The Palgrave Handbook Of Minority Entrepreneurship

Description

Bringing much needed clarity and definition to the term 'minority entrepreneur,' this authoritative and timely handbook explores the distinctive challenges that minority communities face when founding and managing new ventures. The handbook is inclusive of any community who might be considered disadvantaged or under-represented in terms of entrepreneurial activity and included are women, youths, seniors, disabled, immigrants, Indigenous peoples, LBGTQ+, ex-offenders, Roma, refugees and many others. Chapters highlight the idiosyncratic nature of the many communities examined before offering frameworks and models that draw together the various findings. With a cast of international contributors, this scholarly handbook discusses the surrounding literature of minority entrepreneurship and takes an all-encompassing approach to its interpretation. It also addresses the sorely under-researched area of entrepreneurial behaviour among minorities and disadvantaged groups. This is particularly important for policymakers tasked with designing and delivering initiatives that are appropriate for the needs of these communities. Ultimately this handbook contributes to existing knowledge by: • providing a current understanding of the literature for each of the communities; • investigating the uniqueness of the entrepreneurial behaviour within the communities; • offering new frameworks/models from which future researchers can build new knowledge. The handbook provides a comprehensive account of an important and fast emerging field of entrepreneurship, and is an invaluable resource for students, researchers and policymakers. Contents......Page 5 Notes on Contributors......Page 8 List of Figures......Page 18 List of Tables......Page 21 Introduction......Page 24 Introduction......Page 25 Why Is This Topic Important?......Page 27 Structure of the Book......Page 29 Conclusion......Page 33 References......Page 34 Understanding the Current Situation......Page 35 Introduction......Page 36 Defining ‘Minority Entrepreneurship’......Page 38 References......Page 47 Introduction......Page 54 What Does GEM Tell Us About Entrepreneurship and Gender?......Page 55 What Does GEM Say About Youth Entrepreneurship?......Page 59 What Does GEM Say About Seniors and Entrepreneurship?......Page 62 What Does GEM Say About Going from Unemployed to Self-Employed?......Page 65 What Does GEM Tell Us About Entrepreneurial Intentions and Attempts by People with Disabilities?......Page 67 What Does GEM Tell Us About Entrepreneurship Among Immigrants?......Page 69 What Does GEM Tell Us About Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship?......Page 72 Conclusion......Page 73 References......Page 75 Introduction......Page 78 Missing Entrepreneurs and Social Networks......Page 79 Methodology......Page 80 Women and Social Networks......Page 81 Immigrants and Social Networks......Page 93 Migrant, Displaced, Refugee and Social Networks......Page 95 Returning Citizen/Ex-offender and Social Networks......Page 96 Formal Networks......Page 98 Conclusion......Page 99 References......Page 100 Introduction......Page 107 Opportunity Structures in the Field of Migrant and Women Entrepreneurship......Page 109 Contextualising Opportunity Structures in the Netherlands and Turkey......Page 112 Methodology......Page 115 Opportunity Structures with an Intersectional Lens......Page 118 Discussion......Page 126 Conclusion......Page 128 References......Page 129 Introduction......Page 136 Precipitating Factors......Page 137 Cognitive and Social Infrastructure......Page 139 Ecosystems 101......Page 140 Fourth-Wave of Economic Development: The Rise of Ecosystems......Page 142 What Is the Evidence? The Boulder Thesis......Page 144 Ecosystems Need Builders (and Operators)......Page 146 Measurement Issues......Page 147 Conclusion......Page 149 References......Page 151 Examining Entrepreneurial Behaviour Amongst Different Minority Communities......Page 155 Introduction......Page 156 Assumptions of Homogeneity......Page 157 Narratives and the Entrepreneurial Process......Page 159 Framework......Page 164 Implications for Practice......Page 165 Implications for Education and Training......Page 167 Implications for Policy......Page 169 Implications for Research......Page 170 Conclusion......Page 171 References......Page 172 Introduction......Page 176 Why Support Youth Entrepreneurship?......Page 177 What Is on Offer to Aid Youth Entrepreneurship?......Page 181 References......Page 190 Introduction......Page 196 Global Snapshot of Senior Entrepreneurship......Page 198 Dimensions of Senior Entrepreneurship......Page 201 Where Do Opportunities Exist?......Page 204 Conclusion......Page 205 References......Page 206 Introduction......Page 211 Historical and Geographical Scope of Immigrant Enterprise......Page 213 Explanatory Theories......Page 214 Policy and Ethnic Minority Enterprise......Page 227 References......Page 231 Introduction......Page 238 Gay Entrepreneurship......Page 239 Coming Out......Page 240 The Experiences of Gay Entrepreneurs......Page 243 Conclusions......Page 247 References......Page 248 Introduction......Page 