River Dynamics and Flood Hazards: Studies on Risk and Mitigation

Description

This edited book covers all aspects of River related disasters, challenges, and opportunities. Step-by-step descriptions are provided of river dynamics and associated hazards, and their applications in hazard assessments, accompanied by several experimental, filed and numerical studies. In addition, a systematic table of content is given to aid in identifying River hazards challenges and opportunities. Essential information is provided on River dynamics, hydrological processes and climate change issues, and an individual chapter is devoted to ecological restoration and river hazard management. Further topics include the stability of hydraulic structures, sediment transport, and debris flow in the hilly streams. This book will provide students, researchers, scientists, water resources managers with a comprehensive overview of the River dynamics and flood hazards in various sectors of water-related disasters and will enable them to explore the scope of application of the computational techniques and will enable them to explore the scope of River related disasters, allied branches and their field-specific problems. Professionals and policymakers may also explore the implementation of these approaches in their workplace to tackle complex river dynamics and hydrological phenomena occurring in their study area. Contents About the Editors Part I: Introduction to River Hazards and Their Management Chapter 1: Natural River Hazards: Their Impacts and Mitigation Techniques 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Natural Hazards 1.2.1 Floods 1.2.1.1 Uttarakhand Flood (2013) 1.2.1.2 Kashmir Flood (2014) 1.2.1.3 Chennai Flood (2015) 1.2.1.4 Kerala Flood (2018) 1.2.2 Flood Management and Control 1.2.2.1 National Level Organizations 1.2.2.2 Central Water Commission (CWC) 1.2.2.3 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 1.2.2.4 Other Organizations 1.3 River Bank Erosion 1.3.1 River Bank Erosion in India 1.3.1.1 North West Region 1.3.1.2 Central India and Deccan Region 1.3.1.3 Brahmaputra Region 1.3.1.4 Ganga (Ganges) Region 1.4 Mitigation 1.5 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Assessment of Sediment Hazard and Associated Measurement 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Major Impacts of Sediment Hazard 2.2.1 Aquatic Life 2.2.2 Environment 2.2.3 Urban Areas 2.2.4 Hydraulic Structures and Machinery 2.3 Sediment Measurement Techniques 2.3.1 Measurement of Suspended Sediment 2.3.1.1 Conventional Method 2.3.1.1.1 Point Integration Sampling 2.3.1.1.2 Depth Integration Sampling 2.3.1.2 In Situ Measurement 2.3.1.2.1 Turbidity Based In Situ Technology 2.3.1.2.2 Acoustic-Based In Situ Technology 2.3.1.2.3 Laser Diffraction-Based In Situ Technology 2.3.1.2.4 Nuclear-Based In Situ Technology 2.3.2 Measurement of Bed Load 2.3.2.1 Direct Method 2.3.2.1.1 Basket Type Sampler 2.3.2.1.2 Pressure Difference Sampler 2.3.2.1.3 Pan Type Sampler 2.3.2.1.4 Slot Type Sampler 2.3.2.2 Indirect Method 2.3.2.2.1 Sedimentation Process 2.3.2.2.2 Dune Tracking 2.3.2.2.3 Tracer Method 2.3.3 Accuracy and Reliability in Sediment Measurement 2.4 Mitigation Strategies for Sediment Hazard 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Modeling Approach to Study the Riverine Flood Hazard of Lower Damodar River 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Rational of the Study 3.3 Limitations of the Study 3.4 Materials and Methods 3.5 Results and Discussion 3.5.1 Validation 3.6 Recommendations 3.7 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Field Measurement of Accumulated Surface Water and Infiltration Depth in a Flood-Prone Langol Catchment of Manipur ... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background of the Study 4.3 Limitation of the Study 4.4 Study Area 4.5 Data Used and Methodology 4.5.1 Data Used 4.5.1.1 PALSAR, ALOS 4.5.1.2 Sentinel 2 4.5.1.3 ArcGIS 10.3 4.5.1.4 Sigma Plot 4.5.2 Methodology 4.5.2.1 Methodology Flow Chart 4.5.2.2 Horton´s Equation 4.6 Results and Discussion 4.6.1 Accumulated Surface Water Depth 4.6.2 Volume of Accumulated Water 4.6.3 Infiltration Depth 4.6.4 Infiltration Rate 4.