Robbins Essential Pathology

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Cover Inside Front Cover Title Page Robbins Essential Pathology Copyright Preface Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: Cell Injury and Cell Death Overview of Cell Injury Causes of Cell Injury Reversible Cell Injury Cell Death Necrosis Apoptosis Causes of Apoptosis Mechanisms of Apoptosis Other Pathways of Cell Death Mechanisms of Cell Injury and Death Oxidative Stress Hypoxia and Ischemia Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury Toxin-Mediated Cell Injury Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress DNA Damage Cellular Aging Cellular Adaptations to Stress Pathologic Accumulations in Cells Chapter 2: Inflammation and Repair Overview of Inflammation Causes of Inflammation Sequence of Events in Inflammation Features of Acute and Chronic Inflammation Cells of Inflammation Acute Inflammation Vascular Reactions Cellular Reactions Resolution of Acute Inflammation Mediators of Inflammation Clinicopathologic Features of Acute Inflammation Outcomes of Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation Cellular Reactions of Chronic Inflammation Clinicopathologic Features of Chronic Inflammation Systemic Manifestations Tissue Repair Angiogenesis Clinicopathologic Features of Tissue Repair Chapter 3: Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock Hyperemia, Congestion, and Edema Edema Hemostasis and Hemorrhage Platelets Coagulation Cascade Coagulation Control Thrombosis Embolism Pulmonary Thromboembolism Systemic Thromboembolism Nonthrombotic Emboli Infarction Shock Septic Shock Chapter 4: Diseases of the Immune System Hypersensitivity Disorders Immediate (Type I) Hypersensitivity Antibody-Mediated (Type II) Hypersensitivity Activation and Functions of Complement Immune Complex–Mediated (Type III) Hypersensitivity T Cell-Mediated (Type IV) Hypersensitivity Autoimmune Diseases Mechanisms of Autoimmunity Genetic Susceptibility Environmental Factors Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) Sjögren Syndrome Rejection of Transplants Immune Responses to Organ Allografts Mechanisms of Rejection of Solid-Organ Allografts Treatment of Graft Rejection Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Immunodeficiency Disorders Primary (Congenital) Immunodeficiencies Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Structure and Life Cycle Amyloidosis Chapter 5: Neoplasia Definition of Neoplasia Benign and Malignant Neoplasms Nomenclature Nomenclature of Benign Tumors Nomenclature of Malignant Tumors Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms Differentiation of Neoplasms Local Invasion Metastasis Molecular Basis of Neoplasia Cancer Genes and “Driver” Mutations Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer Carcinogenesis: A Multistep Process Directed by Darwinian Evolution Origin of Carcinogenic Mutations Role of Infectious Agents in Cancer Significance of Passenger Mutations Hallmarks of Cancer Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals Insensitivity to Growth-Inhibitory Signals RB: Governor of Cellular Proliferation TP53: Guardian of the Genome Cell Lineage–Specific Tumor Suppressor Genes Altered Cellular Metabolism Evasion of Cell Death Limitless Replicative Potential (Immortality) Sustained Angiogenesis Invasion and Metastasis Invasion of the Extracellular Matrix Vascular Dissemination and Homing of Tumor Cells Metastasis Evasion of Immune Surveillance Tumor Antigens Immune Mechanisms of Tumor Destruction Immune Escape Genomic Instability as an Enabler of Malignancy Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome Xeroderma Pigmentosum Diseases with Defects in DNA Repair by Homologous Recombination Tumor-Promoting Inflammation as an Enabler of Malignancy Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia Clinical Effects of Tumors Grading and Staging of Cancer Cancer Diagnosis Morphologic Methods Protein Markers Cytogenetic Markers Nucleic Acid Markers Chapter 6: Genetic Diseases Mendelian Disorders: Diseases Caused by Single-Gene Defects Transmission Patterns of Single-Gene Disorders Autosomal Dominant Disorders Disorders of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance X-Linked Disorders Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Structural Proteins Marfan Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Receptor Proteins or Channels Familial Hypercholesterolemia Cystic Fibrosis Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Enzyme Proteins Phenylketonuria Lysosomal Storage Diseases Niemann-Pick Disease Types A and B Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Gaucher Disease Mucopolysaccharidoses