Brain Injury Medicine, : Principles and Practice

Description

This revised and greatly expanded Third Edition of Brain Injury Medicine continues its reputation as the key core textbook in the field, bringing together evidence-based medicine and years of collective author clinical experience in a clear and comprehensive guide for brain injury professionals. Universally praised as the gold standard text and go-to clinical reference, the book covers the entire continuum of care from early diagnosis and assessment through acute management, rehabilitation, associated medical and quality of life issues, and functional outcomes. With 12 new chapters and expanded coverage in key areas of pathobiology and neuro-recovery, special populations, sport concussion, disorders of consciousness, neuropharmacology, and more, this "state of the science" resource promotes a multi-disciplinary approach to a complex condition with consideration of emerging topics and the latest clinical advances. Written by over 200 experts from all involved disciplines, the text runs the full gamut of practice of brain injury medicine including principles of public health and research, biomechanics and neural recovery, neuroimaging and neurodiagnostic testing, sport and military, prognosis and outcome, acute care, treatment of special populations, neurologic and other medical complications post-injury, motor and musculoskeletal problems, post-trauma pain disorders, cognitive and behavioral problems, functional mobility, neuropharmacology and alternative treatments, community reentry, and medicolegal and ethical issues. Unique in its scope of topics relevant to professionals working with patients with brain injury, this third edition offers the most complete and contemporary review of clinical practice standards in the field. Key Features: Thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition of the seminal reference on brain injury medicineEvidence-based consideration of emerging topics with new chapters covering pathobiology, biomarkers, neurorehabilitation nursing, neurodegenerative dementias, anoxic/hypoxic ischemic brain injury, infectious causes of acquired brain injury, neuropsychiatric assessment, PTSD, and capacity assessmentMulti-disciplinary authorship with leading experts from a wide range of specialties including but not limited to physiatry, neurology, psychiatry, neurosurgery, neuropsychology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech language pathology, and nursingNew online chapters on survivorship, family perspectives, and resources for persons with brain injury and their caregiversPurchase includes digital access for use on most mobile devices or computers.Publisher: Springer Publishing Company Cover Title Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Part I: Perspectives on Clinical Care, Public Health, and Research Chapter 1: Systems of Care and Natural History of Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Scope of the Problem and the Characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury The Development of Systems of Care Realities of the Marketplace Essential Components of the Clinical Continuum Service Delivery in Relation to Natural History of Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 2: Traumatic Brain Injury Care: Historical Perspectives Introduction A Brief Early History of Traumatic Brain Injury The World Wars Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Related Fields Neurosurgery of Traumatic Brain Injury in the Post-War Era Neuroimaging Post-War Expansion of Basic Science Research Expansion of Neuropathology Research Intensive Care Management Brain Injury Medicine and Rehabilitation Fields Advances in Military Medicine Growth of Research in Brain Injury Medicine Development of Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines Measuring Outcomes Recent Trends in Traumatic Brain Injury Acute Care Management Neurotrauma Outcome Research Recent Trends in Brain Injury Medicine Conclusion Key References Chapter 3: Health Policy: United States and International Perspectives Introduction Driver of Health Public Policy: Principles and Values Health Public Policy: Politics Health Public Policy: Science Health Public Policy: Economics Conclusion Disclaimer Key References Further Reading Chapter 4: International Systems of Care and Research Agendas Introduction Trends in Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology Indirect Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury Geographical and Cultural Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury Systems of Care from an International Perspective International Organizations and Societies Within the Field of Traumatic Brain Injury International Efforts Within Traumatic Brain Injury Research and Clinical Care Conclusion Key References Chapter 5: Education, Training, and Certification for Health Care Providers Introduction Health Care Providers Community Carers and Paraprofessionals Conclusion Key References Chapter 6: Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Accreditation for Brain Injury Programs Introduction The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Accreditation Scope The Structure of the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Brain Injury Standards