Canadian Air Law for Pilots

Description

Canada is a global aviation powerhouse. Thanks to the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan during World War II, as well as its internationally-recognized reputation enabling an important and meaningful bridge among the nations of the world after the war, Canada ― called the Aerodrome of Democracy by President Franklin D. Roosevelt ― was chosen as the host of the headquarters of the United Nations’ International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and influential International Air Transport Association (IATA), and has become the third-largest aerospace hub in the world. Today, thousands of Canadian aviation professionals specializing in engineering, management, finance, sales, flight operations, academics, flight training, tax, and law staff the ICAO, IATA, governmental agencies, airline companies, law and aircraft leasing firms, universities, and gigantic aerospace corporations. This Canadian expertise also resonates in today’s global training pipeline of highly skilled professionals operating winged-tubes loaded with thousands of gallons of kerosene fuelling complex and powerful engine systems in the lower levels of the stratosphere to carry passengers and/or cargo across intercontinental airways. Canadian Air Law for Pilots is entirely dedicated to pilots; its purpose is twofold: (1) to highlight the landmark Canadian legislative framework relative to aviation law, and provide an extensive review of federal decision-makers affecting pilots’ privileges, rights, and interests by reporting on their purposes, procedural rules, as well as key case law within administrative and penal law; and (2) to outline Canada’s air law for local and international applicants and trainees interested in obtaining pilot permits, licences or ratings (aeroplanes) issued by Transport Canada. This textbook is divided into four parts:  Part I:       Administrative Law Part II:       Penal Law Part III:       Aircraft in Canada Part IV:      Air Law Introduction Abstract Sypnosis Part I: Administrative Law Part II: Penal Law Part III: Aircraft in Canada Part IV: Air Law Tag Words Contents of Volume 1 Contents of Volume 2 About the Author Part I: Administrative Law Chapter 1: Principal Statutes Pertinent to Air Law and Pilots 1.1 Jurisdiction 1.1.1 Bijuralism 1.1.2 Constitution 1.1.3 Aeronautics 1.2 Legislation, Regulations and Standards 1.2.1 The Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2 1.2.2 The Canadian Aviation Regulations, SOR/96-433 1.2.3 The Standards 1.2.4 The Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual 1.3 Pilots and Canada’s Official Languages 1.3.1 General 1.3.2 Formal Aviation Language Proficiency Demonstration (ALPD) 1.3.3 The Official Languages Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.) Chapter 2: Canadian Civil Aviation Regulatory Authorities and Agencies 2.1 Minister of Transport 2.1.1 Minister 2.1.2 Transport Canada 2.2 Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada 2.3 Canadian Transportation Agency 2.4 Transportation Safety Board 2.5 Canadian Air Transport Security Authority 2.6 NAV CANADA Chapter 3: Administrative Tribunals and Courts of Law 3.1 Overlook on Administrative Tribunals 3.1.1 General 3.1.2 Procedure 3.1.2.1 Statute 3.1.2.2 Principles of Natural Justice and Duty of Procedural Fairness 3.1.3 Code of Conduct 3.1.4 Constitution 3.1.4.1 Section 52 of the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11 3.1.4.2 Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 3.2 General Overview of Canada’s Judicial System 3.2.1 Provincial and Territorial Courts 3.2.2 Superior Courts 3.2.2.1 Trial-Level 3.2.2.2 Appeal-Level 3.2.3 Courts of Appeal 3.2.4 Courts Martial, Court Martial Appeal Court and Tax Court 3.2.4.1 Courts Martial and Court Martial Appeal Court 3.2.4.2 Tax Court of Canada 3.2.5 Federal Courts 3.2.5.1 