251 Disability and Self-Employment Under a Workfare Regime......Page 253 Welfare State and Entrepreneurial Behaviour: A Literature Review......Page 257 Disability Entrepreneurship and Welfare Policy Binaries: A Theoretical Framework......Page 258 Methodology......Page 260 Disabling Welfare State: Findings......Page 261 Conclusion......Page 269 References......Page 271 Introduction......Page 276 NEET: Statistical Category, Disadvantaged Group or Social Problem?......Page 278 Some Criticisms of NEETs......Page 282 NEET and Entrepreneurial Behaviour......Page 283 Entrepreneurial Activation......Page 290 European Union, OECD and Other International Programmes for NEETs......Page 291 Conclusion......Page 293 References......Page 295 Introduction......Page 301 An Overview of the Literature......Page 304 US-Based Literature......Page 305 The UK Literature......Page 311 The Influence of Literature on Religion, Faith and Redemption......Page 315 Other Diverse Literatures......Page 316 Conceptualising and Visualising the Phenomenon......Page 319 Conclusions......Page 321 References......Page 324 Introduction......Page 330 Indigeneity, Identity and Indigenous Rights......Page 332 Indigenous Rights......Page 334 Indigenous Entrepreneurship......Page 337 Indigenous Socioeconomic Objectives......Page 338 Participation in the Global Economy......Page 342 Indigenous Entrepreneurship and Hybrid Venture Creation......Page 347 Indigenous Entrepreneurial Ventures Case Studies......Page 349 Conclusion......Page 352 References......Page 354 Introduction......Page 360 Historical Background......Page 361 Methodology......Page 363 Case Study......Page 364 Analysis of Data......Page 367 Conclusion......Page 371 References......Page 372 Introduction......Page 376 Refugees......Page 377 Refugee Entrepreneurs......Page 380 A Refugee’s Journey from His/Her Home Country to a Host Country and Entrepreneurship......Page 382 New Zealand Context......Page 386 Illustrative Cases: The Journey of a Refugee Entrepreneur......Page 387 Discussion......Page 392 Conclusion......Page 395 References......Page 396 Introduction......Page 401 Literature Review and Hypotheses......Page 403 Research Methodology......Page 407 Analyses......Page 409 Discussion......Page 412 References......Page 415 Where Do We Go from Here?......Page 419 Introduction......Page 420 New Lenses on Minorities Research......Page 421 Structured Overview of Prior Works......Page 424 The Approach......Page 430 Proposing a Conceptual Model......Page 433 Case Study: Membertou Welcoming the World!......Page 435 Conclusion......Page 440 References......Page 441 Introduction......Page 447 Theoretical Background......Page 448 Minority Entrepreneurship: Problems in Start-up and Support......Page 450 Social Enterprise Support Networks for Minority Groups......Page 453 Research Methodology......Page 455 Support Stream One: Co-Working Spaces and Business Programmes for Minorities......Page 458 Support Stream Two: Intergenerational Business Mentoring Programmes in Social Enterprises......Page 460 Support Stream Three: Transition Job Positions in Social Enterprises to Help Minorities Gain Experience......Page 461 Minority Communities as Opportunity Spaces for Social Entrepreneurship......Page 464 Conclusion......Page 466 References......Page 467 Introduction......Page 472 The Pre-Movement Years: The Legacies of Slavery and Jim Crow......Page 473 The Fight for Civil Rights: The Early Years......Page 474 The Civil Rights Movement as an Impetus for the Supplier Diversity Movement......Page 475 The National Minority Supplier Development Council and Expansion of Supplier Diversity......Page 479 The Five Levels of Supplier Diversity......Page 484 The McKinney Score......Page 486 Conclusion......Page 488 References......Page 489 Introduction......Page 492 Entrepreneurship and Poverty and Social Exclusion......Page 493 Entrepreneurship Policy Development in Relation to Social Inclusion......Page 496 Understanding the Policymaking Process—Policy Exchanges and Learning......Page 499 Conclusion......Page 503 References......Page 504 Introduction......Page 510 Defining and Applying the Concept of Minority......Page 511 Defining and Applying the Concept of Entrepreneurship......Page 513 The Evolution of the Minority Entrepreneurship Field......Page 515 Leximancer Analysis of the Minority Entrepreneurship Literature......Page 520 Areas of Research Focus, Methodology and Findings......Page 525 Ethnic Migrant Entrepreneurship......Page 526 Ethnic Community Enclaves......Page 528 Mixed Embeddedness......Page 529 Transnational Entrepreneurship......Page 531 Female Entrepreneurship......Page 532 Performance, Government Policy and Support Programmes......Page 534 The Sub-domain of Minority Indigenous Entrepreneurship......Page 536 The ‘WHAT’ Factors—Problems of Definition......Page 539 The ‘HOW’ Factors—Problems of Methodology......Page 542 The ‘WHY’ Factors—Problems of Motivation and Focus......Page 545 Conclusion......Page 549 References......Page 551 Conclusion......Page 569 Introduction......Page 570 Towards a New Conceptual Framework......Page 573 Conclusion......Page 581 References......Page 582 Index......Page 587