The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Accreditation and Using the Standards Benefits of the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Accreditation—Why Seek Accreditation? Influence of Accreditation on Organizational Improvement The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities—Accredited Brain Injury Organizations Overview of Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Accreditation Process International Markets Conclusion Surveyors Key References Further Reading Chapter 7: Conducting Research in Acquired Brain Injury: Current Concepts and Issues Introduction Clinical Gaps, Challenges, and Considerations Associated with Brain Injury Research Researching the Population with Brain Injury Research Priorities and Future Directions in Brain Injury Research Conclusion Key References Chapter 8: Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Public Health Issues Introduction Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology The Burden of Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States Conclusion Key References Chapter 9: Primary Prevention Introduction Economics of Traumatic Brain Injury: Costs, Burden, and Its Prevention What is Prevention? Injury Control Theory The Haddon Matrix Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Development of a Comprehensive Injury Prevention Program Motorcycle Injury Prevention Falls Sports and Recreational Injury Violence and Suicide Drugs and Alcohol Elder Abuse Pediatric Head Trauma Conclusion Key References Part II: Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Neural Recovery Chapter 10: Biomechanics of Brain Injury Introduction Head Accelerations During Activities of Daily Living Measures of Head Injury Risk Frontal Crash Testing of Vehicles Head Accelerations in Crash Testing with Human Volunteers Head Accelerations in Sports Impacts Causing Brain Injury Federal Testing for Head-Impact Protection Head Injury Risks Head Injury Risks in Motor Vehicle Crashes Wearable Technologies to Measure Head Accelerations Blast Injury Skull Fracture Biomechanics Conclusion Key References Chapter 11: Pathobiology of Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Classification of Traumatic Brain Injury: Primary and Secondary, Focal and Diffuse Primary Diffuse Brain Injury Primary Focal Brain Injury Intracellular Neurochemical Events in Secondary Brain Injury Cell Death and Delayed Brain Damage After Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 12: Neurological Biomarkers: The Future of Diagnostic Medicine in Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Pathophysiology The Attributes of a “Good” Biomarker Early Research of Brain Injury Biomarkers The Newer Generation: Acute Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers Projected Clinical Utilities of Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers Prospective Outlook Future Directions Conclusion Key References Further Reading Chapter 13: Concepts of Central Nervous System Plasticity and Their Implications for Recovery After Brain Damage Introduction What is Neuroplasticity? Localization of Function and Neuroplasticity Reorganization, Unmasking, Sparing, and Latent Synapses What Have We Learned About Historical Conceptual Issues Surrounding Neural Plasticity? Conclusion Key References Chapter 14: Therapeutic Approaches for Experimental Brain Injury Introduction Conclusion Key References Part III: Neuroimaging and Neurodiagnostic Testing Chapter 15: Structural Neuroimaging Introduction Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantitative Aspects of Imaging Current Clinical Imaging Diagnostic Guidelines for CT Medicolegal Issues, Neuroimaging, and Brain Injuries Advanced Imaging Modalities Conclusion Key References Chapter 16: Functional Neuroimaging Introduction Functional Neuroimaging Modalities Diagnosis Prognosis and Outcome Treatment Pathophysiology Conclusion Key References Chapter 17: Electrophysiological Techniques Introduction Electroencephalography Evoked Potentials Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Other Methods of Potential Interest Neuromodulation Strategies in Central Neuropathic Pain and Posttraumatic Headache Some Limitations of Electrophysiological Techniques Conclusion Key References Part IV: Prognosis and Outcome Chapter 18: Prognosis After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Practical, Evidence-Based Approach Introduction Summary of Findings Synopsis of Studies Summary Communicating Prognoses Conclusion Acknowledgment Key References Appendix I: Evaluating an Article on Prognosis Appendix II: Methodology Chapter 19: Neuroimaging Correlates of Functional Outcome Introduction Overview of Neuroimaging in Traumatic Brain Injury Short-Term Outcome Long-Term Outcome Identifying Networks and Damage: Using Neuroimaging to Predict Outcome The Role of Quantitative Image Analyses in Identifying Areas of Damage Practical Guide: Prognostic Value of Qualitative and Quantitative Neuroimaging Findings in Predicting Neuroanatomical, Neurobehavioral, and Neurocognitive Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 20: Functional Assessment in Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction The Functional Continuum The Structure of Functional Assessment Instruments