Federal Court of Canada 3.2.5.1.1 Jurisdiction 3.2.5.1.2 Judicial Review 3.2.5.2 Federal Court of Appeal 3.2.5.2.1 Composition 3.2.5.2.2 Jurisdiction 3.2.5.2.2.1 Appeals 3.2.5.2.2.2 Judicial Review 3.2.6 Supreme Court of Canada Chapter 4: Pilots and Canadian Decision-Makers Under Air Law 4.1 Decisions of the Minister of Transport 4.1.1 Transport Canada’s Aviation Enforcement Policy 4.1.1.1 Philosophy and Principles 4.1.1.2 Enforcement Process 4.1.1.2.1 Detection of the Violation 4.1.1.2.2 Transport Canada Inspector and Detection Notice 4.1.1.2.3 The Regional Manager of Enforcement and Investigations 4.1.2 Statutory Powers of the Minister Affecting Pilots under Part I of the Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2 4.1.2.1 Security Clearance 4.1.2.1.1 Definition 4.1.2.1.2 Grant, Refusal, Suspension or Cancellation — S. 4.8 4.1.2.1.2.1 Purpose 4.1.2.1.3 The Transport Canada Security Clearance Program 4.1.2.1.3.1 Objective 4.1.2.1.3.2 Procedure 4.1.2.2 Medical and Optometric Information 4.1.2.2.1 Minister to Be Provided with Information — Subs. 6.5(1) 4.1.2.2.2 Patient to Advise — Subs. 6.5(2) 4.1.2.2.3 Use by Minister — Subs. 6.5(3) 4.1.2.2.4 No Proceedings Shall Lie — Subs. 6.5(4) 4.1.2.2.5 Information Privileged — Subs. 6.5(5) 4.1.2.2.6 Deemed Consent — Subs. 6.5(6) 4.1.2.3 Measures Relating to Canadian Aviation Documents 4.1.2.3.1 Refusal to Issue or Amend — Subss. 6.71(1)(2) 4.1.2.3.1.1 Decision 4.1.2.3.1.2 Contents of Notice 4.1.2.3.2 General Suspension — S. 6.8 4.1.2.3.3 Suspension or Cancellation if Contravention of a Regulation, Notice, Order, Security Measure, or Emergency Direction — Subss. 6.9(1)(2) 4.1.2.3.3.1 Decision 4.1.2.3.3.2 Contents of Notice 4.1.2.3.4 Suspension if Immediate Threat to Aviation Safety or Security — Subss. 7(1)(2)(2.1) 4.1.2.3.4.1 Decision 4.1.2.3.4.2 Contents of Notice 4.1.2.3.4.3 Effective Date of Minister’s Decision 4.1.2.3.5 Suspension, Cancellation or Refusal to Renew on Other Grounds — Subss. 7.1(1)(2)(2.1) 4.1.2.3.5.1 Decision 4.1.2.3.5.2 Contents of Notice 4.1.2.3.5.3 Effective Date of Minister’s Decision 4.1.2.3.6 Default in Payment — S. 7.21 4.1.2.3.6.1 Certificate 4.1.2.3.6.2 Notice 4.1.2.4 Offences and Administrative Contraventions 4.1.2.4.1 Provincial Courts’ Offences — Ss. 7.3 to 7.5 4.1.2.4.2 Procedure Pertaining to Certain Contraventions — Administrative — Ss. 7.6 to 8.2 4.1.2.4.2.1 Designated Provisions — Subs. 7.6(1) 4.1.2.4.2.1.1 Non-Application of Summary Conviction Procedure — Subs. 7.6(2) 4.1.2.4.2.1.2 Under the CARs 4.1.2.4.2.2 Procedure 4.1.2.4.2.2.1 Notice of Assessment of Monetary Penalty — Subs. 7.7(1) 4.1.2.4.2.2.2 Content of the Notice — Subs. 7.7(2) 4.1.2.4.2.2.3 Content of the Notice if CAR Contravention(s) — CAR 103.08(3) 4.1.2.4.2.2.4 Options of the Person Who Received the Notice — S. 7.8 4.1.2.4.2.2.5 Pay the Penalty — S. 7.9 4.1.2.4.2.2.6 File a Request for Review — S. 7.91 4.1.2.4.2.2.7 Certificate Issued by the Tribunal — S. 7.92 4.1.2.4.2.2.8 Registration of the Certificate — S. 8.2 4.1.2.5 Record of the Minister 4.1.2.5.1 Requirement 4.1.2.5.1.1 Notice of Decision 4.1.2.5.1.2 Application of Certain Provisions 4.1.2.5.1.3 Repeat of Applications Limited 4.1.2.5.2 Publications of Enforcement Actions 4.1.2.5.2.1 Corporate Offenders 4.1.2.5.2.2 Non-Corporate Offenders 4.1.2.6 Defence — S. 8.5 4.1.2.7 Powers to Enter, Seize and Detain in Aeonautical Matters — S. 8.5 4.1.2.7.1 Minister’s Powers — S. 8.7 4.1.2.7.1.1 General — Subs. 8.7(1) 4.1.2.7.1.2 Duty to Assist Minister — S. 8.8 4.1.2.7.1.3 Matters Relating to National Defence — Subs. 8.7(1.01) 4.1.2.7.2 Search Warrants — Subs. 8.7(2) 4.1.2.7.3 Warrant Required to Enter Dwelling-House — Subs. 8.7(4) 4.1.2.7.4 Authority to Issue Warrant — Subs. 8.7(5) 4.1.2.7.5 Use of Force — Subs. 8.7(6) 4.1.3 Interpretation Clarifications — Canada (Attorney General) v. Woods, [2002] FCJ no 1267 (QL) 4.1.3.1 Background 