Health studies : an introduction

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Acknowledgements Contents Notes on Contributors Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables 1: Why Study Health? What Is Health Studies? A Focus on Health The Disciplinary Context of Health Studies How to Use This Book The Chapters Investigating Health Synthesizing Perspectives: Food, Nutrition, Diet and Obesity References 2: Human Biology and Health Introduction Part 1: The Contribution of Biology to Health Studies Cell Theory Homeostasis Genes and Genetics Ill Health and Disease Part 2: Theoretical and Research Approaches of Science Induction Deduction Proof and Falsification Experimentation Techniques Case Study: Biological Explanations for Obesity Further Reading and Resources Resources References 3: Epidemiology and Health Introduction Part 1: The Contribution of Epidemiology to Health Studies The Emergence of the Evidence-Based Healthcare Movement The Link between Ill Health and Socioeconomic Conditions Concepts of Health and Disease in Medical Epidemiology Social Epidemiology Part 2: Theoretical and Research Approaches The Natural History of Disease Identifying Risk Classifying Disease Diagnosing and Treating Disease Surveillance and the Planning and Evaluation of Health Services The Methodologies Used by Epidemiology Experimental Studies Observational Studies Cohort Studies Case Control Studies Prevalence Studies Case Study: Trends in Obesity How Do We Measure Obesity? Is Obesity Increasing? Is There Evidence of Increasing Trends in Obesity in Other Countries? What Has Caused the Increase in Obesity? What Are the Health Effects of Increasing Obesity? Who Is at Risk? What Evidence Is There of Successful Interventions? Further Reading and Resources Resources References 4: Sport and Exercise Science and Health Introduction What Is Sport and Exercise Science? Part 1: Contribution of Sport and Exercise Science to Health Studies How the Body Moves Physical Activity and Public Health Health Benefits of Physical Activity for Patients with Clinical Conditions Physical Activity for Population-Based Health How Much Physical Activity? What Type of Activity? Sedentarism and Physical Inactivity—Getting People Moving Physical Activity amongst Women Older Adults Ethnic Minorities Active Travel—Walking and Cycling for Health Part 2: Theoretical and Research Approaches in Sport and Exercise Science Sport and Exercise Science Methodology Types of Research in Sports and Exercise Science Types of Data Collected in Sport and Exercise Science Type of Study Designs in Sport and Exercise Science Laboratory-Based Versus Field-Based Studies Case Study: Sport and Exercise Science in the Context of Obesity Quantifying Energy Balance Quantifying Energy Expenditure Prescribing Exercise Muscle: The ‘Exercise Factor’ for Metabolic Health? Summary Further Reading References 5: Geography and Health Introduction Part 1: The Contribution of Geography to Health Linking Places to Health through the Natural Environment Disease Ecology and Landscape Epidemiology Environmental Change Population and Health Linking Places to Health through the Built Environment Urbanisation Environmental Exposures and Environmental Justice Linking Places to Health through the Socio-cultural Environment Culture Power Health Care and Health Care Delivery Part 2: Theoretical and Research Approaches Health Mapping Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Key Applications of GIS to Studies of Health Case Study: Obesity and the Built Environment Further Reading References 6: Health Psychology Introduction Part 1 The Contribution of Psychology to Health Studies Health Beliefs and Behaviours Beliefs About Causality and Control Beliefs About Risk Beliefs About Confidence Beliefs About Illness Communication in Health Settings The Experience of Being Ill and the Example of Pain Subjective-Affective Processes Learning Processes The Role of Emotion Cognitive Processes Catastrophizing Attention Behavioural Processes Pain Treatment: A Role for Psychology? Multidisciplinary Pain Clinics Part 2 Theoretical and Research Approaches The Health Belief Model The Protection Motivation Theory The Theory of Planned Behaviour The Stages of Change Model An Integrated Approach The Self-Regulatory Model Stage 1: Interpretation Symptom Perception Social Messages Stage 2: Coping Stage 3: Appraisal Developing Interventions to Change Health-Related Behaviour Using Social Cognition Models Using Implementation Intentions Using the Self-Regulatory Model Using the COM-B Further Reading References 7: Sociology and Health Introduction Part One: The Contribution of Sociology to Health Studies Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health Gender and Inequalities in Health Explaining Gender Inequalities in Health Race, Ethnicity, and Inequalities in Health Ageing, Disability and Inequalities in Health Part Two: Theoretical Approaches Functionalist Theory Marxist Theory Interactionist Theory Post-Structuralist Theory Case Study: The Social Determinants