The Dynamic Loss of Earth's Radiation Belts: From Loss in the Magnetosphere to Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere

Description

The Dynamic Loss of Earth's Radiation Belts: From Loss in the Magnetosphere to Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere presents a timely review of data from various explorative missions, including the Van Allen Probes, the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (which aims to determine magnetopause losses), the completion of four BARREL balloon campaigns, and several CubeSat missions focusing on precipitation losses. This is the first book in the area to include a focus on loss, and not just acceleration and radial transport. Bringing together two communities, the book includes contributions from experts with knowledge in both precipitation mechanisms and the effects on the atmosphere. There is a direct link between what gets lost in the magnetospheric radiation environment and the energy deposited in the layers of our atmosphere. Very recently, NASA's Living With a Star program identified a new, targeted research topic that addresses this question, highlighting the timeliness of this precise science. The Dynamic Loss of Earth's Radiation Belts brings together scientists from the space and atmospheric science communities to examine both the causes and effects of particle loss in the magnetosphere. Examines both the causes and effects of particle loss in the magnetosphere from multiple perspectivesPresents interdisciplinary content that bridges the gap, through communication and collaboration, between the magnetospheric and atmospheric communitiesFills a gap in the literature by focusing on loss in the radiation belt, which is especially timely based on data from the Van Allen Probes, the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, and other projectsIncludes contributions from various experts in the field that is organized and collated by a clear-and-consistent editorial team Cover The Dynamic Loss of Earth’s Radiation Belts: From Loss in the Magnetosphere to Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere Copyright List of contributors Preface 1 Outer radiation belt losses by magnetopause incursions and outward radial transport: new insight and outstanding question... 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Observational results during the Van Allen Probes era 1.2.1 Statistical studies 1.2.2 Case studies 1.3 New modeling approaches and results 1.3.1 Losses of electrons to the magnetopause 1.3.2 Losses by outward radial transport 1.3.3 Quantifying the relative importance of different loss mechanisms during dropouts 1.4 Outstanding questions and suggestions for future studies 1.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further reading 2 Ultralow frequency-wave induced losses 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Ultralow frequency waves in the magnetosphere 2.2.1 Definition of ultralow frequency waves 2.3 Observations and simulations of ultralow frequency wave-particle and wave-wave interactions 2.3.1 Direct ultralow frequency generated precipitation 2.3.1.1 Observations of precipitation with ultralow frequency modulation 2.3.1.2 Fermi acceleration 2.3.1.3 Changing loss cone 2.3.2 Ultralow frequency-generated magnetopause shadowing 2.3.3 Ultralow frequency modulation of higher frequency waves 2.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 3 Observations of radiation belt losses due to cyclotron wave-particle interactions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background 3.2.1 Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance and quasi-linear theory 3.2.2 Overview of precipitation observations 3.2.3 Key wave modes involved in radiation belt electron loss 3.2.3.1 Plasmaspheric hiss 3.2.3.2 Chorus 3.2.3.3 Electromagnetic ion cyclotron 3.3 Radiation belt structure and morphology 3.3.1 Inner zone and slot 3.3.2 Outer zone 3.4 Modern single- and multiple-point observations, and updating the classic picture 3.4.1 New (Single-satellite) observations of wave characteristics 3.4.1.1 Wave populations at extended frequency ranges 3.4.1.2 Wave populations with a wide range of wave normal angles 3.4.1.3 Wave-element structure/coherence 3.4.1.4 Large-amplitude waves 3.4.2 New (multipayload) observations of wave/precipitation characteristics 3.4.2.1 Linking precipitation and plasmaspheric hiss observations 3.4.2.2 Linking precipitation and chorus observations 3.4.2.3 Linking precipitation and EMIC observations 3.5 Discussion and conclusions 3.5.1 Incorporating cyclotron resonant scattering into radiation belt models 3.5.2 Summary References Further reading 4 Wave-particle interactions with coherent magnetosonic waves 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Mathematical model 4.3 Wave-particle interactions with magnetosonic waves—coherent 4.4 Equatorially mirroring electrons 4.5 Bounce resonance diffusion theory 4.6 Summary Acknowledgments References 5 Nanosat and balloon-based studies of radiation belt loss: low-cost access to space 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The early days of energetic particle precipitation 5.3 Extending the precipitation spectra to higher energies 5.4 CubeSats 5.5 Looking forward References Further reading 6 Incoherent scatter radar observations of 10–100keV precipitation: review and outlook 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Review of methodology 6.2.1 Particle transport and ionization 6.2.1.1 Empirical models 6.2.1.2 Transport models 6.2.1.3 Monte Carlo techniques 6.2.2 Chemistry models 6.2.2.1 E-region chemistry 6.2.2.2 D-region chemistry 6.2.3 Quantifying precipitating differential number flux using incoherent scatter radar 6.2.4 Limitations of the incoherent scatter radar measurements 6.3 Review of incoherent scatter radar observations of 10–100keV phenomena 6.3.1 Auroral substorm 6.3.2 Pulsating aurorae 6.3.3 Other ISR observations of energetic precipitation 6.4 D-region incoherent scatter radar mode 6.5 PFISR observations 6.5.1 Events summary 6.5.2 Example event: January 13, 2015 6.6 Outlook 6.7 Summary Acknowledgments References 7 Atmospheric effects and signatures of high-energy electron precipitation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Effects of energetic precipitation in the atmosphere 7.2.1 Energy deposition and ionization 7.2.2 Bremsstrahlung 7.2.3 Particle backscatter 7.2.4 Optical emissions 7.2.5 Chemical effects 7.3 Precipitation modeling 7.3.1 Scaling methods 7.3.2 Monte Carlo techniques 7.3.3 Electron precipitation Monte Carlo modeling framework 7.4 Diagnostic techniques 7.4.1 Space-based measurements 7.4.1.1 Direct particle measurements 7.4.1.2 X-ray observations 7.4.2 Ground-based measurements 7.4.2.1 Very-low-frequency subionospheric remote sensing 7.4.2.1.1 Very-low-frequency propagation modeling 7.4.2.2 Ground-based incoherent scatter radar 7.4.2.3 Riometers 7.4.2.4 Optical observations 7.4.3 Summary of observational techniques 7.5 Future experiments 7.5.1 Pitch angle–resolved particle measurements 7.5.2 X-ray imaging from low-earth orbit 7.5.3 X-ray imaging from balloons 7.5.4 Ground-based optical measurements 7.5.5 D-region imaging by subionospheric very-low-frequency remote sensing 7.5.6 Multi-instrument campaigns 7.5.6.1 Transition region explorer Acknowledgments References 8 Ground-based very-low-frequency radio wave observations of energetic particle precipitation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ground-based instruments, including the AARDDVARK network 8.3 March 27, 2013, case example 8.4 August 13, 2013, case example 8.5 May 31, 2013, case example 8.6 Summary Acknowledgments References 9 Energetic electron precipitation into the atmosphere 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The direct atmospheric impact of energetic particle precipitation 9.2.1 Primary processes 9.2.2 Formation of NO and N(4S) 9.2.3 Formation of H and OH 9.2.4 Formation of N2O in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere 9.2.5 Consequences of the NOx and HOx formation: ozone loss 9.2.6 Observations 9.2.7 Model experiments 9.3 The indirect effect of energetic particle precipitation 9.3.1 Observations 9.3.2 Model experiments 9.4 Possible surface climate impacts of energetic electron precipitation 9.5 Open issues 9.6 Summary Acknowledgments References Index Back Cover