4.1.3.2 Reasons 4.2 Review Member’s Determination and Appeal Panel’s Decision 4.2.1 General 4.2.1.1 Jurisdiction 4.2.1.1.1 General Jurisdiction 4.2.1.1.2 Jurisdiction over Administrative Monetary Penalties under Specific Acts 4.2.1.2 Principal Office 4.2.1.3 Sittings 4.2.1.4 Composition 4.2.1.4.1 Members 4.2.1.4.2 Chairperson 4.2.1.4.3 Vice-Chairperson 4.2.1.5 Tenure 4.2.1.5.1 Term of Office 4.2.1.5.2 Reappointment 4.2.1.5.3 Disposition after Member Ceases to Hold Office 4.2.1.6 Renumeration 4.2.1.6.1 Determined by Governor in Counsel 4.2.1.6.2 Expenses 4.2.1.6.3 Status 4.2.1.7 Inconsistent Interests 4.2.1.7.1 Full-Time Members 4.2.1.7.1.1 Divesting of Interests 4.2.1.7.1.2 Duties of Full-Time Members 4.2.1.7.2 Part-Time Members 4.2.1.8 Hearings on Review 4.2.1.9 Hearings on Appeal 4.2.1.9.1 Size of Appeal Panel 4.2.1.9.2 Composition 4.2.1.9.3 Qualifications of Members 4.2.1.9.4 Medical Matters 4.2.1.9.5 Decision of Appeal Panel 4.2.1.9.6 Nature of Appeal 4.2.1.10 Nature of Hearings 4.2.1.10.1 Rules of Evidence 4.2.1.10.2 Restriction 4.2.1.10.3 Appearance 4.2.1.10.4 Private Hearings 4.2.1.11 Standard of Proof 4.2.1.12 Powers of Tribunal 4.2.1.13 Reasons 4.2.1.13.1 Review 4.2.1.13.2 Appeal 4.2.1.14 Rules 4.2.1.15 Costs 4.2.1.15.1 Award and Reimbursement 4.2.1.15.2 Recovery 4.2.1.15.3 Certificate 4.2.1.15.4 Registration of Certificate 4.2.1.16 Proceedings to be Recorded 4.2.1.17 Decision on Appeal Final 4.2.1.18 Annual Report 4.2.2 Procedure 4.2.2.1 Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada Rules, SOR/86–594 4.2.2.1.1 Definitions 4.2.2.1.2 Application 4.2.2.1.3 If Procedural Void 4.2.2.1.4 Service 4.2.2.1.5 Filing 4.2.2.1.6 Saturday or Holiday 4.2.2.1.7 For Matters Different Requests for Review or Appeal 4.2.2.1.7.1 Application 4.2.2.1.7.2 Form 4.2.2.1.7.3 Service 4.2.2.1.7.4 Power to Dispose 4.2.2.1.7.5 Determination 4.2.2.1.8 Extending or Abridging Time 4.2.2.1.9 Preliminary Procedures 4.2.2.1.10 Adjournments 4.2.2.1.11 Witness 4.2.2.1.11.1 Summons 4.2.2.1.11.2 Service 4.2.2.1.11.3 Failure to Attend 4.2.2.1.12 Proceeding 4.2.2.1.12.1 Examination and Cross-Examination 4.2.2.1.12.2 Tribunal’s Powers 4.2.2.1.12.2.1 Witness 4.2.2.1.12.2.2 Affidavit 4.2.2.1.12.2.3 Inspection 4.2.2.1.13 Argument 4.2.2.1.14 Appeals 4.2.2.1.14.1 Filing 4.2.2.1.14.2 Statement 4.2.2.1.14.3 Service of the Request 4.2.2.1.14.4 Service of the Notice and Copy of the Record 4.2.2.1.15 Determination or Decision 4.2.2.1.15.1 Form 4.2.2.1.15.2 Start Day to Calculate Appeal Period 4.2.2.1.15.3 Service of the Determination or Decision 4.2.2.2 Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2 4.2.2.2.1 Application for Review Hearing 4.2.2.2.1.1 Measures Relating to Canadian Aviation Documents 4.2.2.2.1.1.1 Refusal to Issue or Amend — S. 6.72 4.2.2.2.1.1.1.1 Request for Review 4.2.2.2.1.1.1.2 Time and Place for Review 4.2.2.2.1.1.1.3 Review Procedure 4.2.2.2.1.1.1.4 Determination 4.2.2.2.1.1.2 Suspension or Cancellation if Contravention of a Regulation, Notice, Order, Security Measure, or Emergency Direction — subss. 6.9(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(7.1)(8) 4.2.2.2.1.1.2.1 Request for Review of Minister’s Decision 4.2.2.2.1.1.2.2 Request for Review Not a Stay of Suspension, Etc. 4.2.2.2.1.1.2.3 Exception Re Stay Direction 4.2.2.2.1.1.2.4 Appointment of Review Time 4.2.2.2.1.1.2.5 Review Procedure 4.2.2.2.1.1.2.6 Holder, Owner or Operator Not Compelled to Testify 4.2.2.2.1.1.2.7 Determination of Member 4.2.2.2.1.1.3 Suspension Where Immediate Threat to Aviation Safety or Security — subss. 