Microelectronics, Circuits and Systems: Select Proceedings of Micro2021

Description

This book covers the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Microelectronics, Circuits, and Systems (Micro2021) having design and developments of devices, micro- and nanotechnologies, and electronic appliances. This book includes the latest developments and emerging research topics in material sciences, devices, microelectronics, circuits, nanotechnology, system design and testing, simulation, sensors, photovoltaics, optoelectronics, and its different applications. This book is of great attraction to researchers and professionals working in electronics, microelectronics, electrical, and computer engineering. Contents About the Editors Highly Reliable PMOS Pass Transistor-Based Radiation Tolerant 12T SRAM Cell for Deep Space Applications 1 Introduction 2 Prior Work 2.1 Hold Operation 2.2 Read Operation 2.3 Write Operation 3 Proposed PMOS Pass Transistor-Based Radiation Tolerant 12T 3.1 Cell Structure and Behavior 3.2 Cell Sizing 3.3 SEU Recovery Mechanism 4 Simulation Results and Discussions of SRAM Cells 4.1 Read Access Time or Read Delay Analysis 4.2 Write Access Time or Write Delay Analysis 4.3 Read Stability Analysis 4.4 SEU Robustness Comparison 5 Conclusion References Majority PFET-Based Radiation Tolerant Static Random Access Memory Cell 1 Introduction 2 A Brief of Previously Proposed We-Quatro SRAM Cell 3 Description of Proposed MPRT SRAM Cell 3.1 Write and Read Operation 3.2 Error Tolerance Analysis 4 Simulation Results and Discussions 4.1 Soft Error Robustness 4.2 Analysis of Read Access Time (TRA) and Write Access Time (TWA) 4.3 Hold Power Analysis 4.4 Read Static Noise Margin (RSNM) 5 Conclusion References Comparison of Snapback Phenomenon and Physics in Bottom and Top Body Contact NMOS 1 Introduction 2 Device Structures and Simulation Setup 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References A Review on Optimal Power Flow Problem 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Modeling of OPF 2.1 Objective Function 2.2 Constraints 3 Formulation of OPF Problem 4 Challenges in OPF 5 Optimal Power Flow with Renewable Energy Source 6 Optimal Power Flow with FACTS Devices 7 Method for Solution of OPF 8 Conclusion References A Study on Zn/Cu-Based Pandan Leaf (Pandanus Amaryllifolius) Electrochemical Cell 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Material 3 Chemical Reactions and Generation of Cell Potential 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions 6 Future Prospects References Gate All Around 22 nm SOI Schottky Barrier MOSFET with High ION/IOFF Current Ratio for Low-Power Digital and Analog Circuit Applications 1 Introduction 2 Device Structure 3 Analog/RF Parameter Analysis 4 CMOS Inverter 5 Voltage Amplifier Circuit for Analog/RF Applications 6 Conclusion References Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Monitoring of Ag NPs for Power Production Using Tomato 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Ag NPs Using Tomato Extract 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 3.2 UV–Visible Technique 3.3 FTIR Analysis 3.4 FESEM Analysis 3.5 Applications of Ag NPs for Power Monitoring 3.6 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 3.7 Comparison Between the Cells for with NPs and Without NPs 3.8 Short Circuit Current (Isc) 3.9 Maximum Power (Pmax) 4 Conclusions References Man–Machine Interface in Designing Through Simulation in Solar Power Development in India 1 Introduction 2 Overall Classification of Man–Machine Interface (MMI) 3 Man–Machine Interface in Solar Energy Development: Transformation from Intermittent System to Main Driving Force in Indian Power Sector 3.1 Man–Machine Interface in Solar Design and Engineering 3.2 Future Scope of Intervention 3.3 Identification Appropriate Installation Place 4 Online Performance Monitoring of the Power Plant 4.1 Through Remote Monitoring Systems 4.2 Future Scope of Intervention 4.3 Future Scope of Intervention 5 Conclusion References Optical Cryptography Using Reversible Logic Gate 1 Introduction 2 Some Definition 3 Working Principle of MZI 4 MZI-Based Toffoli Gate 5 MZI-Based Fredkin Gate 6 Implementation of Cryptography Using All Optical Reversible Logic Gate 7 Simulation and Results 8 Conclusion References Red Spinach-A New and Innovative Power Source 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Materials 2.1 Copper Electrode 2.2 Zinc Electrode 2.3 Experimental Details 2.4 Chemical Reactions 2.5 Nernst Equation (Generation of Potential) 2.6 Reaction