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 4.7.1 Conclusion 4.7.2 Recommendations Appendix References Chapter 5: Soil Erosion Analysis with Respect to Land Use/Land Cover Change in Godavari Basin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Study Area 5.3 Materials and Methodology (Table 5.1) 5.3.1 USLE Model Description 5.3.1.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) 5.3.1.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 5.3.1.3 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) 5.3.1.4 Crop Cover Management Factor (C) 5.3.1.5 Supporting Conservation Practice Factor (P) 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.4.1 Landuse/Landcover Change 5.4.2 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) 5.4.3 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 5.4.4 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) 5.4.5 Crop Cover Management Factor (C) 5.4.6 Supporting Conservation Practice Factor (P) 5.4.7 Soil Loss Estimation (A) 5.5 Conclusion References Part II: Stability of Hydraulic Structures and Sediment Transport Chapter 6: Stability of Hydraulic Structures Against Erosion and Scour Due to Water Jets 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sediment Characteristics 6.3 Local Scour Due to Water Jets Around Hydraulic Structures 6.4 Local Scour Due to Water Jets Around the Hydraulic Structures in Cohesionless Sediment 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Stabilization of Manmade Embankments at Indian Sundarbans Estuary Through Turbulence Control at Flow-Sediment Inter... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Study Area and the Field Survey 7.3 Materials and Methods 7.4 Experimental Setup 7.5 Characteristics of Embankment Soil and Preparation of Artificial Bank 7.6 Experimental Procedures 7.7 Results and Discussion 7.8 Statistical Moments 7.9 Scales of the Reynolds Shear Stress Fluctuations 7.10 Conclusions References Chapter 8: A Review of Sedimentation on Different Types of Weirs 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Sediment Transportation 8.1.2 Contribution of the Study 8.2 Theoretical Background 8.2.1 Weirs: An Overview 8.2.2 Types of Weirs 8.2.2.1 Sharp-Crested Weirs 8.2.2.2 Broad-Crested Weirs 8.2.2.3 Narrow-Crested Weirs 8.3 Non-linear Weirs 8.3.1 Labyrinth Weirs 8.3.2 Piano Key Weirs 8.3.3 Submerged Weirs 8.3.4 Numerical Simulations 8.3.5 Side Weirs 8.3.6 Other Weirs 8.4 Research Gaps 8.4.1 Low Conveyance Carrying Capacity 8.4.2 Uncertain Discharge Leads 8.4.3 Lack of Knowledge on Flooding in the Lower Region 8.4.4 Lack of Forecasting System 8.5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: A Review on Parametric Studies of Piano Key Weir 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Experimental Setups 9.3 Effect of Flow over PKW 9.4 Effect of Sediment and Scouring Downstream of PKW 9.5 Effect of Energy Dissipation Downstream of PKW 9.6 Conclusion Notations References Chapter 10: Influence of Boundary Condition on the Modified 2D Shallow Water Model near the Flow-Structure Interaction Zone: A... 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Hydrodynamic Model 10.2.1 Derivation of the Modified Governing Equation 10.2.2 Boundary Condition 10.3 Study Area 10.3.1 Braided Portion in the Brahmaputra River in Guwahati 10.3.2 Domain with a Series of Spurs Dykes near Majuli Island 10.4 Application of the Model 10.4.1 Model Simulation in the Braided Portion near Umananda Island, Guwahati 10.4.2 Model Simulation around Series of Spurs Dyke in Majuli Island 10.5 Result and Discussion 10.5.1 Case-1: Model Simulation in the Braided Reach 10.5.2 Case2: Model Simulation around Series of Spurs Dyke in Majuli Island 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: A Review on Estimation Methods of Scour Depth Around Bridge Pier 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Empirical Formulation for Scour Depth Estimation 11.3 AI-Based Techniques for Scour Depth Estimation 11.3.1 Application of ANN 11.3.2 Application of ANFIS 11.3.3 Application of GEP 11.3.4 Performance of the Empirical Formulas and AI-Based Techniques 11.4 Conclusion List of Symbols References Chapter 12: Estimation of Shear Force Distribution in Two-Stage Open Channel Using SVM and ANFIS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methodology 12.2.1 Identification of Influencing Parameters for Apparent Shear Force Modelling 12.2.2 Model Development 12.2.