Herbal Treatment of Major Depression: Scientific Basis and Practical Use: Scientific Basis and Practical Use

Description

This unique volume presents new understandings of the neurochemical nature of major depression, and how herbs and their constituent flavonoids and terpenes appear to address some of the mechanisms now thought to be involved. It explores how recent studies of the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine inform neuroscientists about deep intracellular mechanisms of antidepressant action that have little to do with simple enhancement of monoaminergic activity. These mechanisms include actions on PI3K, Akt, mTOR, GSK3, BDNF, and other intracellular pathways. New theories of the pathophysiology underlying major depression, such as oxidative damage, inflammation, stress and insulin resistance are then explored. Key Features: Focuses on oxidative damage, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Explains that a significant percentage of people treated for major depression obtain little if any relief from standard antidepressant medications. These facts lead to discussion of herbs that can be used to treat major depression, as well as consideration of the scientific basis for how these herbs act. The antidepressant properties of 66 herbs are discussed, along with dosing and safety information. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Author 1: Major Depression: A Brief History of Western Medical Treatment References 2: How Antidepressants Work, but Often Do Not References 3: Clues Revealed by Ketamine References 4: New Understanding of the Nature and Causes of Major Depression 4.1 Oxidative and Nitrosative Damage 4.2 Inflammation 4.3 Chronic Stress 4.4 Insulin Resistance 4.5 Metabolic Syndrome 4.6 Summary References 5: Phytochemicals: Some Basics 5.1 Carbohydrates 5.2 Lipids 5.3 Terpenes 5.4 Phenolics 5.4.1 Flavonoids 5.4.2 Non-Flavonoid Phenolics 5.5 Alkaloids 5.6 Summary References 6: Models and Paradigms for Assessment of Antidepressant Effects 6.1 Antioxidant Effects 6.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects 6.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome Effects 6.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 6.4.1 Forced Swim Test 6.4.2 Tail Suspension Test 6.4.3 Sucrose Consumption Test 6.4.4 Test Conditions References 7: Herbs with Antidepressant Effects 7.1 Allium sativum (Garlic) 7.1.1 Antioxidant 7.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.1.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.1.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.1.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.1.6 Dosage 7.1.7 Toxicity 7.1.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.1.9 Drug Interactions 7.2 Angelica Sinensis 7.2.1 Antioxidant 7.2.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.2.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.2.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.2.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.2.6 Dosage 7.2.7 Toxicity 7.2.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.2.9 Drug Interactions References 7.3 Apium graveolens (Celery) 7.3.1 Antioxidant 7.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.3.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.3.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.3.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.3.6 Dosage 7.3.7 Toxicity 7.3.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.3.9 Drug Interaction 7.4 Astragalus membranaceus 7.4.1 Antioxidant 7.4.2 Anti-inflammatory 7.4.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.4.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.4.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.4.6 Dosage 7.4.7 Toxicity 7.4.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.4.9 Drug Interactions References 7.5 Atractylodes macrocephala 7.5.1 Antioxidant 7.5.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.5.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.5.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.5.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.5.6 Dosage 7.5.7 Toxicity 7.5.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.5.9 Drug Interactions References 7.6 Avena sativa (Common Oat) 7.6.1 Antioxidant 7.6.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.6.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.6.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.6.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.6.6 Dosage 7.6.7 Toxicity 7.6.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.6.9 Drug Interactions References 7.7 Bacopa monnieri 7.7.1 Antioxidant 7.7.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.7.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.7.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.7.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.7.6 Dosage 7.7.7 Toxicity 7.7.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.7.9 Drug Interactions References 7.8 Borage officinalis (European Borage) 7.8.1 Antioxidant 7.8.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.8.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.8.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.8.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.8.6 Dosage 7.8.7 Toxicity 7.8.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.8.9 Drug Interactions References 7.9 Bupleurum chinense 7.9.1 Antioxidant 7.9.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.9.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.9.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.9.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.9.6 Dosage 7.9.7 Toxicity 7.9.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.9.9 Drug Interactions References 7.10 Camellia sinensis (Tea) 7.10.1 Antioxidant 7.10.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.10.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.10.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.10.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.10.6 Dosage 7.10.7 Toxicity 7.10.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.10.9 Drug Interactions References 7.11 Cannabis 7.11.1 Antioxidant 7.11.