Glycogen Storage Diseases (Glycogenoses) Complex Multigenic Disorders Cytogenetic Disorders Numerical Abnormalities Structural Abnormalities Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Autosomes Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) 22q11 Deletion Syndrome Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes Klinefelter Syndrome Turner Syndrome Single-Gene Disorders with Atypical Patterns of Inheritance Trinucleotide Repeat Mutation Diseases Diseases Caused by Mutations in Mitochondrial Genes Diseases Caused by Alterations of Imprinted Regions: Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders Genetic Test Modalities and Applications Indications for Genetic Analysis Chapter 7: Diseases of Blood Vessels Mechanisms of Vascular Diseases Congenital Vascular Anomalies Hypertension Atherosclerosis Aneurysms and Dissections Aortic Aneurysms Aortic Dissections Vasculitis Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis Takayasu Arteritis Polyarteritis Nodosa Kawasaki Disease Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) Small-Vessel Vasculitides Infectious Vasculitis Disorders of Veins Varicose Veins Thrombophlebitis Tumors of Blood Vessels and Lymphatics Hemangiomas Kaposi Sarcoma Angiosarcomas Chapter 8: Heart Congenital Heart Disease Malformations Associated with Left-to-Right Shunts Atrial Septal Defects and Patent Foramen Ovale Ventricular Septal Defects Patent Ductus Arteriosus Malformations Associated with Right-to-Left Shunts Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the Great Vessels Malformations Leading to Obstruction Aortic Coarctation Ischemic Heart Disease Angina Pectoris Myocardial Infarction Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease Arrhythmia Hypertensive Heart Disease Systemic (Left-Sided) Hypertensive Heart Disease Right-Sided (Pulmonary) Hypertensive Heart Disease Valvular Heart Disease Degenerative Valve Disease Calcific Aortic Degeneration Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Rheumatic Valvular Disease Infective Endocarditis Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis Dilated Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis Other Causes of Myocardial Disease Congestive Heart Failure Left-Sided Heart Failure Right-Sided Heart Failure Cardiac Tumors Chapter 9: Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems Red Blood Cell Disorders Anemias Hemolytic Anemias Hereditary Spherocytosis Sickle Cell Anemia Thalassemias Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency Immunohemolytic Anemia Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn Mechanical Trauma to Red Cells Malaria Underproduction Anemias Anemia of Chronic Inflammation Iron Deficiency Anemia Folate and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemias (Megaloblastic Anemias) Aplastic Anemia Anemia due to Marrow Infiltration White Blood Cell Disorders Nonneoplastic Disorders of White Cells Leukopenia Reactive Leukocytosis Infectious Mononucleosis Reactive Lymphadenitis Neoplastic Proliferations of White Cells Acute Leukemias Myelodysplastic Syndromes Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Polycythemia Vera Primary Myelofibrosis Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Follicular Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Burkitt Lymphoma Other Neoplasms of Mature Lymphoid Cells Hodgkin Lymphoma Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Related Entities Multiple Myeloma Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Related Entities Histiocytic Neoplasms Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Thrombotic Microangiopathies Coagulation Disorders Von Willebrand Disease Hemophilia A Hemophilia B–Factor IX Deficiency Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Disorders of Spleen and Thymus Splenomegaly Disorders of the Thymus Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia Thymoma Chapter 10: Lung and Upper Respiratory Tract Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Obstructive Lung Diseases Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Asthma Bronchiectasis Restrictive Lung Diseases Fibrosing Diseases Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Pneumoconioses Silicosis Asbestosis Granulomatous Diseases Sarcoidosis Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Pulmonary Diseases of Vascular Origin Pulmonary Embolism, Hemorrhage, and Infarction Pulmonary Hypertension Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Syndromes Goodpasture Syndrome Granulomatosis and Polyangiitis Pulmonary Infections Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonias Nosocomial Bacterial Pneumonias Aspiration Pneumonias Lung Abscess