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.1 Request for Review of Minister’s Decision 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.2 Request for Review Not a Stay of Suspension 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.3 Appointment of Review Time 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.4 Review Procedure 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.5 Determination 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.6 Effect of Decision Pending Reconsideration 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.7 Request for Reconsideration of Immediate Threat 4.2.2.2.1.1.3.8 Reconsideration 4.2.2.2.1.1.4 Suspension, Cancellation or Refusal to Renew on Other Grounds — subss. 4.2.2.2.1.1.4.1 Request for Review of Minister’s Decision 4.2.2.2.1.1.4.2 Request for Review Not a Stay of Suspension, Cancellation or Refusal to Renew 4.2.2.2.1.1.4.3 Appointment of Review Time 4.2.2.2.1.1.4.4 Review Procedure 4.2.2.2.1.1.4.5 Determination of the Member 4.2.2.2.1.1.4.6 Effect of Decision Pending Reconsideration 4.2.2.2.1.2 Procedure Pertaining to Certain Contraventions — Ss. 7.91 and 8 4.2.2.2.1.2.1 Request for Review of Determination 4.2.2.2.1.2.2 Time and Place for Review 4.2.2.2.1.2.3 Review Procedure 4.2.2.2.1.2.4 Burden of Proof 4.2.2.2.1.2.5 Person Not Compelled to Testify 4.2.2.2.1.2.6 Determination by Tribunal Member 4.2.2.2.2 Appeal Hearings 4.2.2.2.2.1 Measures Relating to Canadian Aviation Documents — S. 7.2 4.2.2.2.2.1.1 Right of Appeal 4.2.2.2.2.1.2 Loss of Right of Appeal 4.2.2.2.2.1.3 Disposition of Appeal 4.2.2.2.2.1.4 Effect of Decision Pending Reconsideration 4.2.2.2.2.2 Procedure Pertaining to Certain Contraventions — S. 8.1 4.2.2.2.2.2.1 Right of Appeal 4.2.2.2.2.2.2 Loss of Right of Appeal 4.2.2.2.2.2.3 Disposition of Appeal 4.2.2.2.2.2.4 Certificate 4.2.3 Code of Conduct for Members of the Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada 4.2.3.1 General 4.2.3.1.1 Purpose 4.2.3.1.2 Application 4.2.3.1.3 Scope 4.2.3.1.4 Administration 4.2.3.1.5 Expertise 4.2.3.1.6 Collegiality 4.2.3.2 Responsibilities to the Parties 4.2.3.2.1 Conduct of Hearings 4.2.3.2.2 Natural Justice 4.2.3.2.3 Impartiality 4.2.3.2.4 Fairness and Transparency 4.2.3.2.5 Communication with Participants in a Proceeding 4.2.3.2.6 Decision-Making 4.2.3.3 Responsibilities to the Public 4.2.3.3.1 Integrity 4.2.3.3.2 Conflict of Interest 4.2.3.3.3 Bias 4.2.3.3.4 Gifts or Other Advantages 4.2.3.3.5 Outside Activities 4.3 Judicial Review 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Procedure 4.3.2.1 Procedural Chart 4.3.2.2 Application 4.3.2.2.1 General 4.3.2.2.2 Electronic Filing 4.3.2.2.3 Contents of the Notice of Application 4.3.2.2.4 Service of the Notice of Application 4.3.2.2.4.1 General 4.3.2.2.4.2 Motion for Directions as to Service 4.3.2.2.4.3 Proof of Service 4.3.2.3 Notice of Appearance 4.3.2.4 Affidavits 4.3.2.4.1 Applicant 4.3.2.4.2 Respondent 4.3.2.5 Material in the Possession of the Tribunal 4.3.2.5.1 Material from Tribunal 4.3.2.5.2 Request in Notice of Application 4.3.2.5.3 Service of Request 4.3.2.5.4 Material to be Transmitted 4.3.2.5.5 Objection by Tribunal 4.3.2.5.6 Directions as to Procedure 4.3.2.5.7 Order 4.3.2.5.8 Return of Material 4.3.2.6 Cross-Examinations 4.3.2.7 Records 4.3.2.7.1 Applicant’s Record 4.3.2.7.1.1 Number of Copies 4.3.2.7.1.2 Contents 4.3.2.7.1.3 Retention of Original Affidavits 4.3.2.7.2 Respondent’s Record 4.3.2.7.2.1 Number of Copies 4.3.2.7.2.2 Contents 4.3.2.7.2.3 Retention of Original Affidavits 4.3.2.8 Preparation before Hearings 4.3.2.8.1 Preparation by Registry 4.3.2.8.2 Documents to be Provided 4.3.2.8.3 Additional Steps 4.3.2.8.4 Requirement to File Additional Material 4.3.2.9 Hearings 4.3.2.9.1 Requisition for Hearing 4.3.2.9.1.1 General 4.3.2.9.1.2 Contents 4.3.2.9.2 Pre-Hearing Conference 4.3.2.9.3 Testimony Regarding Issue of Fact 4.3.2.10 Grounds of Review 4.3.2.11 Powers of Federal Court 4.3.3 Standard of Review 4.3.3.1 Dunsmuir Principles 4.3.3.1.1 Context 4.3.3.1.2 Facts 4.3.3.1.3 Reasons 4.3.3.1.4 Conclusion 4.3.3.1.5 Issues with Dunsmuir 4.3.3.2 The Administrative Law Trilogy (Vavilov) 4.3.3.2.1 Reasons 4.3.3.2.2 Consequences 4.3.3.3 Interpretation of S. 18.1 of the