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.11.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.11.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.11.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.11.6 Dosage 7.11.7 Toxicity 7.11.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.11.9 Drug Interactions References 7.12 Cecropia 7.12.1 Antioxidant 7.12.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.12.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.12.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.12.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.12.6 Dosage 7.12.7 Toxicity 7.12.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.12.9 Drug Interactions References 7.13 Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) 7.13.1 Antioxidant 7.13.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.13.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.13.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.13.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.13.6 Dosage 7.13.7 Toxicity 7.13.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.13.9 Drug Interactions References 7.14 Chrysactinia mexicana 7.14.1 Antioxidant 7.14.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.14.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.14.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.14.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.14.6 Dosage 7.14.7 Toxicity 7.14.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.14.9 Drug Interactions References 7.15 Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh) 7.15.1 Antioxidant 7.15.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.15.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.15.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.15.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.15.6 Dosage 7.15.7 Toxicity 7.15.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.15.9 Drug Interactions References 7.16 Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) 7.16.1 Antioxidant 7.16.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.16.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.16.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.16.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.16.6 Dosage 7.16.7 Toxicity 7.16.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.16.9 Drug Interactions References 7.17 Coffea arabica (Coffee) 7.17.1 Antioxidant 7.17.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.17.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic syndrome 7.17.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.17.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.17.6 Dosage 7.17.7 Toxicity 7.17.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.17.9 Drug Interactions References 7.18 Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) 7.18.1 Antioxidant 7.18.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.18.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.18.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.18.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.18.6 Dosage 7.18.7 Toxicity 7.18.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.18.9 Drug Interactions References 7.19 Corydalis yanhusuo 7.19.1 Antioxidant 7.19.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.19.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.19.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.19.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.19.6 Dosage 7.19.7 Toxicity 7.19.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.19.9 Drug Interactions References 7.20 Crocus sativa (Saffron) 7.20.1 Antioxidant 7.20.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.20.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.20.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.20.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.20.6 Dosage 7.20.7 Toxicity 7.20.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.20.9 Drug Interactions References 7.21 Curcuma longa (Turmeric) 7.21.1 Antioxidant 7.21.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.21.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.21.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.21.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.21.6 Dosage 7.21.7 Toxicity 7.21.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.21.9 Drug Interactions References 7.22 Cyperus rotundus 7.22.1 Antioxidant 7.22.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.22.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.22.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.22.5 Human Antidepressant Studies 7.22.6 Dosage 7.22.7 Toxicity 7.22.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.22.9 Drug Interactions References 7.23 Echium amoenum 7.23.1 Antioxidant 7.23.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.23.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.23.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.23.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.23.6 Dosage 7.23.7 Toxicity 7.23.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.23.9 Drug Interactions References 7.24 Eleutherococcus senticoccus (Siberian Ginseng) 7.24.1 Antioxidant 7.24.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.24.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.24.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.24.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.24.6 Dosage 7.24.7 Toxicity 7.24.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.24.9 Drug Interactions References 7.25 Epimedium brevicornum (Horny Goat Weed) 7.25.1 Antioxidant 7.25.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.25.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.25.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.25.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.25.6 Dosage 7.25.7 Toxicity 7.25.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.25.9 Drug Interactions References 7.26 Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) 7.26.1 Antioxidant 7.26.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.26.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.26.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.26.