Quotient (Qc) 2.7 Necessary Materials 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Graphical Analysis of LED Bulb Lighting System Using Red Spinach (Amaranthus Dubius) Extract Without CuSO4 3.2 Graphical Analysis of LED Bulb Lighting System Using Red Spinach (Amaranthus Dubius) Extract with CuSO4 4 Conclusions References Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Proposed Methods 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Implementing Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Roof Fall Statistics in UG Coal Mines 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Strata Control Problem in Underground Coal Mines 4 Machine Learning Approaches 4.1 Naive Bayes Classifier (NB) 4.2 Support Vector Classifier (SVC) 4.3 Gradient Boost (GB) 4.4 Logistic Regression (LR) 5 Implementation and Observation 5.1 The Confusion Matrix 5.2 Analysis of Result Presented in Confusion Matrix 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Synthesis, Characterizations of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Monitoring for Power Production Using Drumstick Leaves 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Materials 2.1 A Chemicals, Reagents and Biological Samples 2.2 Instruments 2.3 Synthesis of AgNPs 3 Results and Discussion for Characterizations of Synthesized AgNPs 3.1 UV–Visible Spectral Studies of AgNPs 3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 3.3 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) 3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer Analysis 3.5 Applications of AgNPs Synthesized from Drumstick Leaf 3.6 Results and Discussion for Practical Applications of AgNPs 4 Conclusions References Extract of Green Chili—A New Source of Electricity 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Materials 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Graphene-Based Biosensor: Physics and Technology 1 Introduction 2 Materials Based on Graphene: Properties and Manufacture Process 3 Pure Graphene 4 Functionalized Monolayer Graphene 5 Details of Graphene-Based Quantum Dots 6 Conclusion References Graphene Sensors for Application in Defence and Healthcare Sector: Present Trends and Future Direction 1 Introduction 2 Impact of Graphene in Various Fields 3 Technology of Biological Sensor Devices with Graphene-Oriented Substantial and Recent Developments 4 Technology of Intact Graphene-Biomolecule-Oriented Biological Sensors 5 Manufacturing of Biological Molecules-Organized Graphene-Oriented Biosensors and Use 6 Recent Applications of Graphene with Computational Intelligence 7 Conclusion References Design and Simulation of a High Power LED Bulbs with Different Array of Fins in Passive Mode of Cooling 1 Introduction 2 Review Stage 2.1 Rectangular Pattern 2.2 Cross Shape Patterns 2.3 Cross Shape with Porosity Patterns 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Rectangular Fin 3.2 Cross Fin 3.3 Cross Pattern with Porous Fin 3.4 Weight of Various Fins 3.5 Temperature Readings with Respect to Time (Numerical) 3.6 Temperature Readings with Respect to Time (Experimental) 4 Conclusion References An Experimental Investigation of Production of Plastic Fuel and Blend with Diesel Fuel 1 Introduction 1.1 Plastic Types 1.2 Blends 1.3 E-Diesel 1.4 Procedure of Pyrolysis Process 2 Review Stage 3 Production of Plastic Fuel 3.1 Feed of Plastic Fuel 3.2 Preparation of Sample 3.3 Transmutation of Waste Plastic 3.4 Classification of Oil from Beginning to End Determination of Kinematic Oil Structure 3.5 By Using FT–IR Analyzer Analys the Performance of Plastic Waste 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Kinematic Viscosity of the Plastic Fuel 4.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency with Various Compression Ratios 4.3 Test Fuel Preparation and Its Characterization 5 Conclusion References Bivariate Frequency Analysis of Drought Using Copulas for Telangana Region 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results of the Study 4 Conclusion References Influence of AlN Spacer Layer on SiN-Passivated AlGaN/GaN HEMT 1 Introduction 2 Structure Description and Device Modelling 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Design and Analysis of Fractal Type MIMO Radiator for the Applications of Sub 6-GHz 5G Systems 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Geometry and Analysis 3 Results Discussion Analysis 4 MIMO Analysis 5 Conclusions References Histopathology Cancer Detection 1 Introduction 1.1 Computational Methods for Histopathology 2 Dataset 3 Methods 3.1 Neural Networks 4 Challenges