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 12.2.4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) 12.2.5 Statistical Indices 12.3 Development of Apparent Shear Force Model Using SVM 12.3.1 Performance of SVM Model for Percentage Shear Force 12.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis 12.3.3 Discharge Calculation Using %Sfp Modelled from SVM 12.3.4 Development of Model Using ANFIS 12.3.5 Analyses of Selected Membership Function Type 12.4 Results and Discussions 12.4.1 Comparison Between SVM and ANFIS Model 12.5 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Sediment Transport Modeling through Machine Learning Methods: Review of Current Challenges and Strategies 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Artificial Neural Network Modeling 13.3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Sediment Model 13.4 Other Machine Learning Methods 13.5 Hybrid Machine Learning Methods 13.6 Selecting the Best Input Parameters 13.7 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Impact of Anthropocene on the Fluvial Sediment Supply: The Mahanadi River Basin Perspective 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Rationale of the Study 14.3 Limitations of the Study 14.4 Materials and Methods 14.4.1 Study Area 14.4.2 Data Sources 14.4.3 Hysteresis Analysis of Suspended Sediment Rating Curve (SRC) 14.4.4 Linear and Nonlinear Trend Analysis 14.4.4.1 Modified Mann-Kendall Method 14.4.4.2 Sen´s Slope Estimator 14.4.4.3 Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) 14.4.5 Change Point Analysis (Pettitt Test) 14.4.6 Morphological Change Detection of the Seashore 14.5 Results and Discussions 14.5.1 Statistics of the Hydrological Data 14.5.2 Analysis of SSL Hysteresis for the Entire Study Period 14.5.3 Trend Analysis and Detection of Periodicity in Hydrological Variables 14.5.4 Change Point Analysis 14.5.5 Geomorphic Change Analysis of the Coastal Stretch 14.5.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Sediment Delivery from the Catchment 14.5.6.1 Impact of Large Hydraulic Structures 14.5.6.2 Impact on Suspended Sediment Rating Parameters 14.5.6.3 Impact of Reservoir Storage Water Supply and Its Associated Utilization across Sectors 14.6 Recommendations 14.7 Conclusions References Chapter 15: Assessment of Sediment Hazards by Bed Level Variations Around the Bridge Pier 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Experimentation 15.3 Results and Discussion 15.3.1 Areal and Volumes of Scour Hole 15.3.2 Temporal Variations in Bed Levels 15.4 Conclusions References Chapter 16: Equation Development for Equilibrium Bed Load 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Visual Inspection 16.3 Results and Discussions 16.4 Conclusions References Part III: Hydrological Hazards and Ecological Restoration Chapter 17: Flood Mitigation with River Restoration Using Porcupine Systems 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Porcupine Systems 17.3 Experimental Procedure 17.4 Results and Discussion 17.4.1 Calculation of Trap Efficiency 17.5 Conclusions References Chapter 18: Flood Prioritization of Basins Based on Geomorphometric Properties Using Morphometric Analysis and Principal Compo... 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Study Area 18.3 Methodology 18.3.1 Morphometric Analysis 18.3.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 18.4 Results and Discussion 18.4.1 Linear Parameters 18.4.1.1 Stream Order (U) 18.4.1.2 Stream Number (Nu) 18.4.1.3 Stream Length (Lu) 18.4.1.4 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) 18.4.1.5 Stream Length Ratio (Rl) 18.4.1.6 Stream Frequency (Fs) 18.4.1.7 Drainage Density (Dd) 18.4.1.8 Drainage Texture (Dt) 18.4.1.9 Length of the Overland Flow (Lo) 18.4.1.10 Drainage Intensity (Di) 18.4.1.11 Rho Coefficient (ρ) 18.4.1.12 Infiltration Number (If) 18.4.1.13 Constant of Channel Maintenance (Ccm) 18.4.2 Relief Parameters 18.4.2.1 Relief (Bh) 18.4.2.2 Relief Ratio (Rh) 18.4.2.3 Relative Relief (Rhp) 18.4.2.4 Ruggedness number (Rn) 18.4.3 Areal Parameters 18.4.3.1 Area of Watershed (A) 18.4.3.2 The Perimeter of a Watershed (P) 18.4.3.3 Watershed Length (Lb) 18.4.3.4 Circulatory Ratio (Rc) 18.4.3.5 Elongation Ratio (Re) 18.4.3.6 Form Factor (Ff) 18.4.3.7 Lemniscate´s Ratio (K) 18.4.3.8 Compactness Coefficient (Cc) 18.5 Sub-watershed Prioritization Based on Morphometric Analysis 18.6 