Criminology

Description

Cover......Page 1 Criminology......Page 2 About the Authors......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Brief Contents......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 List of Boxes......Page 18 Preface......Page 19 A Guided Tour......Page 25 PART 1 Understanding Criminology......Page 30 1 The Changing Boundaries of Criminology......Page 32 The Changing Boundaries of Criminology......Page 33 Illicit Drug Trafficking......Page 34 Money Laundering......Page 35 Illicit Arms Trafficking......Page 36 World News: Sex Trafficking Factsheet......Page 37 What Is Criminology?......Page 40 Deviance......Page 41 The Concept of Crime......Page 42 Window to the World: Terrorism and the Fear of Terrorism......Page 43 Fairy Tales and Crime......Page 45 The Breaking of Laws......Page 46 Debatable Issues: Fame and Crime......Page 47 The Global Approach to the Breaking of Laws......Page 49 Research Informs Policy......Page 50 Criminology & Public Policy......Page 51 Key Terms......Page 52 2 Defining Crimes and Measuring Criminal Behavior......Page 53 The Ingredients of Crime......Page 54 The Harm Requirement......Page 55 Mens Rea: The “Guilty Mind” Requirement......Page 56 The Defenses......Page 57 Measuring Crime......Page 58 Methods of Collecting Data......Page 59 Ethics and the Researcher......Page 63 Police Statistics......Page 64 Victimization Surveys......Page 66 Self-Report Surveys......Page 67 Crime Trends......Page 68 Severity of Crime......Page 70 Measuring Characteristics of Criminals......Page 71 Age and Crime......Page 72 Challenges to Maintaining Familial Bonds......Page 76 Race and Crime......Page 78 Window to the World: Victims around the World......Page 74 Key Terms......Page 79 3 Schools of Thought throughout History......Page 80 The Historical Context......Page 81 Cesare Beccaria......Page 82 Debatable Issues: Utilitarianism Gone Astray......Page 85 Biological Determinism: The Search for Criminal Traits......Page 87 Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo: The Italian School......Page 88 A Return to Biological Determinism......Page 91 Psychological Determinism......Page 93 Adolphe Quételet and André-Michel Guerry......Page 94 Historical and Contemporary Criminology: A Time Line......Page 95 The Future of our History......Page 96 Window to the World: Stone Age Crime and Social Control......Page 83 Criminology & Public Policy......Page 98 Key Terms......Page 99 PART 2 Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior......Page 100 4 Biological and Psychological Perspectives......Page 102 Genetics and Criminality......Page 105 The Controversy over Violence and Genes......Page 107 The IQ Debate......Page 108 Biochemical Factors......Page 109 Neurocriminology......Page 111 Criticisms of Biocriminology......Page 113 Psychological Development......Page 114 Moral Development......Page 115 Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory......Page 117 Learning Aggression and Violence......Page 118 Personality......Page 122 Mental Disorders and Crime......Page 124 Psychological Causation......Page 125 Myths of the Insanity Defense......Page 126 An Integrated Theory......Page 127 Criminological Concerns: Is It Wrong to Criminalize and Punish Psychopaths?......Page 121 Criminology & Public Policy......Page 128 Key Terms......Page 129 5 Strain and Cultural Deviance Theories......Page 130 The Structural-Functionalist Perspective......Page 131 Merton’s Theory of Anomie......Page 132 Modes of Adaptation......Page 133 Tests of Merton’s Theory......Page 136 Obituary for Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971–1996)......Page 138 Institutional Imbalance and Crime......Page 139 General Strain Theory......Page 140 Cultural Deviance Theories......Page 142 The Nature of Cultural Deviance......Page 143 Social Disorganization Theory......Page 144 Tests of Social Disorganization Theory......Page 146 Evaluation: Social Disorganization Theory......Page 147 Differential Association Theory......Page 148 Evaluation: Differential Association Theory......Page 149 Culture Conflict Theory......Page 150 Window to the World: A Social System Breaks Down......Page 135 Debatable Issues: Cults—Culture Conflict—Crime......Page 151 Review......Page 152 Key Terms......Page 153 6 The Formation of Subcultures......Page 154 The Function of Subcultures......Page 156 Corner Boy, College Boy, Delinquent Boy......Page 157 Tests of Cohen’s Theory......Page 158 Delinquency and Opportunity......Page 159 Tests of Opportunity Theory......Page 161 Tests of the Subculture of Violence......Page 162 Focal Concerns: Miller’s Theory......Page 163 Evaluation: Miller’s Theory......Page 167 Gangs in the Twenty-First Century......Page 168 Street Gangs......Page 169 Guns and Gangs......Page 171 Recent Studies......Page 172 Explanations......Page 176 Getting Out: Gang Banging or the Morgue......Page 179 Debatable Issues: Cohen vs. Miller......Page 165 Criminological Concerns: National Gang Report 2015......Page 173 Criminological Concerns: Gangs and Parents......Page 177 Key Terms......Page 180 7 Social Control Theory......Page 181 What Is Social Control?......Page 182 Theories of Social Control......Page 183 Social Bonds......Page 184 Empirical Tests of Hirschi’s Theory......Page 185 Evaluation: Hirschi’s Social Control Theory......Page 186 Failure of Control Mechanisms......Page 187 Stake in Conformity......Page 189 Containment Theory......Page 190 Evaluation: Containment Theory......Page 193 Developmental/Life Course Theory......Page 194 General Theories......Page 196 Criminological Concerns: Defying Convention and Control: “In Your Face”......Page 191 Debatable Issues: Are Human Beings Inherently Bad?......Page 192 Window to the World: Nations with Low Crime Rates......Page 197 Review......Page 199 Key Terms......Page 200 8 Labeling, Conflict, and Radical Theories......Page 201 Labeling Theory......Page 202 Basic Assumptions of Labeling Theory......Page 203 Labeling in the 1960s......Page 204 Empirical Evidence for Labeling Theory......Page 205 Evaluation: Labeling Theory......Page 206 Conflict Theory......Page 208 Conflict Theory and Criminology......Page 209 Radical Theory......Page 211 Willem Adriaan Bonger......Page 212 Radical Criminology since the 1970s......Page 213 Evaluation: Marxist Criminological Theory......Page 214 Emerging Explanations......Page 218 Criminological Concerns: Labeling Countries “Corrupt”: A Perverse Outcome?......Page 207 Window to the World: The Forgotten Criminology of Genocide......Page 215 Review......Page 219 Key Terms......Page 220 9 Theories of Crime, Place, and Victimization......Page 221 Environmental Criminology......Page 222 Rational-Choice Perspective......Page 223 Routine-Activity Approach......Page 224 Practical Applications of Situational Theories of Crime......Page 226 Lifestyle Theories......Page 228 Repeat Victimization......Page 229 Geography of Crime......Page 230 Interrelatedness of Theories......Page 231 Situational Crime Prevention......Page 232 Situational Crime Prevention—Pros and Cons......Page 236 Displacement......Page 238 Debatable Issues: Maximum-Security Schools?......Page 233 Key Terms......Page 239 part 3 Types of Crimes......Page 240 10 Violent Crimes......Page 242 Murder......Page 243 The Extent of Homicide......Page 244 The Nature of Homicide......Page 246 A Cross-National Comparison of Homicide Rates......Page 252 Assault......Page 253 Spouse Abuse......Page 254 Relationship Violence......Page 256 Child Abuse......Page 257 Abuse of the Elderly......Page 258 Rape And Sexual Assault......Page 259 Who Are the Rapists?......Page 260 Rape and the Legal System......Page 261 Kidnapping......Page 262 Organized Crime......Page 263 The History of Organized Crime......Page 264 The Structure and Impact of Organized Crime......Page 265 The New Ethnic Diversity in Organized Crime......Page 269 Terrorism......Page 271 Hate Crimes......Page 277 Militias......Page 278 Violence in Schools: Remembering Newtown......Page 279 The Extent of Firearm-Related Offenses......Page 281 Controlling Handgun Use......Page 282 The Gun-Control Debate......Page 285 Criminological Concerns: Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime......Page 268 Debatable Issues: Does the Brady Law Work?......Page 284 You Be the Criminologist......Page 286 Key Terms......Page 287 11 Crimes against Property......Page 288 The Extent of Larceny......Page 289 Who Are the Thieves?......Page 290 Shoplifting......Page 291 Art Theft......Page 292 Motor Vehicle Theft......Page 293 Boat Theft......Page 295 Check Forgery......Page 297 Insurance Fraud......Page 298 High-Tech Crimes: Concerns for Today and Tomorrow......Page 303 Computers and the Internet: Types of Crimes......Page 305 Burglary......Page 310 Arson......Page 312 Review......Page 313 Debatable Issues: Piracy Emerges as a Major Worldwide Problem: How Can It Be Controlled?......Page 296 Criminological Concerns: Mortgage Fraud......Page 299 Key Terms......Page 314 12 White-Collar and Corporate Crime......Page 315 Defining White-Collar Crime......Page 317 Crimes Committed by Individuals......Page 318 Types of White-Collar Crimes......Page 320 Phases of Corporate Criminal Law......Page 330 Theories of Corporate Liability......Page 336 Models of Corporate Culpability......Page 337 Governmental Control of Corporations......Page 338 Investigating Corporate Crime......Page 339 Environmental Crimes......Page 340 The Future of White-Collar and Corporate Crime......Page 342 Window to the World: Yates Memorandum, a letter from the Department of Justice......Page 323 Debatable Issues: How Much Corporate Power Is Too Much?......Page 333 Criminological Concerns: Corporate Fraud......Page 343 Key Terms......Page 346 13 Public Order Crimes......Page 347 The History of Drug Abuse......Page 348 Patterns of Drug Abuse......Page 350 Crime-Related Activities......Page 353 Drug Control......Page 354 The History of Legalization......Page 358 Crime-Related Activities......Page 359 Sexual Morality Offenses......Page 360 Prostitution......Page 361 Pornography......Page 366 Window to the World: Global Sexual Slavery: Women and Children......Page 363 Debatable Issues: Cyberporn: Where Do We (Should We) Draw the Line?......Page 365 Review......Page 369 Key Terms......Page 370 14 International and Comparative Criminology......Page 371 The History of Comparative Criminology......Page 373 The Goals of Comparative Research......Page 374 Comparative Research Tools and Resources......Page 375 The Special Problems of Empirical Research......Page 376 Learning from Others’ Experiences......Page 377 Developing International Strategies......Page 378 Globalization versus Ethnic Fragmentation......Page 385 Debatable Issues: What Should Be Done to Prevent International Corporate Fraud?......Page 381 Key Terms......Page 386 Notes......Page 388 Glossary......Page 430 Credits......Page 438 Indexes......Page 440