Faced 4.1 Images of Larger Size 4.2 Images with Different Color Contrast 5 Experimental Results 5.1 Confusion Matrix 5.2 ROC Curve 5.3 Area Under Roc Curve (AUC_ROC) 6 Conclusion References Contingency Analysis Study for a 39 Bus System in a Micro-grid 1 Introduction 2 System Under Study 3 Mathematical Formulation 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Applications of Green Energy Storage Systems Using PKL Battery 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Comparative and Robustness Study of 3-Bit Adder 1 Introduction 2 Circuit Description of the Adders 2.1 Transmission Gate 2.2 Mirror Adder 2.3 Carry Bypass Adder 3 Simulation Setup and Comparative Analysis of Design Metrics 3.1 Average Delay (tp) Estimation 3.2 Average Power Dissipation Analysis 3.3 PDP Estimation and Discussion 4 Variability Analysis of Design Metrics 4.1 Average Delay (tp) Variability Estimation 4.2 Average Power (Pavg) Variability Analysis 4.3 PDP Variability Analysis 5 Conclusion References Brain Tumor Detection and Classification from MRI Images Using Cascaded Deep Neural Networks 1 Introduction 2 Convolutional Neural Network 3 Nonlinear (RELU) Layer 4 VGG-19 Model 5 Res Net 50 Architecture 5.1 Simulation and Output Results 5.2 Result and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Development of Low-Cost Intelligent Alert System for Underground Coal Mines Using GSM 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 System Design and Description 3.1 Sensors 3.2 Audio Visual Alert Module (AVA) 3.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 3.4 Microcontroller and GSM Module 4 System Configuration 5 Experimentations and Results 5.1 Temperature Monitoring 5.2 Gas Detection 5.3 Object Sensing Using Ultrasonic Sensors 6 Conclusion References Analysis of an IoT-Based SDN Smart Health Monitoring System 1 Introduction 2 The Impact of SDN and IoT in the Data Rich Health Care Industry 3 System Model and Testbed 3.1 Smart Health Care Traffic Types 3.2 Wireless Sensor Network 3.3 SDN Configuration 4 IOT and Security in Healthcare 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Internet of Things in Agriculture Industry: Implementation, Applications, Challenges and Potential 1 Introduction 2 IoT Implementation in Agriculture Industry 2.1 Advantages of Using IoT in Agriculture 2.2 Current Implementation of IoT in Agriculture 3 Applications of IoT in Agriculture Industry 4 Challenges and Solutions 4.1 Challenges 4.2 Solutions 5 Conclusion References Assessing Dynamic RAM Technology with Contrast Era of Megabit, Gigabit, and Merged Dynamic RAM/Logic 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic RAM/Logic Merged Technology 2.1 Leakage Current 2.2 Threshold Voltage 3 Dynamic RAM Leading Technologies (Gigabit Era) 3.1 Cell Structure and Its Technology 3.2 Technology of Lithography 3.3 Technology of Metallization 4 Logical and Conceptual Dynamic RAM Chip Architecture and Megabit Dynamic RAM Circuit Design 4.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 4.2 Power Dissipation 4.3 Speed 4.4 Perspectives 5 Conclusion References Analysis of Computational Complexity in Interference Mitigation with 3D MIMO Beamforming Techniques in 5G Networks 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 System Model 3.1 LA-NCG Algorithm 4 Results and discussion 4.1 Throughput Analysis 4.2 Analysis on Computation Time 5 Conclusion References Emotion Recognition: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Emotion Recognition System Using Multiple Model Approach 3 RF Signals for Emotion Recognition 4 Affect Emotion Recognition 5 Design of Music System Using Emotions of Input Speech Signals 6 Wearable Health Devices 7 Review Analysis and Discussion 8 Conclusion References Smart Shirt: A Leap into Technological Fashion 1 Introduction 1.1 Smart Shirt 1.2 Need of Smart Shirt 1.3 Functions of Smart Shirt 1.4 Requirements of Smart Shirt 2 Data Collection 3 Applications of Smart Shirt 3.1 Developments in Various Applications of Smart Shirt 4 Conclusion References Design of Domino Logic-Based NOR Gate Circuit for Reduction of Charge Sharing 1 Introduction 2 Simulation Results 3 Conclusion References Design of Dynamic Logic Circuit-Based NOR Gate for Low Power 1 Introduction 2 Simulation Results 3 Conclusion References Modeling of MQW Transistor Laser Using Group IV Materials 1 Introduction 2 Design of a Group IV MQW TL 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Driver Drowsiness Detection Using OpenCV and Machine Learning Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Techniques 