Issues in Functional Assessment Issues in Measurement: The Metrological Characteristics of Functional Assessment Instruments Uses of Functional Assessment Subjective Valuation of Functional Performance Selection of a Functional Assessment Measure Conclusion Key References Chapter 21: Life Expectancy and Wellness Introduction Terminology Mortality After Traumatic Brain Injury Life Expectancy Causes of Death Risk Factors for Mortality Wellness After Acquired Brain Injury: Recommendations for Managing a Healthy Lifestyle Conclusion Acknowledgment Key References Part V: Acute Care Chapter 22: Prehospital Assessment and Care Introduction Prehospital Neurophysiology Prehospital Assessment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prehospital Assessment and Management of Moderate or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 23: Critical Care Introduction Brain Injury Evaluation and Management of Brain Injury in the ICU General Intensive Care Management Conclusion Key References Chapter 24: The Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Preoperative Assessment Indications for Surgical Intervention Acute Subdural Hematomas Acute Epidural Hematomas Traumatic Intraparenchymal Gematomas Posterior Fossa Mass Lesions Depressed Skull Fractures Penetrating Brain Injury Surgical Technique: Frontotemporoparietal Craniotomy Surgical Technique: Bifrontal Craniotomy Postoperative Care Conclusion Key References Chapter 25: Acute Rehabilitation Introduction Team Approach The Acute Neurotrauma Setting Cognitive Behavioral Issues in Acute Rehabilitation Medical Complications in Acute Rehabilitation Discharge Planning: From Acute to Where and When Outcome Measures Socioeconomic Considerations Conclusion Key References Chapter 26: Neurosurgical and Neurorehabilitation Nursing Introduction Critical Care Postoperative Care Secondary Brain Injury Nutrition Pain Management Complications Initiation of Early Recovery Programs Intermediate Care Nursing Transition of Patients with Brain Injury from Critical Care to Acute Care Settings Serial Assessments Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Conditions Optimizing Nutritional Support Supporting Sleep/wake Cycles Management of Neurobehavioral Symptoms Family Education and Care Coordination Rehabilitative Care General Safety Neurobehavioral Management in the Rehabilitation Setting Urinary Dysfunction Bowel Dysfunction Sleep Conclusion Key References Part VI: Special TBI Populations Chapter 27: Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults Introduction Scope of the Problem Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults Pathophysiology Acute Care Management Sensory Abnormalities of Aging and the Impact on Rehabilitation Diagnosis and Management of Medical and Rehabilitation Problems in Older Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury Challenges Presented by Current Health Care Regulations Outcomes Prevention Aging with Traumatic Brain Injury Life Expectancy Neurodegenerative Disorders Conclusion Acknowledgments Key References Chapter 28: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Definition of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosing a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Return to Work Neuropsychological Outcome Persistent Symptoms Psychosocial Risk and Resilience Factors Depression, Anxiety, and Traumatic Stress Management and Rehabilitation Conclusion Key References Further Reading Chapter 29: Sport-Related Concussion Introduction Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion Acute Effects and Clinical Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion Physiological Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion Clinical Assessment of Sport-Related Concussion Post-Concussion Symptom Assessment Traditional Neuropsychological Measures Computerized Neurocognitive Testing Hybrid Approach Medical Evaluation Domain-Based Brief Assessments Clinical Application of Injury Assessment, Management, and Return to Activity After Concussion Multimodal Assessment Approach Conclusion Key References Appendix I: Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, 5th Addition (SCAT5) What is the SCAT5? Immediate or On-Field Assessment Step 1: Red Flags Step 2: Observable Signs Step 3: Memory Assessment Maddocks Questions2 Step 4: Examination Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)3 Cervical Spine Assessment Office or Off-Field Assessment Step 1: Athlete Background Step 2: Symptom Evaluation Step 3: Cognitive Screening Orientation Immediate Memory Concentration Digits Backwards Months in Reverse Order Step 4: Neurological Screen Balance Examination Step 5: Delayed Recall: Step 6: Decision Concussion Injury Advice Instructions Concussion Information Chapter 30: Assessment and Rehabilitative Management of Individuals with Disorders of Consciousness Introduction Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria Pathophysiology and Neuroimaging Clinical Assessment Treatment Interventions and Effectiveness Prognosis Recommendations for Inpatient Disorder of Consciousness Rehabilitation Programs Conclusion Key References Chapter 31: Military Traumatic Brain Injury: Special Considerations Introduction Health Consequences of Deployment Unique Injury Subtypes