Sub-watershed Prioritization Based on PCA 18.7 Common Sub-watersheds 18.8 Conclusion References Chapter 19: Flood Modelling of Krishna River at Sangli Using HEC-RAS 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Study Area 19.3 Methodology 19.4 Results and Discussion 19.5 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Development of Machine Learning Based Flood Prediction Model for Godavari River Basin 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Study Area 20.3 Data Used 20.4 Methodology 20.5 SVM Model Setup 20.6 Bias Correction 20.7 Ranking of GCMs 20.8 Multimodel Ensemble (MME) Mean 20.9 Flood Frequency Analysis 20.10 HEC-RAS 2D Modelling 20.11 HEC-RAS Model Setup 20.12 Results and Discussion 20.12.1 SVM Model Setup and Performance 20.13 Flood Hazard Map Generation 20.14 Conclusions References Chapter 21: Field Study on Soil Organic Matter Content in Inundation Areas of Langol Catchment by ``Loss-on-Ignition´´ Method 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Study Area 21.3 Rational of the Study 21.4 Limitations 21.5 Materials and Methods 21.5.1 Data Used 21.5.1.1 Delineation of Study Area 21.5.1.2 Land Use and Land Cover Classification 21.5.1.3 Accuracy Assessment of LULC Map 21.5.1.4 Soil Sampling 21.5.1.5 Determination of Bulk Density 21.5.1.6 Loss-on-Ignition Method 21.6 Results and Discussion 21.6.1 Land Use and Land Cover Classification Result 21.6.2 Accuracy Assessment Result 21.6.3 Soil Organic Matter Determination 21.7 Conclusions 21.8 Recommendations References Chapter 22: Agricultural Drought Assessment Using Satellite-Based Surface Soil Moisture Estimate 22.1 Introduction 22.2 The Rationale of the Study 22.3 Limitations of the Study 22.4 Materials and Methods 22.4.1 Study Area 22.4.2 Data 22.4.2.1 Soil Moisture Data 22.4.2.2 Rainfall Data 22.4.3 Empirical Standardized Soil Moisture Index (ESSMI) 22.4.4 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 22.4.5 Rainfall Anomalies 22.5 Results and Discussion 22.5.1 Spatiotemporal Distribution of ESSMI, SPI and RFA 22.5.2 Drought Area Analysis 22.6 Conclusions References Chapter 23: A Review on Hydrodynamics of Vegetated Streams 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Effect of Vegetation on the Ecology of the Channel 23.3 Research Interest and Gaps 23.4 Experimental Set-Ups 23.5 Effect of Vegetation on Flow Characteristics 23.6 Effect of Vegetation on Turbulent Characteristics 23.7 Effect of Vegetation on Erosion 23.8 Conclusion References Chapter 24: Analysis of Stormwater Drainage Network of the Central Zone in the Surat City by Using SWMM 5.1 Software 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Study Area and Data 24.2.1 Study Area 24.2.2 Data Used 24.3 Methodology 24.3.1 IDF Curve Construction 24.3.2 Gumbel Extreme Value Distribution 24.3.3 Establishing IDF Association 24.4 SWMM Description 24.5 Results and Discussions 24.5.1 Development of IDF Curves 24.5.2 Analysis of Storm Drainage System 24.6 Conclusions References Chapter 25: Review of State-of-the-Art Research on River Hydrological Hazards, Restoration, and Management 25.1 Introduction 25.1.1 Importance of River Biodiversity 25.2 River Hazards 25.2.1 Types of River Hazards 25.2.1.1 Primary Hazards 25.2.1.1.1 Strainers 25.2.1.1.2 Sieves 25.2.1.1.3 Holes 25.2.1.1.4 Undercuts 25.2.1.1.5 Flow 25.2.1.2 Secondary Hazards 25.2.1.2.1 Pollution 25.2.1.2.2 Bank Erosion 25.2.1.3 Tertiary Hazards 25.2.1.3.1 Flood Fluvial Floods (River Floods) Pluvial Floods Coastal Flood 25.2.2 River Habitat Problems 25.2.2.1 Direct Degradation 25.2.2.2 Indirect Degradation 25.2.3 River Restoration Benefits 25.2.4 River Hazards Management 25.3 Conclusion References Chapter 26: Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Based on Hypsometric Analysis Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Sys... 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Study Area 26.3 Methodology 26.4 Results and Discussions 26.5 Estimation of Hypsometric Integral Values 26.6 Relevance of Hypsometric Integral on Watershed Hydrological Responses 26.7 Conclusions References Part IV: Climate Change and Global Warming Issues Chapter 27: Climate Change Implication and Adaptation for River Systems 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Assessment of Changes and Trends in River System Under Climate Change 27.3 Develop Structural and Non-structural Measures for Disaster Mitigation Under Climate Change Scenarios 27.4 Discussion 27.4.1 Adaptive and Coping Capacities for Risk Prevention 27.4.2 Policy Development and Implementation at National, Regional and Global Levels 27.5 Climate Change and Adaptive Mitigation Strategies 27.6 Conclusion and Way Forward References Chapter 28: Non-parametric Approaches to Identify Rainfall Pattern in Semi-Arid Regions: Ranipet, Vellore, and Tirupathur Dist... 