Essentials of Understanding Psychology

Description

Your students are individuals. Do your teaching materials treat them that way? Feldman's Essentials of Understanding Psychology does. From an adaptive diagnostic tool that provides a GPS for learning to a reader-friendly modular organisation, Feldman ensures that every student gains a better understanding of psychology. Its new groundbreaking adaptive diagnostic tool generates a personalised study plan to help students “know what they know” while guiding them to understand and learn what they don't know through engaging interactivities, exercises, and readings. Connect is the only integrated learning system that empowers students by continuously adapting to deliver precisely what they need, when they need it, and how they need it, so that your class time is more engaging and effective. The thoroughly revised Ninth Edition continues with Bob Feldman's accessible pedagogy, hallmark research, and focus on diversity in a flexible modules-within-chapters format. Title Contents 1 Introduction to Psychology M O D U L E 1 Psychologists at Work The Subfi elds of Psychology: Psychology’s Family Tree Working at Psychology PSYCHWORK: Licensed Social Worker M O D U L E 2 A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future The Roots of Psychology Today’s Perspectives APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Psychology Matters Psychology’s Key Issues and Controversies Psychology’s Future M O D U L E 3 Research in Psychology The Scientifi c Method Psychological Research Descriptive Research Experimental Research M O D U L E 4 Research Challenges: Exploring the Process The Ethics of Research EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Choosing Participants Who Represent the Scope of Human Behavior NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: The Importance of Using Representative Participants Should Animals Be Used in Research? Threats to Experimental Validity: Avoiding Experimental Bias BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Thinking Critically About Research 2 Neuroscience and Behavior M O D U L E 5 Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior The Structure of the Neuron How Neurons Fire Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical Couriers M O D U L E 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body The Nervous System: Linking Neurons The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System The Endocrine System: Of Chemicals and Glands M O D U L E 7 The Brain Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions: Spying on the Brain The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Mind Over Cursor: Harnessing Brainpower to Improve Lives The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” PSYCHWORK: Rehabilitation Counselor Neuroplasticity and the Brain NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: The Plastic Brain The Specialization of the Hemispheres: Two Brains or One? EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Human Diversity and the Brain The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Learning to Control Your Heart—and Mind—Through Biofeedback 3 Sensation and Perception M O D U L E 8 Sensing the World Around Us Absolute Thresholds: Detecting What’s Out There APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Driven to Distraction Diff erence Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions between Stimuli Sensory Adaptation: Turning Down Our Responses M O D U L E 9 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye Illuminating the Structure of the Eye NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Seeing Vision in the Brain Color Vision and Color Blindness: The 7-Million-Color Spectrum M O D U L E 1 0 Hearing and the Other Senses Sensing Sound Smell and Taste The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Managing Pain How Our Senses Interact M O D U L E 1 1 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World The Gestalt Laws of Organization Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Depth Perception: Translating 2-D to 3-D Perceptual Constancy Motion Perception: As the World Turns Perceptual Illusions: The Deceptions of Perceptions EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Culture and Perception 4 States of Consciousness M O D U L E 1 2 Sleep and Dreams The Stages of Sleep REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Let Me Sleep on It: The Role of Sleep in Memory and Thinking Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary? NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Why Are You Cranky? Your Brain Is Too Awake The Function and Meaning of Dreaming Sleep Disturbances: Slumbering Problems PSYCHWORK: Sleep Technologist Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles Daydreams: Dreams Without Sleep BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Sleeping Better M O D U L E 1 3 Hypnosis and Meditation Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience? Meditation: Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Cross-Cultural Routes to Altered States of Consciousness M O D U L E 1 4 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness Stimulants: Drug Highs Depressants: Drug Lows Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Identifying Drug and Alcohol Problems 5 Learning M O D U L E 1 5 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination Beyond Traditional Classical Conditioning: Challenging Basic Assumptions M O D U L E 1 6 Operant Conditioning Thorndike’s Law of Eff ect The Basics of Operant Conditioning APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Dollars for Scholars: Should Parents and Children Be Paid for Doing the Right Thing? PSYCHWORK: Seeing Eye Guide Dog Trainer BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Using Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modifi cation M O D U L E 1 7 Cognitive Approaches to Learning Latent Learning Observational Learning: Learning Through Imitation NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Learning Through Observation EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Does Culture Infl uence How We Learn? 6 Memory M O D U L E 1 8 The Foundations of Memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Working Memory Long-Term Memory NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Experience, Memory, and the Brain APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21 st CENTURY: In Pursuit of a Memory Eraser M O D U L E 1 9 Recalling Long-Term Memories Retrieval Cues Levels of Processing Explicit and Implicit Memory Flashbulb Memories Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Are There Cross-Cultural Diff erences in Memory? M O D U L E 2 0 Forgetting: When Memory Fails Why We Forget Proactive and Retroactive Interference: The Before and After of Forgetting Memory Dysfunctions: Affl ictions of Forgetting NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Alzheimer’s Disease and Brain Deterioration BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Improving Your Memory 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence M O D U L E 2 1 Thinking and Reasoning Mental Images: Examining the Mind’s Eye Concepts: Categorizing the World Algorithms and Heuristics Solving Problems APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: The Thoughts Behind Avoiding Danger: When Hunches Save Lives Creativity and Problem Solving BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Thinking Critically and Creatively M O D U L E 2 2 Language Grammar: Language’s Language Language Development: Developing a Way with Words Understanding Language Acquisition: Identifying the Roots of Language The Infl uence of Language on Thinking: Do Eskimos Have More Words for Snow than Texans Do? Do Animals Use Language? EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Teaching with Linguistic Variety: Bilingual Education NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Bilingualism and the Brain M O D U L E 2 3 Intelligence Theories of Intelligence: Are There Diff erent Kinds of Intelligence? Assessing Intelligence Variations in Intellectual Ability PSYCHWORK: Director of Special Education Group Diff erences in Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Determinants EXPLORING DIVERSITY: The Relative Infl uence of Genetics and Environment: Nature, Nurture, and IQ 8 Motivation and Emotion M O D U L E 2 4 Explaining Motivation Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Applying the Diff erent Approaches to Motivation M O D U L E 2 5 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating PSYCHWORK: Nutritionist NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Cognitive Processing in Anorexic Patients BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Dieting and Losing Weight Successfully Sexual Motivation The Needs for Achievement, Affi liation, and Power M O D U L E 2 6 Understanding Emotional Experiences The Functions of Emotions Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings The Roots of Emotions EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly? APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Smiling Athletes: Do Their Facial Expressions Come Naturally? 9 Development M O D U L E 2 7 Nature and Nurture, and Prenatal Development Determining the Relative Infl uence of Nature and Nurture Developmental Research Techniques Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth M O D U L E 2 8 Infancy and Childhood The Extraordinary Newborn NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Young Infants Recognize Emotions Early in Life The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood PSYCHWORK: Child Protection Caseworker M O D U L E 2 9 Adolescence: Becoming an Adult Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent Moral and Cognitive Development: Distinguishing Right from Wrong Social Development: Finding One’s Self in a Social World EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Rites of Passage: Coming of Age Around the World M O D U L E 3 0 Adulthood Physical Development: The Peak of Health Social Development: Working at Life Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties The Later Years of Life: Growing Old APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Gaming in Late Adulthood: How Video Games May Improve Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Adjusting to Death 10 Personality M O D U L E 3 1 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud M O D U L E 3 2 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21 st CENTURY: Judged at First Sight Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality? NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Wired for Thrills—The Biological Underpinnings of Personality Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You Comparing Approaches to Personality M O D U L E 3 3 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Should Race and Ethnicity Be Used to Establish Norms? Self-Report Measures of Personality Projective Methods Behavioral Assessment PSYCHWORK: Human Resources Manager BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Assessing Personality Assessments 11 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being M O D U L E 3 4 Stress and Coping Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge The High Cost of Stress Coping with Stress NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Stress and Social Support BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Eff ective Coping Strategies M O D U L E 3 5 Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being The As, Bs, and Ds of Coronary Heart Disease Psychological Aspects of Cancer Smoking NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Smoking—Why It’s So Diffi cult to Quit EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Hucksters of Death: Promoting Smoking Throughout the World M O D U L E 3 6 Promoting Health and Wellness Following Medical Advice Well-Being and Happiness APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21 st CENTURY: Catching Happiness: The Contagion of Emotions and Health 12 Psychological Disorders M O D U L E 3 7 Normal Versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction Defi ning Abnormality Perspectives on Abnormality: From Superstition to Science Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The ABCs of DSM M O D U L E 3 8 The Major Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: One Step Closer to Understanding OCD Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Brain Changes with Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Childhood Disorders Other Disorders M O D U L E 3 9 Psychological Disorders in Perspective The Social and Cultural Context of Psychological Disorders APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21 st CENTURY: Students Stressed and Depressed EXPLORING DIVERSITY: DSM and Culture—and the Culture of DSM BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Deciding When You Need Help 13 Treatment of Psychological Disorders M O D U L E 4 0 Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy Behavioral Approaches to Therapy NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: How Behavioral Therapy Changes Your Brain Cognitive Approaches to Therapy M O D U L E 4 1 Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, and Group Approaches to Treatment Humanistic Therapy PSYCHWORK: Case Manager and Substance Abuse Counselor Interpersonal Therapy Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Self-Help Groups Evaluating Psychotherapy: Does Therapy Work? EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Racial and Ethnic Factors in Treatment: Should Therapists Be Color Blind? M O D U L E 4 2 Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment Drug Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Psychosurgery Biomedical Therapies in Perspective Community Psychology: Focus on Prevention APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21 st CENTURY: Beating the Odds: Preventing Psychological Disorders Before They Start BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Choosing the Right Therapist 14 Social Psychology M O D U L E 4 3 A ttitudes and Social Cognition Persuasion: Changing Attitudes PSYCHWORK: Advertising Agency Creator Social Cognition: Understanding Others EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Attributions Biases in a Cultural Context: How Fundamental Is the Fundamental Attribution Error? M O D U L E 4 4 S ocial Infl uence and Groups Conformity: Following What Others Do Compliance: Submitting to Direct Social Pressure Obedience: Following Direct Orders M O D U L E 4 5 Prejudice and Discrimination The Foundations of Prejudice NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: The Prejudiced Brain Measuring Prejudice and Discrimination: The Implicit Personality Test Reducing the Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination M O D U L E 4 6 Positive and Negative Social Behavior Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21 st CENTURY: Friends Online: Is Facebook the New Student Union? Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: Hurting and Helping Others Helping Others: The Brighter Side of Human Nature NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Moral Decisions and the Brain BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Dealing Eff ectively with Anger Glossary References Credits Name Index Subject Index