Comorbid Physical and Behavioral Health Conditions Longitudinal Studies of Military Traumatic Brain Injury Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Caregivers/family Screening, Evaluation, and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Validity of Cognitive Performance and Self-Reported Symptoms Models of Care for Military Service Members and Veterans Coping with the Chronic Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Disclaimer Key References Chapter 32: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Posttraumatic Neurodegenerative Disorders Introduction Punch-Drunk: History of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology Mechanism: From Repetitive Head Impacts to Neurodegeneration Posttraumatic Neurodegeneration: Does a Single Traumatic Brain Injury Lead to Alzheimer’s Disease? Clinical Presentation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Biomarkers Risk and Resilience Conclusion Key References Part VII: Pediatric TBI Chapter 33: Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Special Considerations Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Grading of Injury Severity Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes Special Circumstances Prevention Future Directions Conclusion Key References Chapter 34: Pediatric Neurocritical Care: Special Considerations Introduction Distinctions of the Immature Brain Clinical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Beyond the Guidelines Bridging the Gap from Acute Care to Recovery Conclusion Key References Chapter 35: Pediatric Neuropsychological Issues and Cognitive Rehabilitation Introduction Neuropsychology Assessment Acute Assessment Intervention Special Considerations Conclusion Key References Chapter 36: Educational Issues and Return to School Introduction Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on School Performance Modifiable Factors in Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes Effective Educational Practices Conclusion Recommended Websites Key References Chapter 37: Family Assessment and Intervention After Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury Introduction The Medical Model: A Family Systemsillness Perspective A Resilience-Based Family Systems Framework for Assessment and Intervention Resilience-Based Clinical Family System Assessment Menu of Family Supports After Acquired Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents Conclusion Key References Part VIII: Neurological Disorders Chapter 38: Posttraumatic Seizures and Epilepsy Introduction Classification and Clinical Presentations Manifestations of Posttraumatic Seizures and Epilepsy Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Seizures Natural History of Posttraumatic Seizures and Epilepsy Onset Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis Biomarkers Management of Posttraumatic Seizures and Epilepsy: Prevention, Prophylaxis, and Practice Guidelines Explosive Blast Neurotrauma Diagnosis and Treatment of Posttraumatic Seizures Conclusion Acknowledgments Key References Further Reading Chapter 39: Movement Disorders After Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Movement Disorders Treatment of Posttraumatic Movement Disorders Conclusion Key References Chapter 40: Cranial Nerve Disorders Introduction Overview Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve Evaluation Injury Incidence and Mechanism Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve Abducens Nerve (cranial Nerve VI) Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Cranial Nerve XI Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Conclusion Aberrant Reinnervation Conclusion Key References Further Reading Chapter 41: Posttraumatic Brain Injury Fatigue: Assessment and Treatment Introduction Definition of Posttraumatic Brain Injury Fatigue Epidemiology Effects of Fatigue on Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury Physiology of Fatigue Relationship of Posttraumatic Brain Injury Fatigue with Other Factors Assessment of Posttraumatic Brain Injury Fatigue Treatment of Posttraumatic Brain Injury Fatigue Conclusion Key References Chapter 42: Sleep Management After Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction What is a Healthy Amount of Sleep? Conceptual Framework for the Management of Sleep in Persons with Brain Injury Measurement of Sleep Problems in Persons with Brain Injury Framework for Considering Sleep Disturbance After Traumatic Brain Injury Sleep Disturbances and Cognition Conclusion Key References Chapter 43: Diagnosis and Management of Late Intracranial Complications of Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Conditions Involving Risk of Infection Infectious Complications Craniectomy and Cranioplasty Hydrocephalus Vascular Complications Late Intracranial Mass Lesions Conclusion Key References Chapter 44: Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Introduction Pathophysiology of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Public Health Considerations Management of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Early Prognostic Indicators After Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Neurorecovery and Chronic Aspects of Care Clinical Challenges Promoting Neurorecovery Conclusion Key References Chapter 