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Materials and Methods 28.2.1 Study Area 28.2.2 Data Collection 28.2.3 Rainfall Anomaly Index 28.2.4 Mann-Kendall Test 28.2.5 Autocorrelation Function 28.2.6 Modified Mann-Kendall Test 28.2.7 Sen´s Slope Estimator 28.3 Results and Discussion 28.3.1 Analysis of Wet and Dry Years Using Rainfall Anomaly Index 28.3.2 Pattern and Intensity of Rainfall Using Non-parametric Approaches 28.4 Conclusion References Chapter 29: Decadal-Based Analysis of Hydrological Components in the Kesinga Sub-Catchment in Mahanadi Basin: An Assessment of... 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Study Area 29.3 Datasets 29.4 Methodology 29.4.1 Development of the SWAT Model 29.4.2 Model Calibration and Validation Using SUFI-2 Algorithm 29.5 Results and Discussions 29.5.1 Comparison of Monthly Observed and Simulated Values of ET on a Decadal Basis 29.5.2 Variation in Annual Rainfall, Runoff, and Evapotranspiration (ET) 29.5.3 Variation in the Annual Runoff, Evapotranspiration, and Rainfall on a Decadal Basis 29.6 Conclusion References Chapter 30: Prediction of Future Rainfall in the Upper Godavari Basin Using Statistical Downscaling Model 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Study Area and Data 30.2.1 Study Area 30.2.2 Data 30.2.2.1 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Data 30.2.2.2 GCM Data 30.3 Methodology 30.3.1 Statistical Downscaling Model Setup 30.3.2 Quality Control and Data Transformation 30.3.3 Selection of Predictor Variables 30.3.4 Model Calibration 30.3.5 Weather Generator 30.3.6 Validation of SDSM Results 30.3.7 Scenario Generation 30.3.8 Statistical Evaluation of the Model 30.4 Results and Discussion 30.4.1 Calibration and Validation of SDSM 30.4.2 Statistical Evaluation of Models 30.4.3 Change in Future Monthly Precipitation 30.4.3.1 RCP 2.6 Scenario 30.4.3.2 RCP 4.5 Scenario 30.4.3.3 RCP 8.5 Scenario 30.4.4 Change in Dry and Wet Spell Length 30.4.4.1 RCP 2.6 Scenario 30.4.4.2 RCP 4.5 Scenario 30.4.4.3 RCP 8.5 Scenario 30.5 Conclusion References Chapter 31: Projecting Future Maximum Temperature Changes in River Ganges Basin Using Observations and Statistical Downscaling... 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Study Area and Data Description 31.3 Data Sets 31.4 Data Outputs 31.5 Methodology 31.6 Description of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) 31.7 Data Quality Check and Screening of Predictors 31.8 Calibration of Predictand Data and Validation 31.9 Weather Generator 31.10 Climatic Scenarios Generation 31.11 Results and Discussion 31.12 Selection of Predictors 31.13 Calibration and Validation 31.14 Changes in Future Monthly Temperature (Tmax) 31.15 Changes in Future Annual Temperature (Tmax) 31.16 Conclusion References Chapter 32: Trend Assessment of Rainfall Over Mumbai and Pune Cities 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Data and Methodology 32.3 Mann-Kendall´s Test 32.4 Sen´s Slope Estimator Test 32.5 Results and Discussion 32.5.1 Statistical Analysis 32.5.2 Rainfall Trend Analysis 32.5.3 Mann-Kendall Analysis 32.5.4 Sen´s Slope Estimator 32.5.5 Linear Regression Analysis (Figs. 32.12, 32.13, 32.14, 32.15, and 32.16) 32.5.6 Reliability Analysis 32.6 Conclusion References Chapter 33: Evaluation of Potential Lakes Susceptible to GLOF Using Multicriteria Assessment in Jhelum Sub-basin of Indus Basin 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Study Area 33.3 Materials and Methods 33.3.1 Data Sets used for Mapping and Inventory of Glacial Lakes 33.3.2 GLOF Susceptibility 33.3.3 Methods to Identify Potential Glacial Lakes 33.3.3.1 AHP Method 33.3.3.2 Equal Weight Method 33.3.3.3 Unequal Weight Method 33.3.3.4 Vulnerability Assessment 33.4 Results and Discussion 33.4.1 Lake Inventory of Jhelum 33.4.2 GLOF Susceptibility Assessment 33.5 Conclusions References