Theory and Operation of the Fourdrinier Paper Machine
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This book is concerned with running a paper machine to achieve the best possible performance. The book is divided into six parts. The first five of these deal with separate sections of the Fourdrinier paper machine: 1, the wet-end flow system; 2, screens and cleaners; 3, the wire part; 4, the press section; and 5, the dryers and calenders. Each of these parts is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter describes theoretical aspects of the process. The second chapter of each part concerns operational aspects of the paper machine and details the various factors which can affect the process. The third chapter of each part is concerned entirely with practical aspects of paper machine operation. Part 6 is concerned with methods of monitoring the performance of paper machines. Foreword ix PART 1: THE WET-END FLOW SYSTEM 1I Introduction 3 CHAPTER 1A: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1A.1 Flow of Fibre Suspensions 6 1A.2 Influence of Wet-end Design on Operational Stability 15 CHAPTER 1B: OPERATING FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 1B.1 Retention on the Wire 31 1B.2 Fresh Stuff Flow and Mixing 35 1B.3 Backwater and Whitewater Systems 38 1B.4 Breast Box Approach System 40 1B.5 Breast Box Design 46 1B.6 Slice Design 54 1B.7 Aeration of the Stock 59 1B.8 Hydraulic Disturbances 63 CHAPTER 1C: RUNNING THE WET-END FLOW SYSTEM 1C.1 Daily Operation 66 lC.2 Maintenance 76 1C.3 Control of Substance 80 1C.4 Practical Points 87 References 95 PART 2: SCREENS AND CLEANERS 2I Introduction 101 CHAPTER 2A: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2A.l Theory of Screening 105 2A.2 Theory of Cleaning 117 2A.3 Assessing Screen and Cleaner Efficiency 129 CHAPTER 2B: OPERATING FACTORS AFFECTING SCREENS AND CLEANERS 2B.1 Position in the Flow System 135 28.2 Open Screening Equipment 140 2B.3 Closed Pressure Screens 144 28.4 Early Cleaning Equipment 150 2B.5 Cylindrical Cleaners 152 2B.6 Cyclone Cleaners 154 CHAPTER 2C: RUNNING SCREENS AND CLEANERS 2C.I Daily Operation 171 2C.2 Maintenance 172 2C.3 Practical Points 175 References 180 PART 3: THE WIRE SECTION 3I Introduction 185 CHAPTER 3A: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3A.l Drainage in the Table Roll Section 187 3A.2 Forming the Sheet on the Wire 195 3A.3 Drainage at the Suction Boxes 209 3A.4 Conditions for Couching 219 CHAPTER 3B: OPERATING FACTORS AFFECTING THE WIRE SECTION 3B.1 Early Drainage Conditions 226 3B.2 Table Rolls and other Dewatering Devices 232 3B.3 Shake 237 3B.4 Suction Boxes 241 3B.5 The Dandy 247 3B.6 Couching 252 3B.7 The Wire and Showers 262 3B.8 Breast Box Stock Consistency and Temperature 268 38.9 Machine Speed, Substance and Stuff Treatment 269 3B.10 Equipment 271 CHAPTER 3C: RUNNING THE WIRE SECTION 3C.1 Daily Operation 275 3C.2 Maintenance 280 3C.3 Practical Points 286 References 296 PART 4: THE PRESS SECTION 4I Introduction 303 CHAPTER 4A: GENERAL THEORY OF PRESSING 4A.1 Early Theory 306 4A.2 Modern Theory of Pressing 310 CHAPTER 4B: OPERATING FACTORS AFFECTING PRESS PERFORMANCE 4B.l Press Load and Nip Width 318 48.2 Felts and Felt Cleaning 320 4B.3 Felt and Paper Runs 325 4B.4 Suction Roll Conditions 332 4B.5 Machine Speed and Draw Control 335 4B.6 Moisture Content of Paper entering Press 337 4B.7 Paper Properties 339 4B.8 Temperature 340 4B.9 Equipment 342 CHAPTER 4C: RUNNING THE PRESS SECTION 4C.1 Daily Operation 345 4C.2 Maintenance 350 4C.3 Cross-web Variations 355 4C.4 Practical Points 360 References 366 PART 5: THE DRYING SECTION AND CALENDERS 5I Introduction 371 CHAPTER SA: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5A.1 Removal of Water in Drying 373 5A.2 Performance of the Drying Section 387 5A.3 Effect of Drying on Paper Properties 394 5A.4 Calendering 411 CHAPTER 5B: OPERATING FACTORS AFFECTING DRYING AND CALENDERING 5B.1 Steam Heating and Condensate System 422 5B.2 Felts and Felt Drying 434 5B.3 Conditions inside the Dryers 444 5B.4 Ventilation 453 5B.5 Auxiliary Drying Methods 461 5B.6 Machine Speed and Draw Control 471 5B.7 Paper Properties 475 5B.8 The M.G. Cylinder 476 5B.9 Calenders 481 5B.10 Equipment 487 CHAPTER 5C: RUNNING THE DRYERS AND CALENDERS 5C.1 Daily Operation 497 5C.2 Maintenance 506 5C.3 Control of Moisture Content 515 5C.4 Control of Thickness 528 5C.5 Practical Points 535 References 546 PART 6: PRODUCTION CONTROL 6I Introduction 553 CHAPTER 6A: MONITORING MACHINE PERFORMANCE 6A.1 Analysis of Downtime 556 6A.2 Performance Data 561 6A.3 Monitoring Quality 570 CHAPTER 6B: IMPROVING MACHINE PERFORMANCE 6B.l General Survey 581 6B.2 Financial Considerations 586 6B.3 Performance under Different Operating Conditions 600 References 613 Index 615
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