Tuberculosis Community-Acquired Viral Pneumonias Influenza Fungal Infections Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Blastomycosis Opportunistic Infections Cytomegalovirus Infection Pneumocystis Infection Candidiasis Cryptococcosis Opportunistic Molds Lung, Pleural, and Upper Airway Tumors Lung Carcinoma Carcinoid Tumors Malignant Mesothelioma Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Carcinoma of the Larynx Chapter 11: Kidney Overview of Renal Diseases Diseases of Glomeruli Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury Minimal Change Disease Membranous Nephropathy Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis C3 Glomerulopathies Diabetic Nephropathy Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Lupus Nephritis Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis IgA Nephropathy Hereditary Nephritis Diseases of Tubules and Interstitium Acute Pyelonephritis Chronic Pyelonephritis Drug-Induced Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Acute Tubular Injury Cystic Diseases Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Other Cystic Kidney Diseases Diseases of Blood Vessels Nephrosclerosis Malignant Hypertension Thrombotic Microangiopathies Renal Stones (Urolithiasis) Hydronephrosis Tumors of the Kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma Wilms Tumor Chapter 12: Gastrointestinal System Congenital Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders of the Esophagus Esophageal Obstruction Esophageal Varices Esophagitis Reflux Esophagitis (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Barrett Esophagus Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chemical and Infectious Esophagitis Esophageal Lacerations Esophageal Tumors Disorders of the Stomach Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease Acute Gastritis Stress-Related Gastritis Helicobacter pylori Gastritis Autoimmune Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Disease Tumors of the Stomach Gastric Polyps and Adenomas Gastric Adenocarcinoma Gastric Lymphoma Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoid Tumors) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Disorders of the Small and Large Intestines Diarrheal Diseases Malabsorptive and Osmotic Diarrhea Infectious Diarrhea Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis Other Inflammatory Diseases Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy) Sigmoid Diverticulitis Appendicitis Necrotizing Enterocolitis Tumors and Related Conditions of the Intestines Polyps Adenomas Adenocarcinoma Obstructive and Vascular Diseases Intestinal Obstruction Vascular Diseases Disorders of the Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands Inflammatory Disorders of the Oral Cavity Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of the Oral Cavity Diseases of the Salivary Glands Chapter 13: Liver, Biliary System, and Pancreas Disorders of the Liver Clinical Consequences of Liver Disease Viral Hepatitis Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus Hepatitis D Virus Hepatitis E Virus Other Infections of the Liver Alcoholic Liver Disease Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Other Forms of Hepatitis Autoimmune Hepatitis Drug- and Toxin-Induced Hepatitis Inherited Diseases of the Liver Hemochromatosis Wilson Disease α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Circulatory Disorders of the Liver Nodules and Tumors of the Liver Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Hepatic Adenoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cholangiocarcinoma Disorders of the Biliary System Cholangitis Primary Biliary Cholangitis Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Congenital Disorders Causing Jaundice Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis Cholelithiasis Cholecystitis Tumors of the Biliary System Cholangiocarcinoma Carcinoma of the Gallbladder Disorders of the Pancreas Pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Pseudocyst Tumors of the Pancreas Cystic Tumors Adenocarcinoma Chapter 14: Male Genital Tract, Prostate, and Bladder Penis Malformations and Inflammatory Lesions Neoplasms Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis Cryptorchidism Infections Testicular Neoplasms Prostate Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Carcinoma of the Prostate Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra Ureter Urinary Bladder Bladder Cancer Sexually Transmitted Diseases Syphilis Gonorrhea Nongonococcal Urethritis and Cervicitis Trichomoniasis Genital Herpes Simplex Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Chapter 15: Female Genital Tract and Breast Vulva Vulvitis Tumors Condyloma