3.1 Haar Cascade Classifiers 3.2 System Model Data Acquisition 3.3 The Drowsiness Detector Algorithm 4 Drowsiness Detection Algorithm 4.1 Face Detection 4.2 Facial Land Marking 4.3 Feature Extraction 4.4 Classification 4.5 Support Vector Machine 5 Results 6 Conclusion References The Power Density of PKL, Aloe Vera, Myrobalan, Lemon, and Tomato Electrochemical Cell—An Observation 1 Introduction 2 Method and Materials 2.1 Preparation of Leaves and Vegetative Extract and Experimental Setup 2.2 Power Density (W/L) 2.3 Chemical Reactions 2.4 Theory for Voltage Generation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Modeling and Design of FPGA-Based Power Quality Analyzer 1 Introduction 2 Block Diagram of Power Quality Analyzer (PQA) 3 Components of PQA 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Design of Hardware Unified Power Quality Conditioner to Mitigate Sag and Swell 1 Introduction 2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) 3 UPQC Block Diagram 3.1 Left Shunt UPQC 3.2 Right Shunt UPQC 4 Classification of UPQC Based on Power Rating 4.1 UPQC-P Sag and Swell Condition 4.2 UPQC-S Sag and Swell Condition 5 UPQC Hardware 6 Conclusions References Complementing Biometric Authentication System with Cognitive Skills 1 Introduction 1.1 Biometrics and Its Types 1.2 Eligible Biometric Traits 1.3 Limitations of Unimodal Biometrics Systems 1.4 Multimodal Biometric Systems 1.5 Operating Modes 1.6 Levels of Fusion 1.7 Integration in Multimodal Biometric Systems 1.8 Need of Multimodal Biometric Systems 2 Proposed Methodology 3 Future Work 4 Conclusion References An Interactive Method to Predict Thyroid Disease 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Random Forest Approach 3.2 Dataset Description 3.3 Experimental Results 4 Conclusion References A Brief Study of Designing a 10KWP Grid Connected Photovolatic System Using PVSYST 1 Introduction 2 PVSYST 3 Design Description 4 Simulations Result 5 Daily Input/Output Diagram 6 Horizon Line 7 Normalized Power Production 8 Performance Ratio 9 Sankey Diagram 10 Conclusion References Automatic Plant Watering System Using Moisture Sensor and Arduino Uno_An Experimental Validation 1 Introduction 2 Components and Materials 3 Working Principle 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References Lung Cancer Detection Using Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) 1 Introduction 2 Methods Used 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Deep Learning Based Real-Time Object Detection on Jetson Nano Embedded GPU 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review 1.2 NVIDIA Jetpack (Jetson Nano Modules) 2 Devices, Models, and Materials 2.1 The Device 2.2 Materials 2.3 The Method 3 Experiments, Results, and Discussions 3.1 Training the Model 3.2 Metrics for Evaluation 3.3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Density-Based Scanning to Provide Effective Medical Emergency System 1 Introduction 1.1 Density-Based Algorithms 1.2 Image Matching Algorithms 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed System 3.1 Problem Statement 3.2 Proposed Methodology 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusion References Phytochemicals as an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient of Ocimum Sanctum and Azadirachta Indica: A Theoretical Screening Study 1 Introduction 2 Computational Details 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Structural Optimization of Phytochemicals in Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) and Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Using DFT 3.2 Molecular Docking of Selected Phytochemicals 4 Conclusion References DAAM: WSN Data Aggregation Using Enhanced AI and ML Approaches 1 Introduction 2 Why Data Aggregations 2.1 Tools Used in Data Aggregation in WSN 3 Data Aggregation, Collection and Dissemination 4 Enhanced Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Data Aggregation 5 Enhanced ML Approaches for Data Aggregations 6 Conclusion References Dual-Strip Flag Microstrip Patch Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Antenna Design 4 Results and Simulations 4.1 Return Loss 4.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 4.3 Radiation Pattern 4.4 Surface Current Distribution 4.5 Smith Chart 5 Conclusion References A Cost-Effective Tracking and Health Monitoring System for Suspected COVID-19 Patient in Quarantine 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Design 3 Mechanism of Proposed Model 4 PCB Layout and Design of Proposed Model 5 Results 6 Conclusion References