MRI of the Upper Extremity: Elbow, Wrist, and Hand

Description

This book systematically discusses the anatomy and pathology of three specific regions of the upper extremity: the elbow, wrist, and hand. Divided into three sections, by body part, chapters cover anatomy and pathology. The anatomy chapters give a comprehensive view of each body part and normal variants found there. Although the primary modality emphasized will be MRI, illustrations and other modalities, including plain radiograph and CT, will be used to comprehensively discuss the anatomy of each region. Liberally illustrated, the pathology chapters then cover both traumatic and non-traumatic causes for imaging and detail how to perform and interpret each MRI. Specific examples include: osseous trauma, soft tissue trauma, and tumor imaging. Chapters are written with the deliberate intention to be of value to all levels of radiology training while remaining a reliable resource for attending radiologists.  Acknowledgement Introduction Joint Structure Joint Function Importance of the Upper Extremity References Contents Contributors 1: Elbow: Importance and Biomechanics Elbow Importance and Biomechanics of the Elbow References 2: Elbow: Anatomy and MRI Optimization The Anterior Compartment Anterior Compartment Muscles The Biceps Brachii The Brachialis The Brachioradialis Arteries and Nerves The Median Nerve The Anterior Interosseous Nerve The Radial Nerve Superficial and Deep Branches of the Radial Nerve and the Posterior Interosseous Nerve The Musculocutaneous Nerve The Brachial Artery The Lateral Compartment Lateral Compartment Muscles and Tendons The Common Extensor Tendon Lateral Compartment Ligaments The Radial Collateral Ligament The Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament The Annular Ligament The Medial Compartment Medial Compartment Muscles The Pronator Teres The Flexor Carpi Radialis The Flexor Carpi Ulnaris The Flexor Digitorum Superficialis The Palmaris Longus The Flexor Digitorum Profundus The Flexor Pollicis Longus Medial Compartment Ligaments The Ulnar Collateral Ligament The Anterior Bundle of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament The Posterior Bundle of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament The Transverse or Oblique Ligament of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament The Posterior Compartment Posterior Compartment Muscles The Triceps The Anconeus The Ulnar Nerve and Cubital Tunnel The Olecranon Process and the Olecranon Fossa The Olecranon Bursa MRI Optimization of the Elbow Special Considerations Technical Imaging Parameters MR Elbow Arthrography Image Optimization References 3: Elbow Pathology: Traumatic Osseous Fractures Radial Head/Neck Fractures Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging/Classification Mason Classification Treatment Olecranon Fractures Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging/Classification Colton Classification AO Classification Mayo Classification Schatzker Classification Treatment Coronoid Fractures Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging/Classification Regan-Morrey Classification O’Driscoll Classification Treatment Intra-articular Osteochondral Lesion Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Osteochondral Fracture Pitfalls Treatment Synovial Fringe Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Intra-articular Bodies Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Classification/Staging Treatment Pediatric Pathology Panner Disease Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Little League Elbow Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Ligaments Medial Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Muscles and Tendons Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Complete Tear Partial Tear Classification/Staging Treatment Tendinopathy Distal Triceps Tendon Rupture and Tendinopathy Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Brachialis Lateral Epicondylosis (Common Extensor Tendinopathy) Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Classification Treatment Medial Epicondylosis (Common Flexor Tendinopathy) Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Soft Tissues Nerves Ulnar Nerve Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Median Nerve Pronator Syndrome Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Radial Nerve Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Bursae Bicipitoradial Bursitis Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment Olecranon Bursitis Etiology and Clinical Presentation Imaging Treatment References 4: Elbow Pathology: Nontraumatic Arthritis Osteoarthrosis Neuropathic Arthropathy Rheumatoid Arthritis Psoriatic Arthritis Gout Arthropathy Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease Hydroxyapatite Crystal Deposition Disease Hemophilia Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis Tumor Osteochondroma Fibrous Dysplasia Enchondroma Synovial Chondromatosis Intra-articular Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor Osteosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Chondrosarcoma Synovial Cell Sarcoma Inflammatory and Infectious Olecranon Bursitis Bicipitoradial Bursitis Septic Arthritis Cat-Scratch Disease Congenital Congenital Radial Head Dislocation Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis Supracondylar Spur References 5: Wrist: Importance and  Biomechanics Wrist Importance and Biomechanics References 6: Wrist: Anatomy and MRI Optimization Osseous Anatomy of the Wrist