45: Infectious, Toxic, Electrical, and Radiation-Based Acquired Brain Injuries Introduction Infectious Acquired Brain Injuries Toxin-Induced Acquired Brain Injuries Electrical and Other Acquired Brain Injuries Conclusion Key References Part IX: Special Senses Chapter 46: Evaluation and Treatment of Visual Dysfunction Introduction Neuroanatomy of the Most Relevant Visual Pathways Vision Therapy/Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation Conceptual Model of Vision Care in Traumatic Brain Injury Potential Vision-Based Biomarkers for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Detection Vision Care in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation Summary in the Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury The Neuro-Ophthalmic Approach to the Patient After Traumatic Brain Injury Future Directions Conclusion Acknowledgments Key References Chapter 47: Audiological Impairment Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Evaluation External Ear Tympanic Membrane and Middle Ear Inner Ear Central Auditory System Damage Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Conclusion Key References Chapter 48: Dizziness and Imbalance Introduction Sources of Balance and Dizziness Complaints After a Brain Injury Musculoskeletal Disorders That Can Cause Dizziness and Balance Dysfunction After a Brain Injury Central Nervous System Causes for Dizziness and Balance Deficits in Persons with Brain Injury Overview of Assessment Tools and Their Use in Diagnosis and Treatment Overview of Treatment Options Vestibular Physical Therapy Conclusion Acknowledgments Key References Chapter 49: Smell and Taste Introduction Anatomy and Physiology of Smell and Taste Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Smell and Taste Dysfunction Clinical Presentation and History Physical Examination Smell and Taste Testing Neuroimaging Prognosis and Management Medicolegal Considerations Conclusion Key References Electronic Resources Part X: Motor and Musculoskeletal Problems Chapter 50: Complications Associated with Immobility After Acquired Brain Injury Introduction Effects of Immobility on the Person with Acquired Brain Injury Prevention of Complications Conclusion Key References Chapter 51: Managing Muscle Overactivity Due to Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome Introduction Positive Signs General Comments on the Approach to Evaluation Conclusion Acknowledgments Key References Chapter 52: Neuro-Orthopedics Introduction Principles of Neuro-Orthopedic Management Shoulder Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Pelvis and HIP Knee Foot and Ankle Heterotopic Ossification in the Traumatic Brain Injury Population: Systematic Review Findings from the Erabi Group Complications in Neuro-Orthopedic Surgery Conclusion Key References Further Reading Part XI: Autonomic and Other Organ System Problems Chapter 53: Autonomic Dysfunction Introduction A Brief Review of Autonomic Anatomy and Physiology Autonomic Syndromes Associated with Acquired Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 54: Neuroendocrine Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Why Pituitary Deficiencies Mattera Evidence for Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury The Pituitary and ITS Functions Implications of Chronic Posttraumatic Hypopituitarism Interpreting the Literature Special Populations: Women, Children and Adolescents, Military Injuries, and Repetitive Sports Injuries Practical Approach to Pituitary Evaluation After Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 55: Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Issues Introduction Gastrointestinal Complications Background Delayed Gastric Emptying Complications of Brain Injury with Nutritional Significance Goals of Nutrition Therapy Nutrition Assessment Enteral Versus Parenteral Nutrition Support Immune-Enhancing Nutritional Support Issues Rehabilitation Issues Conclusion Key References Chapter 56: Sexuality and Intimacy Following Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Importance of Sexuality and Neurosexuality Diagnosis, Incidence, and Types of Sexual Dysfunction Following Traumatic Brain Injury Biopsychosocial Approach to Sexuality After Traumatic Brain Injury Contributors to Sexual Dysfunction Following Traumatic Brain Injury Assessment Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury Special Needs of Lgbtqia+ Individuals Ethical Issues Conclusion Key References Part XII: Post-Trauma Pain Disorders Chapter 57: Posttraumatic Headaches Introduction Classification Epidemiology Pathophysiology of Headaches Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Testing Treatment Prognosis Conclusion Key References Further Reading Chapter 58: Posttraumatic Pain Disorders: Medical Assessment and Management Introduction Basic Tenets of Pain Science Neuroanatomy and Neurobiology of Pain Common Pain Disorders After Traumatic Brain Injury Pain Assessment Pain Management Strategies: Overview Medical Management: General Considerations Impairment Assessment Conclusion Acknowledgments Key References Chapter 59: Biopsychosocial Assessment and Management of Posttraumatic Pain Introduction Traumatic Brain Injury and Pain Biopsychosocial Pain Assessment Pain Management Conclusion Key References