Legalization of International Law and Politics: Multi-Level Governance of Human Rights and Aggression

Description

This book provides an expanded conceptualization of legalization that focuses on implementation of obligation, precision, and delegation at the international and domestic levels of politics. By adding domestic politics and the actors to the international level of analysis, the authors add the insights of Kenneth Waltz, Graham Allison, and Louis Henkin to understand why most international law is developed and observed most of the time. However, the authors argue that law-breaking and law-distorting occurs as a part of negative legalization. Consequently, the book offers a framework for understanding how international law both produces and undermines order and justice. The authors also draw from realist, liberal, constructivist, cosmopolitan and critical theories to analyse how legalization can both build and/or undermine consensus, which results in either positive or negative legalization of international law. The authors argue that legalization is a process over time and not just a snapshot in time. Contents 1 Introduction: Re-Conceptualizing Legalization—The Positive and Negative Uses and Effects of International Law Concept of Legalization Obligation to Be Legally Bound by the Law Precision of the Law Delegation of Authority to Implement, Interpret, and Apply Rules to Resolve Disputes Precision and Obligation Involve Implementation Third-Party Resolution Is Not Necessarily “More Is Better” Critiques More Critical Perspectives Cosmopolitan Approaches Conclusion 2 Legalization with Lawyers in Lawfare: The Case of National Security Intermediate Causes of International Law Compliance Global Civil Society Opposing Tans in Divided Global Civil Society Example of International Criminal Tribunals Catalytic Causes: Legal Activism Pragmatists Rationalizing the Legal Conclusion 3 Legalization of Reform of Torture Laws and Practices: Compliant, Exceptionalist, and Hybrid Types International Torture Regime Compliant Democracies France Argentina Exceptionalist Democracies The United States Israel Hybrid Democracies Poland Explaining the Differences Between the Three Types of Democracies Conclusion 4 Limits to the Legalization of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Ambiguous Obligation and Imprecision with Varying Implementation ESCRs Historical Background and Current Challenges Right to an Adequate Standard of Living COVID-19 and ESCRs Violations Responses to COVID-19/Pandemic Education UN Monitoring and Protection of ESCRs Refugees/Migrants Thematic Studies of ESCRs NGO Monitoring of ESCRs Corruption Inflation Gender Inequalities/Violence Against Women/Women’s Rights Health Racism/Race Discrimination Dilemmas in Monitoring ESCRs Conceptualizing the Evidence of NGO Impacts Climate Action/Climate Change Possible Collaboration Between Neoliberal and Progressive TANs on ESCRs Conclusions 5 Positive and Negative Legalization of Women’s Rights: The Limits on Implementation by the Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Un Charter-Based and Treaty-Based Gender Rights Regimes UN Charter-Based Regimes Treaty-Based Regimes Conclusion 6 Legalization of Human Rights in Africa The Push for Human Rights on the African Continent Institutionalization of Human Rights Laws Prohibiting Tortures, Disappearances, and Political Killings in African States Conclusions 7 European Regional Effects on Legalization Contemporary Struggles Country Studies Responses to Russian Aggression Conclusions 8 Conclusions About Legalization Positive/Negative Legalization Monism vs. Dualism Strong States/Weak States Multilateral Monitoring Type of Regime International Level of Legalization Index