and Social Construction of Eating Social Causation of Food Insecurity and Dietary Inequalities Social Constructionist Perspectives on Food, Risk and Insecurity Summary Further Reading References 8: Social Policy and Health Introduction Part 1: The Contribution of Social Policy to Health Studies The Domains of Social Policy The History of the Development of Social Policies in the UK from 1900 to Present Day Key Issues on the Social Policy Agenda Needs and Priorities Access Choice and Personalisation An Ageing Population Part Two: Theoretical and Research Approaches The Development of the Discipline The UK’s Social Policies in an International Context Titmuss' typology of Welfare Esping-Andersen and Comparative Social Policy Gough and Welfare Regimes The Policymaking Process The Policy Process Inputs Policymaking Outputs Outcomes Case Study: A Policy Analysis of Obesity in the UK Defining the Issue: Framing Evidence in the Framing of an Issue Stakeholder Engagement and Disengagement Competitors and Allies Mechanism Outcomes Further Reading Introductory texts On social policy On health policy On policymaking Resources Health departments of four countries of the UK References 9: Health Economics Introduction Part One: The Contribution of Economics to Health Studies Market Forces and Healthcare The Allocation and Distribution of Healthcare ‘Off the Market’ Part Two: Theoretical and Research Approaches Resources and Money The Output of Healthcare The Economic Notion of Cost The Cost–Benefit Approach Techniques of Economic Appraisal Cost–Benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Cost–Utility Analysis and the Use of the QALY Social Return on Investment Case Study: The Use of Quality Adjusted Life Years in the Treatment of Obesity Further Reading References 10: Politics and Health Introduction Part 1: The Contribution of Political Science to Health Studies The Political and the Non-political Health Equals Healthcare Health and Concepts of Politics Health and Political Science The Political Nature of Health Unequal Distribution Health Determinants Organization Health and Citizenship Part 2: Theoretical and Research Approaches Conservatism Liberalism (and Neoliberalism) Socialism and Social Democracy Nationalism (and Fascism) Feminism Environmentalism Further Reading References 11: Organization and Management of Health and Healthcare Introduction Part 1: The Contribution of Management to Health Studies Understanding Organizations Working Across Organizations Managing Healthcare Services Working in Groups and Teams Leadership Managing Change Part 2: Theoretical and Research Approaches Scientific Management Bureaucracy and Organizations The Human Relations Approach to Understanding People and Organizations Behavioural Theory Situation Theory Contingency Theory Motivation Theories Content Theories Process Theories Systems Theory and the Sociotechnical System Approach Chaos (or Complexity) Theory Case study: A whole systems approach to obesity Summary Further Reading Resources References 12: History and Health Introduction Part 1: The Contribution of History to Health Studies The Concept of a Healthy Lifestyle Developments in Concepts of Health and Disease: Six Non-naturals Air Motion and Rest Sleep and Waking Diet Evacuation and Retention Passions and Emotions Developments in Medicine and Healthcare Part 2: Theoretical and Research Approaches The Development of the Discipline The Historical Method Case Study: A Historical Perspective on Obesity Further Reading and Resources Resources References 13: Cultural Studies and Social Anthropology Introduction The Contribution of Cultural Studies and Anthropology to Health Studies Cultural Practices in Relation to Health Health and Illness Across Cultures Lay Knowledge and Beliefs Representations of Health Public Health and Health Information Health and Popular Culture Part Two Theoretical and Research Approaches Ethnography Discourse and Conversation Analysis Semiotics Further Reading References 14: Ethics and Law Introduction Part One: The Contribution of Ethics to Health Studies Aristotelianism Immanuel Kant and Deontology J.S. Mill and Utilitarianism Creating ‘Worthwhile Lives’: Perspectives from Ethics on ‘The Genetic Revolution’ The Contribution of Law to Health Studies The Sources of Law Legislation (Statute Law) Case Law European Law Part Two: Theoretical and Research Approaches Theoretical and Research Approaches in Ethics Theoretical and Research Approaches in Law The Relationship Between Ethics and Law: Is What We Must Do the Same as What We Ought to Do? Dealing with the ‘Gap’ Between What We Must Do and What We Ought to Do: Consent and Professional Conduct Case Study: Banning ‘Junk Food’ Advertising Banning ‘Junk Food’ Advertising and the Principle of Beneficence Banning ‘Junk Food’ Advertising and the Principle of Non-maleficence Banning ‘Junk Food’ Advertising and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy Banning ‘Junk Food’ Advertising and the Principle of Justice Summary Further Reading References Index