Guyon’s Canal Carpal Tunnel Extensor Tendons and Extensor Retinaculum Ligaments of the Wrist Intrinsic Ligaments Proximal Interosseous Ligaments Distal Interosseous Ligaments Palmar Midcarpal Ligaments Dorsal Intercarpal/Intrinsic Ligaments Extrinsic Ligaments Radiocarpal Ligaments The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Imaging Protocols for the Wrist References 7: Wrist Pathology – Traumatic Background Osseous Injuries Scaphoid Fractures Scaphoid Nonunion Ulnocarpal Abutment Syndrome Kienböck’s Disease Ulnar Styloid Fractures Hamate Fractures Triquetrum Fractures Ligament Injuries Interosseous Ligaments of the Wrist Scapholunate Ligament Injury Lunotriquetral Ligament Injury Capsular Ligaments of the Wrist Carpal Instability Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Nerve Injuries Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome Wartenberg Syndrome Muscle, Tendon, and Soft Tissue Injuries Flexor Tendons Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Extensor Tendons Intersection Syndrome Extensor Carpi Ulnaris References 8: Wrist Pathology: Non-traumatic Congenital Carpal Coalitions Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Variant Lunate Morphology Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Accessory Ossicles Epidemiology Imaging Features Madelung Deformity Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Inflammatory/Infection Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Tenosynovitis de Quervain Tenosynovitis Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Distal Intersection Syndrome Epidemiology Imaging Features Infectious Tenosynovitis Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Septic Arthritis Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Psoriatic Arthritis Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Gout Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease (CPPD) Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Hemophilia Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Benign Osseous Lesions Intraosseous Ganglion Cysts Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Enchondroma Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Osteoid Osteoma Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Aggressive Osseous Lesions Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Soft Tissue Lesions Benign Soft Tissue Lesions Synovial Cysts Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Lipomas Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Benign Neurogenic Tumors Traumatic Neuromas Neural Fibrolipoma Epidemiology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Benign PNSTs Epidemiology and Histology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Extra-Skeletal Chondroma Epidemiology and Histology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Malignant Soft Tissue Lesions Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Epidemiology and Histology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations Synovial Sarcoma Epidemiology and Histology Imaging Features Special MRI Considerations References 9: Hand: Importance and Biomechanics Hand Importance and Biomechanics References 10: Hand – Anatomy and MRI Optimization Normal MRI Anatomy of the Hand Capsular Anatomy Overview Hand Musculature Extensor Apparatus Flexor Apparatus Vascular and Digital Nerve Anatomy Overview Anatomic Zones of the Extensor and Flexor Hand Tendons Normal MR Imaging Anatomy of the Thumb Osseous and Capsuloligamentous Anatomy of the Thumb Thumb CMC Joint Thumb MCP Joint Thumb IP Joint Muscle and Tendon Anatomy of the Thumb Pulleys of the Thumb MRI Optimization References 11: Hand Pathology: Traumatic Osseous Trauma Metacarpal Fractures Phalangeal Fractures Ligamentous Pathology and Dislocations Soft Tissue Pathology Extensor Tendon Injury Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Flexor Tendon Injury Zone 1 Zone 2 Zones 3–5 Flexor Pulley Injuries References 12: Thumb Pathology – Traumatic Carpometacarpal Joint Stabilizers of the Carpometacarpal Joint Osseous and Ligamentous Injury Metacarpophalangeal Joint Metacarpophalangeal Joint Anatomy Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Volar Plate Injuries Sagittal Band Injuries Interphalangeal Joint Annular Pulley System References 13: Hand Pathology: Nontraumatic Arthritis Inflammatory Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Psoriatic Arthritis and Peripheral Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy Crystalline Arthropathy and Crystal Deposition Disease Gout Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease Hydroxyapatite (Basic Calcium Phosphate) Deposition Disease Masses and Neoplastic Processes of the Hand Soft Tissue Masses Ganglia and Synovial Cysts Epidermal Inclusion Cysts Fat-Containing Masses Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations Glomus Tumors Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors and Other Neural Masses Fibroma of the Tendon Sheath and Palmar Fibromatosis Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor Desmoid Fibromatosis (Desmoid Tumor) Nodular (Pseudosarcomatous) Fasciitis Primary Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Hand Osseous Neoplasms Chondroid Lesions Osteochondroma Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation (Nora’s Lesion) Osteoid Osteoma Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Infectious Conditions of the Hand Superficial Infections Deep Space Infections Chronic Infections Congenital Abnormalities Coalitions Carpal Boss References Index