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.26.6 Dosage 7.26.7 Toxicity 7.26.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.26.9 Drug Interactions References 7.27 Ginkgo biloba 7.27.1 Antioxidant 7.27.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.27.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.27.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.27.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.27.6 Dosage 7.27.7 Toxicity 7.27.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.27.9 Drug Interactions References 7.28 Glycyrrhiza (Licorice) 7.28.1 Antioxidant 7.28.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.28.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.28.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.28.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.28.6 Dosage 7.28.7 Toxicity 7.28.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.28.9 Drug Interactions References 7.29 Hedyosmum brasiliense 7.29.1 Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory 7.29.2 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.29.3 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.29.4 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.29.5 Dosage 7.29.6 Toxicity 7.29.7 Safety in Pregnancy 7.29.8 Drug Interaction 7.30 Hemerocallis citrina (Daylily) 7.30.1 Antioxidant 7.30.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.30.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.30.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.30.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.30.6 Dosage 7.30.7 Toxicity 7.30.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.30.9 Drug Interactions References 7.31 Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) 7.31.1 Antioxidant 7.31.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.31.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.31.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.31.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.31.6 Dosage 7.31.7 Toxicity 7.31.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.31.9 Drug Interactions References 7.32 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hibiscus) 7.32.1 Antioxidant 7.32.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.32.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.32.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.32.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.32.6 Dosage 7.32.7 Toxicity 7.32.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.32.9 Drug Interactions References 7.33 Humulus lupulus (Hops) 7.33.1 Antioxidant 7.33.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.33.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.33.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.33.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.33.6 Dosage 7.33.7 Toxicity 7.33.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.33.9 Drug Interactions References 7.34 Huperzia serrata 7.34.1 Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory Effects 7.34.2 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.34.3 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.34.4 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.34.5 Dosage 7.34.6 Toxicity 7.34.7 Safety in Pregnancy 7.34.8 Drug Interactions References 7.35 Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) 7.35.1 Antioxidant 7.35.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.35.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.35.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.35.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.35.6 Dosage 7.35.7 Toxicity 7.35.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.35.9 Drug Interactions References 7.36 Ilex paraguariensis (Yerba Mate) 7.36.1 Antioxidant 7.36.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.36.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.36.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.36.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.36.6 Dosage 7.36.7 Toxicity 7.36.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.36.9 Drug Interactions References 7.37 Lavandula (Lavender) 7.37.1 Antioxidant 7.37.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.37.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.37.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.37.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.37.6 Dosage 7.37.7 Toxicity 7.37.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.37.9 Drug Interactions References 7.38 Ligusticum chuanxiong 7.38.1 Antioxidant 7.38.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.38.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.38.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.38.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.38.6 Dosage 7.38.7 Toxicity 7.38.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.38.9 Drug Interactions References 7.39 Magnolia officinalis 7.39.1 Antioxidant 7.39.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.39.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.39.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.39.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.39.6 Dosage 7.39.7 Toxicity 7.39.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.39.9 Drug Interactions References 7.40 Matricaria recutita (Chamomile) 7.40.1 Antioxidant 7.40.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.40.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.40.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.40.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.40.6 Dosage 7.40.7 Toxicity 7.40.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.40.9 Drug Interaction References 7.41 Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) 7.41.1 Antioxidant 7.41.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.41.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.41.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.41.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.41.6 Dosage 7.41.7 Toxicity 7.41.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.41.9 Drug Interactions References 7.42 Mimosa pudica 7.42.1 Antioxidant 7.42.