Federal Courts act, R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7 4.3.3.3.1 Background 4.3.3.3.2 Reasons 4.3.4 Principles of Natural Justice and Duty of Procedural Fairness 4.3.4.1 Principles of Natural Justice 4.3.4.1.1 Application 4.3.4.1.2 Content 4.3.4.1.2.1 The Right to be Heard 4.3.4.2 Duty of Procedural Fairness 4.3.4.2.1 Origins 4.3.4.2.2 Application 4.3.4.2.3 Factors Affecting the Content of Duty of Fairness 4.3.5 Selective Case Law Review Involving Pilots 4.3.5.1 Minister’s Decision-Making Power, and the Transportation Security Clearance 4.3.5.1.1 Rivet v. Canada (Attorney General), 2007 FC 1175 4.3.5.1.1.1 Facts 4.3.5.1.1.2 Issues 4.3.5.1.1.3 Reasons 4.3.5.1.1.3.1 Standard of Review Analysis 4.3.5.1.1.3.2 Was the Decision Unreasonable? 4.3.5.1.1.3.3 Was there a Breach of Procedural Fairness? 4.3.5.1.1.4 Conclusion 4.3.5.1.2 Mangat v. Canada (Attorney General), 2016 FC 907 4.3.5.1.2.1 Facts 4.3.5.1.2.2 Issues 4.3.5.1.2.3 Arguments 4.3.5.1.2.4 Reasons 4.3.5.1.2.4.1 Standard of Review Analysis 4.3.5.1.2.4.2 Was the Decision of the Director Unreasonable? 4.3.5.1.2.4.3 Did the Director Deny Natural Justice? 4.3.5.1.2.5 Conclusion 4.3.5.2 Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada 4.3.5.2.1 Billings Family Enterprises Ltd. v. Canada (Transport), 2008 FC 17 4.3.5.2.1.1 Facts 4.3.5.2.1.2 Reasons 4.3.5.2.1.3 Conclusion 4.3.5.2.2 Canada (Attorney General) v. Friesen, 2017 FC 567 4.3.5.2.2.1 Facts 4.3.5.2.2.2 Issues 4.3.5.2.2.3 Reasons 4.3.5.2.2.3.1 Standard of Review — Federal Court to Appeal Panel’s Decision 4.3.5.2.2.3.2 Standard of Review — Appeal Panel to Review Member’s Determination 4.3.5.2.2.3.3 Expert Evidence 4.3.5.2.2.3.4 “Prudent Pilot” Standard of Care 4.3.5.2.2.4 Conclusion 4.3.5.2.3 Friesen V. Canada (Attorney General), 2018 FC 723 — Defence of Due Diligence 4.3.5.2.3.1 Appeal Panel’s Decision 4.3.5.2.3.2 Issues 4.3.5.2.3.3 Reasons 4.3.5.2.3.3.1 Standard of Review Analysis 4.3.5.2.3.3.2 Principle of Natural Justice or Procedural Fairness? 4.3.5.2.3.3.3 Solely Reviewing the Question of Due Diligence 4.3.5.2.3.3.4 Defence of Due Diligence 4.3.5.2.3.4 Conclusion 4.3.5.2.4 Cotirta v. Canada (Attorney General), 2021 FC 211 4.3.5.2.4.1 Facts 4.3.5.2.4.2 Legislation 4.3.5.2.4.3 Issues 4.3.5.2.4.4 Reasons 4.3.5.2.4.4.1 2021 Standard of Review Analysis 4.3.5.2.4.4.2 Failed to Consider Facts and Arguments 4.3.5.2.4.4.3 Principles of Natural Justice 4.3.5.2.4.4.4 Ignoring Evidence 4.3.5.2.4.4.5 Decision Not “Correct” 4.3.5.2.4.5 Conclusion 4.3.5.3 Remarks 4.4 Appeals 4.4.1 Is there a Right of Appeal? 4.4.2 What Is the Applicable Standard of Appellate Review? 4.4.3 Is the Appeal Financially Viable? Part II: Penal Law Chapter 5: General 5.1 Penal Law and Criminal Law 5.2 Brief Overview of Canadian Criminal Law 5.2.1 Crown and Defence 5.2.2 Criminal Proceedings 5.2.2.1 Pre-trial 5.2.2.1.1 Criminal Charges Laid 5.2.2.1.2 Bail Hearings 5.2.2.2 Trial 5.2.2.2.1 Initial Appearance 5.2.2.2.1.1 Proceeding by Way of Indictment 5.2.2.2.1.1.1 Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Superior Courts 5.2.2.2.1.1.2 Absolute Jurisdiction of the Provincial Courts 5.2.2.2.1.1.3 Offences Listed in s. 554 5.2.2.2.1.2 Proceeding Summarily 5.2.2.2.2 Trial Hearings 5.2.2.3 Sentencing 5.2.3 Criminal Justice Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 5.2.3.1 Search and Seizure 5.2.3.2 Imprisonment 5.2.3.3 Right to Counsel 5.2.3.4 Cruel and Unusual Punishment 5.2.4 Criminal Records 5.2.4.1 General 5.2.4.2 Consequences 5.2.4.3 Suspension of Criminal Records 5.2.4.4 Discharge 5.2.5 Appeals Chapter 6: Offences 6.1 Canada’s Offences Framework 6.1.1 Criminal Offences 6.1.1.1 Summary Conviction Offences 6.1.1.2 Indictable Offences 6.1.1.3 Hybrid Offences 6.1.2 Regulatory Offences 6.1.2.1 General 6.1.2.1.1 Mens Rea Offences 6.1.2.1.2 Strict Liability Offences 6.1.2.1.3 Absolute Liability Offences 6.1.2.2 Determination 