Part XIII: Cognitive Problems Chapter 60: Cognitive Impairments Introduction Fundamental Processes of Cognition Major Domains of Cognition Conclusion Key References Chapter 61: Neuropsychological Assessment and Treatment Planning Introduction Neuropsychological Assessment Special Considerations Interpretation and Diagnosis Prognostication and Treatment Planning Conclusion Key References Chapter 62: Cognitive Rehabilitation Introduction Types of Cognitive Rehabilitation Strategies Evidence Supporting Cognitive Rehabilitation: Systematic Reviews and Recommendations Factors Related to Implementation and Outcomes Dissemination and Utilization of Cognitive Rehabilitation Information, Training, and Resources Future Directions Conclusion Key References Part XIV: Neuropsychiatric and Behavioral Problems Chapter 63: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Syndromes Introduction Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Emotional Dyscontrol Behavioral Dyscontrol Psychosis Apathy Suicide Conclusion Key References Chapter 64: Toward a Holistic Approach to Behavior Support Introduction A Brief Review of Common Behavioral Challenges Following Brain Injury Foundations of Behavior Supports: Principles Guiding the Development of Applied Behavior Analysis and Positive Behavior Support An Overview of Applied Behavior Analytic Interventions: Positive Outcomes Primarily Associated with Early Stages of Recovery and Specialized Treatment Programs Specific Components of Applied Behavior Analysis A Rationale for a Focus on a Contextsensitive Positive Behavior Support Approach to Behavior Intervention: Evidence from Neurosc An Overview of Interventions Associated with Positive Behavior Support: Emerging Evidence for Effectiveness in Multiple Settings Specific Positive Behavior Support Strategies: Applications in Long-Term Support A Holistic Approach to Behavior Support: Structured Flexibility and PBS+PLUS The Principles of PBS+PLUS PBS+PLUS: Structured Flexibility in the Development of Supports Practices of PBS+PLUS: Applying a Framework of Structured Flexibility in the Development of Everyday Behavioral Support Meaningful Engagement in Chosen Life Activities: The Core of PBS+PLUS Interventions Conclusion Key References Chapter 65: Psychological Interventions for Emotional and Behavioral Problems Following Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction The Role of Psychological Intervention After Brain Injury Assessment for Psychological Intervention Supportive Therapy and Education Individual Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Reestablishing Identity Group Therapy Family Support Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Mindfulness-Based Therapies: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Motivational Interviewing Compassion-Focused Therapy Treatment of Apathy Conclusion Key References Chapter 66: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Brain Injury Clinical Presentation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Brain Injury Diagnosis and Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury Course and Prognosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Associated with Brain Injury Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Conclusion Key References Part XV: Speech, Language, and Swallowing Problems Chapter 67: Assessment and Treatment of Speech and Language Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Communication Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 68: Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Problems Introduction Swallowing Disorders Evaluation of Dysphagia: When and How Management of Dysphagia Short-Term and Long-Term Follow-Up Conclusion Acknowledgment Key References Chapter 69: Cognitive-Communication Deficits Following Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Language Impairments From a Site of Lesion Perspective Social Cognition Characterizing Language Impairments Following Brain Injury Discourse Deficits Following Brain Injury Interpretations of Discourse Deficits Following Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Part XVI: Functional Mobility, ADLs, and Leisure Skills Chapter 70: Neuroscientific Basis for Occupational and Physical Therapy Interventions Introduction Maturation of Our Understanding of Brain Plasticity and Recovery Principles Neural Correlates of Skilled Motor Control Use-Dependent and Skill-Dependent Modification of Motor Cortex Topography Acute and Chronic Changes in Perilesional and Remote Regions After Brain Injury Physiotherapeutic Treatment for Motor Disability After Brain Injury: Current Practice Conclusion Key References Chapter 71: Movement Rehabilitation Introduction Physical Disablement After Traumatic Brain Injury Motor Skill Acquisition: The Control and Learning of Movement Motor Learning Principles Applied to Practice Current Approaches to Movement Rehabilitation After Acquired Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 72: Activities of Daily Living and Leisure Skills: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives Introduction The Occupational Profile Everyday Occupations and Activities Assessing Functional Performance Intervention: Goal Setting Strategies Interventions for Activity Limitation: Bringing Meaning