Acuminatum Carcinoma of the Vulva Vagina Vaginitis Cervix Cervicitis Neoplasia of the Cervix Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix Uterus Endometritis Endometriosis Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Proliferative Lesions of the Endometrium and Myometrium Endometrial Hyperplasia Endometrial Carcinoma Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Fallopian Tubes Ovaries Tumors of the Ovary Surface Epithelial Tumors Other Ovarian Tumors Diseases of Pregnancy Placental Inflammations and Infections Ectopic Pregnancy Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Hydatidiform Mole: Complete and Partial Gestational Choriocarcinoma Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Breast Inflammatory Processes Stromal Neoplasms Benign Epithelial Lesions Carcinoma Epidemiology Chapter 16: Endocrine System Overview of the Endocrine System Pituitary Gland Hyperpituitarism Lactotroph Adenoma Somatotroph Adenoma Corticotroph Adenoma Other Pituitary Adenomas Hypopituitarism Posterior Pituitary Syndromes Craniopharyngioma Thyroid Clinical Syndromes of Thyroid Dysfunction Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis Graves Disease Other Forms of Inflammatory Thyroid Disease Goiter Tumors of the Thyroid Gland Thyroid Adenoma Thyroid Carcinoma Parathyroid Glands Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Overview of Diabetes Insulin Physiology Pathogenesis of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Other Forms of Diabetes Clinicopathologic Features of Diabetes Vascular Lesions Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Neuropathy Acute Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma Adrenal Glands Cushing Syndrome: Hypercortisolism Hyperaldosteronism Adrenogenital Syndromes Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease) Acute Adrenal Insuficiency Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytoma Neuroblastoma Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes Chapter 17: Disorders of the Nervous System Congenital Malformations of the CNS Cerebral Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus Cerebrovascular Diseases Cerebral Artery Thrombosis, Embolism, and Brain Infarction Intracranial Hemorrhage Other Vascular Diseases CNS Trauma Parenchymal Brain Injury Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Perinatal Brain Injury CNS Infections Prion Diseases Demyelinating Diseases Multiple Sclerosis Other Acquired Demyelinating Disorders Leukodystrophies Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) Parkinson Disease Huntington Disease Spinocerebellar Ataxias Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis CNS Tumors General Features and Pathogenesis of Astrocytoma Classification of Astrocytomas Other CNS Tumors Inherited Syndromes Associated with CNS Tumors Retinoblastoma Disorders of Peripheral Nerves Peripheral Neuropathy Peripheral Nerve Tumors Diseases of Neuromuscular Junctions Chapter 18: Musculoskeletal System and Skin Bones Congenital Disorders Dwarfism Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteopetrosis Metabolic Diseases Osteoporosis Rickets and Osteomalacia Hyperparathyroidism Paget Disease of Bone Fractures and Avascular Necrosis Fractures Avascular Necrosis of Bone Osteomyelitis Acute Pyogenic Osteomyelitis Tuberculous Osteomyelitis Tumors Osteochondroma Giant Cell Tumor Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Metastatic Tumors Joints Arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Other Forms of Arthritis Gout Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition Disease Skeletal Muscle Muscular Dystrophies Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy Myositis Tumors of Muscle and Soft Tissue Skin Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses Acute Eczematous Dermatitis Erythema Multiforme Chronic Inflammatory Dermatoses Psoriasis Blistering (Bullous) Disorders Pemphigus (Vulgaris and Foliaceus) Bullous Pemphigoid Dermatitis Herpetiformis Tumors Squamous Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Melanoma Chapter 19: Environmental Disease Metals as Environmental Pollutants Lead Mercury Tobacco Alcohol Injury by Therapeutic Drugs and Drugs of Abuse Injury by Therapeutic Drugs: Adverse Drug Reactions Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) Oral Contraceptives (OCs) Injury by Drugs of Abuse Opioids Cocaine Marijuana Injury Produced by Ionizing Radiation Acute and Chronic Effects of Radiation on Organ Systems Nutritional Diseases Malnutrition Severe Acute Malnutrition Vitamin Deficiencies Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Obesity Index a B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z