6.2 Judicial Process, Summary and Indictable Offences Under the Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Prohibitions, Offences and Punishment — ss. 7.3–7.5 6.2.2.1 Prohibitions 6.2.2.1.1 General Prohibitions — subs. 7.3(1) 6.2.2.1.1.1 Offences — subs. 7.3(2) 6.2.2.1.2 Prohibition — Unruly or Dangerous Behaviour — subs. 7.41(1) 6.2.2.1.2.1 Punishment — subs. 7.41(2) 6.2.2.1.2.2 Application — subs. 7.41(4) 6.2.2.1.2.3 Deeming in Flight — subs. 7.41(3) 6.2.2.2 Prohibition by Court Order — subs. 7.5(1) 6.2.2.3 Contravention, Regulations (the CARs), Notice, Order, Security Measure or Emergency Direction — subs. 7.3(3) 6.2.2.3.1 Offences — subs. 7.3(3) 6.2.2.3.2 Contravention of Providing Information [subs. 4.81(1)] — subs. 7.3(3.1) 6.2.2.4 Offences — subs. 7.3(3.1) 6.2.2.5 Punishment 6.2.2.5.1 Individuals — subs. 7.3(4) 6.2.2.5.2 Corporations — subs. 7.3(5) 6.2.2.5.2.1 ANS Corporation — subs. 7.3(5) 6.2.2.5.3 Subsequent Offences — subs. 7.3(6) 6.2.2.5.4 Imprisonment — subs. 7.3(7) 6.2.2.6 Recovery of Fines — subs. 7.3(8) 6.2.2.7 Recovery of Costs and Charges — subs. 7.3(9) 6.2.2.8 Continuing Offence — s. 7.31 6.2.2.9 Court Order — Forfeiture — subs. 7.4(1) 6.2.2.9.1 Application — subs. 7.4(2) 6.2.2.9.2 Date of Hearing — subs. 7.4(3) 6.2.2.9.3 Notice — subs. 7.4(4) 6.2.2.9.4 Order by Judge — subs. 7.4(5) 6.2.2.9.5 Appeal — subs. 7.4(6) 6.2.2.9.6 Application to Minister — subs. 7.4(7) 6.2.2.9.7 Disposal of Forfeited Aircraft — subs. 7.4(8) 6.2.3 Persons Liable — s. 8.4 6.2.3.1 Owner — subs. 8.4(1) 6.2.3.2 Operator 6.2.3.2.1 Aircraft — subs. 8.4(2) 6.2.3.2.2 Aerodrome — subs. 8.4(4) 6.2.3.3 Pilot-in-command — subs. 8.4(3) 6.2.4 Defence — s. 8.5 6.2.5 Enforcement by the Minister 6.2.5.1 Admissibility of Evidence — s. 8.6 6.2.5.2 Search Warrants — subss. 8.7(2)(4)(5)(6) 6.2.6 Prosecution 6.2.6.1 Limitation Period — s. 26 6.2.6.2 Proof of Documents — subs. 27(1) 6.2.6.3 Certificate — subs. 27(2) 6.2.6.4 Document Entries as Proof — s. 28 6.3 Aviation-Related Offences Under the Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46 6.3.1 Offences Committed on Aircraft 6.3.1.1 General 6.3.1.2 After the Fact 6.3.2 Hijacking 6.3.3 Endangering Safety of Aircraft or Airport 6.3.4 Offensive Weapons and Explosive Substances 6.3.4.1 Definition of “Civil Aircraft” 6.3.4.2 Offences 6.3.5 Offences Relating to Conveyance 6.3.5.1 General 6.3.5.2 Penalties and Punishment 6.4 Caselaw Review — Criminalization of Pilots 6.4.1 R. v. Tayfel, [2007] MBQB 265 — Trial 6.4.1.1 Facts 6.4.1.2 Arguments 6.4.1.3 Law 6.4.1.3.1 Legislation 6.4.1.3.2 Legal Tests 6.4.1.4 Analysis 6.4.1.4.1 Factual Analysis 6.4.1.4.2 Criminal Negligence Legal Test 6.4.1.4.3 Dangerous Operation of an Aircraft 6.4.2 R. v. Tayfel, [2008] MBQB 101 — Sentence 6.4.3 R. v. Tayfel (M.), [2009] MBCA 124 — Appeal 6.4.4 Conclusion Part III: Aircraft in Canada Chapter 7: General 7.1 Definitions 7.2 Aircraft Categories and Classes 7.3 Type Ratings 7.4 Manoeuvres’ Categories 7.5 Wake Turbulence and Maximum Certificate Takeoff Mass Chapter 8: Miscellaneous 8.1 Canadian Civil Aircraft Register 8.2 Aircraft Ownership Part IV: Air Law Chapter 9: General Provisions and Aircraft Registration and Operation 9.1 Definitions 9.1.1 Aeronautics Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2 — Subs. 3(1) 9.1.2 Canadian Aviation Regulations, SOR/96–433 — CAR 101.01 9.2 Inspection of Aircraft and Documents — CAR 103.02 9.2.1 Notice and Persons Allowed to Request 9.2.2 Persons Obligated to Produce 9.2.3 Prohibitions 9.2.4 Other Documents 9.3 Return of Canadian Aviation Documents — CAR 103.03 9.4 Record Keeping and Digitalization of Information — CAR 103.04 9.5 Principal — CAR 103.12 9.6 Accountable Executive 9.6.1 Application — CAR 106.01 9.6.2 Appointment and Acceptance — CAR 106.02 9.6.3 Accountability and Responsibilities — CAR 106.03 9.6.4 More Than One Certificate — CAR 106.04 9.7 Safety Management