Back to Life Long-Term Engagement in Meaningful Activities The Role of Therapeutic Recreation and Occupational Therapy Conclusion Acknowledgment Websites Key References Further Reading Chapter 73: Assistive Technology for People with Traumatic Brain Injuries Introduction Practice Frameworks Assistive Technology Definitions Mobile Technologies as Cognitive Behavioral AIDS Computer Access Solutions Social Media, the Internet, and Gaming Home Modifications and Smart Homes Augmentative and Alternative Communication Telehealth Wheelchairs and Seating Systems Emerging Technologies Assistive Technology Access and Adoption Considerations Conclusion Key References Part XVII: Neuropharmacology, Neurotechnology, and Alternative Treatments Chapter 74: Neuropharmacology: A Neurorehabilitation Perspective Introduction Philosophy of Medication Management After Brain Injury: General Guidelines Approaches to Medication Management Following Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Further Reading Chapter 75: Pharmacotherapy of Cognitive Impairment Introduction Neurobiology and Cognitive Pharmacotherapy Pretreatment Considerations Pharmacotherapies Conclusion Key References Chapter 76: Pharmacotherapy of Neuropsychiatric Disturbances Introduction Pretreatment Evaluation Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology Disturbances of Emotion Disinhibition Agitation, Aggression, and Self-Injurious Behaviors Psychosis Apathy and Related Disorders of Diminished Motivation Other Challenges in Neuropsychiatric Pharmacotherapy Conclusion Key References Chapter 77: Neurotechnology in Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Introduction Brain Stimulation Peripheral Stimulation Brain–Computer Interfaces Robotics Virtual Reality Conclusion Key References Chapter 78: Complementary and Integrative Medicine Introduction Natural Products Mind–Body Medicine Bioenergy Medicine Applied Psychophysiology Tactile/Manipulative Therapies Mindful-Movement Therapies Physical Activity Conclusion Acknowledgments Key References Part XVIII: Psychosocial Functioning, Community Re-Entry, and Productivity Chapter 79: Posthospital Rehabilitation Introduction The Current Landscape Access to Rehabilitation Focus on Value and Cost Efficiencies Program Models and Best Practice Posthospital Programming Conclusion Key References Chapter 80: Driver Assessment and Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Terminology, Models of Driving, and Skills Required Rates and Benefits of Return to Driving After Traumatic Brain Injury Fitness to Drive After Traumatic Brain Injury Factors Associated with Driving Skills and Return to Driving After Traumatic Brain Injury Driver Assessment After Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation and Driver Retraining Conclusion Acknowledgment Key References Chapter 81: At-Risk Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders Introduction Scope of the Problem of Substance Use and Traumatic Brain Injury Intervention for Co-Occurring Substance Use and Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Key References Chapter 82: Practical Approaches to Family Assessment and Intervention Introduction Importance of Family After Brain Injury Comprehensive Whole-Family Rehabilitation: Assessment Comprehensive Whole-Family Rehabilitation: Interventions Conclusion Key References Chapter 83: Return to Work Following Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Overview of the Research on Return to Work Following Brain Injury Career Development of Persons with Brain Injury Strategies to Gain Employment Vocational Interventions Current Research and Future Directions Conclusion Key References Part XIX: Medicolegal and Ethical Issues Chapter 84: Ethics in Brain Injury Medicine Introduction Quality of Life: What is Owed to Persons with Brain Injury Respect for Autonomy Communicating with Families Societal Obligations: What is Owed to Persons with Brain Injury? Disorders of Consciousness Brain Death Conclusion Acknowledgment Key References Chapter 85: Clinicolegal Issues Introduction General Clinicolegal Precautions for Clinicians General Guidelines for Clinicolegal Expert Testimony Practical Aspects of Conducting a Clinicolegal Evaluation Preparing the Clinicolegal Report Monitoring Bias: Clinicians and Examinees Conclusion Acknowledgment Key References Appendix I: Subpoena Checklist Appendix II: Sample CLE Examinee Feedback Form Appendix III: Sample Retention Agreement Appendix IV: Sample Examinee CLE Information and Instruction Form Appendix V: Sample Independent Medical Evaluation Consent/Agreement Form Chapter 86: Life Care Planning After Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical and Forensic Issues (adult and Pediatric) Introduction History Considerations for Acquired Brain Injury Life Care Planner Qualifications and Credentials General Life Care Planning Procedures Conclusion Acknowledgment Key References Case Study* Example Life Care Plan Chapter 87: Capacity Assessment: Clinicolegal, Psychosocial, and Ethical Caveats Introduction Capacity Basics Key Elements in Capacity Assessment and Interpretive Nuances Interpretive Provisos for Capacity Assessments Following Acquired Brain Injury Social Trends and Clinical and Legal Caveats Conclusion Key References Index