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.42.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.42.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.42.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.42.6 Dosage 7.42.7 Toxicity 7.42.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.42.9 Drug Interactions References 7.43 Ocimum basilicum (Sweet Basil) 7.43.1 Antioxidant 7.43.2 Anti-inflammatory 7.43.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.43.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.43.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.43.6 Dosage 7.43.7 Toxicity 7.43.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.43.9 Drug Interactions References 7.44 Origanum vulgare (Oregano) 7.44.1 Antioxidant 7.44.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.44.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.44.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.44.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.44.6 Dosage 7.44.7 Toxicity 7.44.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.44.9 Drug Interactions References 7.45 Paeonia lactiflora (Peony) 7.45.1 Antioxidant 7.45.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.45.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.45.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.45.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.45.6 Dosage 7.45.7 Toxicity 7.45.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.45.9 Drug Interactions References 7.46 Panax ginseng (Ginseng) 7.46.1 Antioxidant 7.46.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.46.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.46.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.46.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.46.6 Dosage 7.46.7 Toxicity 7.46.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.46.9 Drug Interactions References 7.47 Passifloraceae incarnata (Passionflower) 7.47.1 Antioxidant 7.47.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.47.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Inflammatory 7.47.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.47.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.47.6 Dosage 7.47.7 Toxicity 7.47.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.47.9 Drug Interactions References 7.48 Piper methysticum (Kava) 7.48.1 Antioxidant 7.48.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.48.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.48.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.48.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.48.6 Safety/Toxicity References 7.49 Piper nigrum (Black Pepper) 7.49.1 Antioxidant 7.49.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.49.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.49.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.49.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.49.6 Dosage 7.49.7 Toxicity 7.49.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.49.9 Drug Interactions References 7.50 Polygala tenuifolia 7.50.1 Antioxidant 7.50.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.50.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.50.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.50.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.50.6 Dosage 7.50.7 Toxicity 7.50.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.50.9 Drug Interactions References 7.51 Poria cocos 7.51.1 Antioxidant 7.51.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.51.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.51.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.51.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.51.6 Dosage 7.51.7 Toxicity 7.51.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.51.9 Drug Interactions References 7.52 Psoralea corylifolia 7.52.1 Antioxidant 7.52.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.52.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.52.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.52.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.52.6 Dosage 7.52.7 Toxicity 7.52.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.52.9 Drug Interactions References 7.53 Rhodiola rosea 7.53.1 Antioxidant 7.53.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.53.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.53.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.53.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.53.6 Dosage 7.53.7 Toxicity 7.53.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.53.9 Drug Interactions References 7.54 Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) 7.54.1 Antioxidant 7.54.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.54.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.54.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.54.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.54.6 Dosage 7.54.7 Toxicity 7.54.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.54.9 Drug Interactions References 7.55 Salvia divinorum 7.55.1 Antioxidant 7.55.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.55.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.55.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.55.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.55.6 Dosage 7.55.7 Toxicity 7.55.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.55.9 Drug Interactions References 7.56 Sceletium tortuosum 7.56.1 Antioxidant 7.56.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.56.3 Antidiabetic/Antimetabolic Syndrome 7.56.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.56.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.56.6 Dosage 7.56.7 Toxicity 7.56.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.56.9 Drug Interactions References 7.57 Schisandra chinensis 7.57.1 Antioxidant 7.57.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.57.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.57.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.57.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.57.6 Dosage 7.57.7 Toxicity 7.57.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.57.9 Drug Interactions References 7.58 Scutellaria lateriflora (Skullcap) 7.58.1 Antioxidant 7.58.