System Requirements 9.7.1 Application — CAR 107.01 9.7.2 Establishing and Maintenance of the Safety Management System — CAR 107.02 9.7.3 Components of the Safety Management System — CAR 107.03 9.7.4 Size — CAR 107.04 9.8 Aircraft Marks 9.8.1 General Rule — CAR 202.01(1) 9.8.2 Exceptions — CAR 202.01(2)(3)(4) 9.9 Certificate of Registration Carried on Board — CAR 202.26 9.10 Transfer of Legal Custody and Control — CAR 202.35 9.10.1 Cancellation of Registration 9.10.2 Notification to Minister 9.11 Operation of a Leased Aircraft by a Non-registered Owner 9.11.1 Definitions — CAR 203.01 9.11.2 Application — CAR 203.02 9.11.3 Leasing Operations — General — CAR 203.03 9.11.3.1 Minister’s Authorization Requirement 9.11.3.1.1 General Rule 9.11.3.1.2 Exceptions 9.11.3.2 Minister’s Authorization Application and Issuance 9.11.3.2.1 Standard — Standards Respecting the Operation of a Leased Aircraft by a Non-registered Owner 9.11.3.3 Authorization Expiration 9.11.3.4 Authorization Carried on Board 9.11.3.5 Leasing Advisory 9.11.4 Leasing Operations — International — CAR 203.04 9.11.5 Registration of Leased Aircraft — CAR 203.05 Chapter 10: Personnel Licensing and Training 10.1 Definitions — CAR 400.01 10.2 Requirement to Hold a Flight Crew Permit, Licence or Permit — CAR 401.03 10.2.1 General 10.2.2 Foreign Licence Validation Certificate 10.3 Flight Crew Members of Aircraft Registered in Contracting States Other Than Canada — CAR 401.04 10.4 Recency Requirements — CAR 401.05 10.4.1 General 10.4.2 Commercial Operations 10.4.3 Instrument Rating 10.4.4 Second Officer Rating 10.4.5 Flight Instructor Rating 10.5 Personal Logs — CAR 401.08 10.5.1 General Rule 10.5.2 Loss and Lack of Personal Log 10.6 Crediting of Time — CAR 401.09 10.7 Permits, Licences and Ratings Privileges and Requirements 10.7.1 Permits 10.7.1.1 Student Pilot Permit — Aeroplane 10.7.1.1.1 Privileges — CAR 401.19 10.7.1.1.2 Requirements — Standard 421.19 10.7.1.2 Recreational Permit — Aeroplane 10.7.1.2.1 Privileges — CAR 401.22 10.7.1.2.2 Requirements — Standard 421.22 10.7.2 Licences 10.7.2.1 Private Pilot Licence — Aeroplane 10.7.2.1.1 Privileges — CAR 401.26 10.7.2.1.2 Requirements — Standard 421.26 10.7.2.2 Commercial Pilot Licence — Aeroplane 10.7.2.2.1 Privileges — CAR 401.30 10.7.2.2.2 Requirements — Standard 421.30 10.7.2.3 Multi-Crew Pilot Licence — CAR 401.32 10.7.2.4 Airline Transport Pilot Licence — Aeroplane 10.7.2.4.1 Airline Transport Licence — Training Program and Recording of Time — CAR 401.11 10.7.2.4.2 Privileges — CAR 401.34 10.7.2.4.3 Requirements — Standard 421.34 10.7.3 Ratings 10.7.3.1 Seaplane Rating and Landplane Rating — Aeroplane — Standard 421.38(1)(2) 10.7.3.2 Type Rating — Aeroplane — Standard 421.40 10.7.3.3 Night Rating — Aeroplane — CAR 401.42 10.7.3.3.1 Privileges — CAR 401.43 10.7.3.3.2 Requirements — Standard 421.42 10.7.3.4 VFR Over-the-Top — CAR 401.44 10.7.3.4.1 Privileges — CAR 401.45 10.7.3.4.2 Requirements — Standard 421.44 10.7.3.5 Instrument Rating — Aeroplane — CAR 401.46 10.7.3.5.1 Privileges — CAR 401.47 10.7.3.5.2 Requirements — Standard 421.46 10.7.3.6 Multi-Engine Class Rating — Aeroplane 10.7.3.6.1 Privileges 10.7.3.6.2 Requirements — Standard 421.38(3) 10.7.3.7 Second Officer Rating — CAR 401.52 10.7.3.7.1 Privileges — CAR 401.53 10.7.3.7.2 Requirements — Standard 421.52 10.7.3.8 Flight Instructor Rating — Aeroplane — CAR 401.61 10.7.3.8.1 Privileges 10.7.3.8.1.1 Class 4 — CAR 401.69 10.7.3.8.1.2 Class 3 — CAR 401.70 10.7.3.8.1.3 Class 2 — CAR 401.71 10.7.3.8.1.4 Class 1 — CAR 401.72 10.7.3.8.2 Requirements 10.7.3.8.2.1 Class 4 — Standard 421.69 10.7.3.8.2.2 Class 3 — Standard 421.70 10.7.3.8.2.3 Class 2 — Standard 421.71 10.7.3.8.2.4 Class 1 — Standard 421.72 10.7.3.8.3 Specific Rules Related to Flight Instructors 10.7.3.8.3.1 Supervising Instructors 10.7.3.8.3.2 Record Keeping 10.7.3.8.3.3 Period of Validity 10.7.3.8.3.4 Rating