assimilation and Pluralism......Page 849 Minority-Group Progress and the Ideology of American Individualism......Page 854 A Final Word......Page 856 Summary......Page 858 Student Study Site......Page 860 Glossary......Page 862 References......Page 871 Index......Page 906 Advertisement......Page 1138