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.58.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.58.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.58.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.58.6 Dosage 7.58.7 Toxicity 7.58.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.58.9 Drug Interactions References 7.59 Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle) 7.59.1 Antioxidant 7.59.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.59.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.59.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.59.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.59.6 Dosage 7.59.7 Toxicity 7.59.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.59.9 Drug Interactions References 7.60 Theobroma cacao (Chocolate) 7.60.1 Antioxidant 7.60.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.60.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.60.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.60.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.60.6 Dosage 7.60.7 Toxicity 7.60.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.60.9 Drug Interaction References 7.61 Tilia (Linden) 7.61.1 Antioxidant 7.61.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.61.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.61.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.61.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.61.6 Dosage 7.61.7 Toxicity 7.61.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.61.9 Drug Interactions References 7.62 Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) 7.62.1 Antioxidant 7.62.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.62.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.62.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.62.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.62.6 Dosage 7.62.7 Toxicity 7.62.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.62.9 Drug Interactions References 7.63 Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) 7.63.1 Antioxidant 7.63.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.63.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.63.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.63.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.63.6 Dosage 7.63.7 Toxicity 7.63.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.63.9 Drug Interactions References 7.64 Verbena officinalis (Vervain) 7.64.1 Antioxidant 7.64.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.64.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.64.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.64.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.64.6 Dosage 7.64.7 Toxicity 7.64.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.64.9 Drug Interactions References 7.65 Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste Tree) 7.65.1 Antioxidant 7.65.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.65.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.65.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.65.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.65.6 Dosage 7.65.7 Toxicity 7.65.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.65.9 Drug Interactions References 7.66 Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) 7.66.1 Antioxidant 7.66.2 Anti-Inflammatory 7.66.3 Antidiabetic/Anti-Metabolic Syndrome 7.66.4 Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 7.66.5 Human Antidepressant Effects 7.66.6 Dosage 7.66.7 Toxicity 7.66.8 Safety in Pregnancy 7.66.9 Drug Interactions References 8: The Antidepressant Effects of Yueue and the Herbs of Traditional Chinese Medicine 8.1 Fundamental Considerations 8.2 Yueju 8.3 Xiao Yao San 8.4 Chai Hu Shu Gan 8.5 Gan Mai Da Zao 8.6 Gui Pi 8.7 Shi Wei Wen Dan Tang 8.8 Ban Xia Hou Pu 8.9 Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li 8.10 Tiao Qi 8.11 Yi Pi 8.12 Tang Shen Kang 8.13 Kai Xin San 8.14 Shu Gan Jie Yu 8.15 Si Ni San 8.16 Wu Ling 8.17 Other TCM Herbs Used in the Treatment of MDD 8.18 A Medical “Theory of Everything” References 9: Flavonoids with Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects 9.1 Amentoflavone 9.2 Apigenin 9.3 Astilbin 9.4 Baicalein and Baicalin 9.5 Chrysin 9.6 7,8,Dihydroxyflavone 9.7 Fisetin 9.8 Heptomethoxyflavone 9.9 Hesperidin and Hesperitin 9.10 Hyperoside 9.11 Icariin 9.12 Isosakurentin-5-O-rutinoside 9.13 Kaempferol 9.14 Liquiritin and Isoliquirtin 9.15 Luteolin 9.16 Miquelianin 9.17 Myricetin 9.18 Naringenin and Naringin 9.19 Nobiletin 9.20 Orientin 9.21 Quercetin 9.22 Vitexin 9.23 Wogonin and Wogonoside 9.24 Synthetic Flavonoids 9.25 Mechanisms of Flavonoid Antidepressant Action References 10: Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects of Terpenes, Polyphenolics, and Other Non-Flavonoid Phytochemicals 10.1 Amyrins 10.2 Bacopasides 10.3 Berberine 10.4 3-n-Butylphthalide 10.5 Caffeic Acid 10.6 β-Carotene 10.7 Carvacrol 10.8 β-Caryophyllene 10.9 Chlorogenic Acid 10.10 Crocin 10.11 Curcumin 10.12 3,6′‐Disinapoyl Sucrose 10.13 Ellagic Acid 10.14 Eugenol 10.15 Ferulic Acid 10.16 Gallic Acid 10.17 Gastrodin 10.18 Genipin 10.19 Ginsenoside Rg1 10.20 Glycyrrhizin 10.21 4-Hydroxyisoleucine 10.22 Hyperfoliatin 10.23 Linalool 10.24 Macranthol 10.25 Methyl Jasmonate 10.26 Mitragynine 10.27 Oleanolic Acid 10.28 Orcinol 10.29 Paeoniflorin 10.30 Paeonol 10.31 Palmatine 10.32 Plumbagin 10.33 Podoandin 10.34 Punarnavine 10.35 Resveratrol 10.36 Riparin 10.37 Rosmarinic Acid 10.38 Safranal 10.39 Salidroside 10.40 Sarsasapogenin 10.41 Scopoletin 10.42 Sulphoraphane 10.43 Tetrandrine 10.44 L‐theanine 10.45 Uliginosin B 10.46 Ursolic acid 10.47 Vanillin References 11: Choosing Herbal Treatments 11.1 Efficacy of Herbal Treatments of MDD 11.2 Herbs for Which There Is Less than Compelling Evidence of Efficacy 11.3 Combinations of Herbs 11.4 Addressing Comorbidities 11.4.1 Anxiety and Insomnia 11.4.2 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 11.4.3 Premenstrual and Perimenopausal Symptoms 11.4.4 Dementia 11.4.5 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome 11.4.6 Fatigue, Lack of Resiliency, and General Malaise 11.5 Augmentation of Standard Antidepressant Treatment with Herbs 11.6 Safety References Index