Renewal Processes 10.7.3.8.3.5 Flight Test Records 10.7.3.8.3.6 Follow-Ups Actions 10.7.3.9 Aerobatic — Aeroplane 10.7.3.10 Flight Instructor Rating — Aerobatic — Aeroplane — CAR 401.91 10.7.3.10.1 Privileges 10.7.3.10.1.1 Class 2 — CAR 401.92 10.7.3.10.1.2 Class 1 — CAR 401.93 10.7.3.10.2 Requirements 10.7.3.10.2.1 Class 2 — Standard 421.91 10.7.3.10.2.2 Class 1 — Standard 421.92 10.8 Conversions and the Implementation Procedures for Licencing Agreement 10.8.1 Certificates and Licences 10.8.1.1 Private Pilot 10.8.1.1.1 FAAPA Examination 10.8.1.2 Commercial Pilot 10.8.1.2.1 FAACA Examination 10.8.1.3 Airline Transport Pilot 10.8.1.3.1 FAAAA Examination 10.8.2 Ratings 10.8.2.1 Instrument Rating 10.8.2.1.1 FAAIA Examination 10.8.2.2 Type Rating 10.8.2.3 Night Rating 10.8.2.4 Class Rating 10.8.3 Application Process 10.8.4 Supporting Documentation 10.8.5 Refusal to Issue 10.9 Medical Certificates 10.9.1 Requirement to Hold a Medical Certificate — CAR 404.03 10.9.2 Civil Aviation Medical Examiners — CAR 404.01 10.9.3 Categories — CAR 404.10 10.9.4 Electrocardiograms Testing — Standard 424 10.9.4.1 Medical Category 1 10.9.4.2 Medical Category 2 10.9.4.3 Medical Category 3 10.9.4.4 Medical Category 4 10.9.5 Renewal — CAR 404.18 10.9.6 Validity Periods — CAR 404.04(6) 10.9.6.1 Beginning of the Validity Period 10.9.6.2 Ending of the Validity Period 10.9.7 Prohibition Regarding Exercise of Privileges — CAR 404.06 10.9.7.1 Circumstances 10.9.7.2 Examination Requirement 10.9.7.3 Circumstances with Minister’s Authorization 10.9.8 Assessment and Re-Assessment by the Minister 10.10 Flight Training Units 10.10.1 Application — CAR 406.02 10.10.2 Requirement to Hold a Flight Training Unit Operating Certificate — CAR 406.03 10.10.2.1 General Rule 10.10.2.2 Exceptions Chapter 11: Aerodromes and Airports 11.1 Definitions — CAR 301.01 11.2 Aerodromes 11.2.1 Parts of the Aerodromes 11.2.1.1 Manoeuvering Areas 11.2.1.2 Aprons 11.2.1.3 Movement Areas 11.2.2 Markers and Markings — CAR 301.04 11.2.2.1 Permanently Closed Aerodrome 11.2.2.2 Unserviceable Movement Area 11.2.2.3 Closed Runway 11.2.2.4 Closed Taxiway 11.2.2.5 Closed Helicopter Take-Off and Landing Area 11.2.2.6 Closed Manoeuvring Area 11.2.3 Lightning — CAR 301.07 11.2.3.1 White Lights and Runways 11.2.3.2 Blue Lights and Taxiways 11.2.3.3 Closed Manoeuvring Area or Heliport 11.2.3.4 Unserviceable Portion of the Movement Area 11.2.3.5 Aircraft Parking Area Used at Night 11.2.3.6 Heliport Used at Night 11.2.3.7 Airfield Lightning Control System (ARCAL) 11.2.3.8 Flare Pots 11.2.4 Prohibitions — CAR 301.08 11.2.5 Fire Prevention — CAR 301.09 11.2.5.1 General Rule 11.2.5.2 Exceptions 11.3 Airports 11.3.1 Application — CAR 301.01 11.3.2 Prohibitions — CAR 302.10 11.3.3 Fire Prevention — CAR 302.11 11.3.3.1 General Rule 11.3.3.2 Exceptions 11.4 Runways 11.5 Holding Short 11.6 Wind Direction Indicator 11.7 Standard Circuit 11.8 Overflying an Aerodrome 11.9 Canada Flight Supplement 11.10 Fire Prevention 11.11 Running Surface Condition 11.12 Canadian Runway Friction Index Chapter 12: Canadian Airspace 12.1 Airspace Structure — CAR 601.01 12.2 Airspace Classification — CAR 601.02 12.2.1 Class A Airspace — CAR 602.06 12.2.2 Class B Airspace — CAR 602.07 12.2.3 Class C Airspace — CAR 601.08 12.2.4 Class D Airspace — CAR 601.09 12.2.5 Class E Airspace 12.2.6 Class F Airspace 12.2.6.1 Advisory Area 12.2.6.2 Restriction Area 12.2.6.3 Joint-Use Airspace 12.2.7 Class G Airspace 12.3 Transponder Airspaces — CAR 601.03 12.4 IFR or VFR Flight in Class F Special Use — CAR 601.04 12.5 IFR Flight in Class A, B, C, D or E Airspace or Class F Special Use Restricted or Class F Special Use Advisory Controlled Airspace — CAR 601.05 12.6 Controlled Airspaces 12.7 Control Zones 12.8 IFR Procedure at Uncontrolled Airport 12.8.1 IFR Reporting Procedures 12.9 Air-Ground Contact Uncontrolled 12.10 Projection of Directed Bright Light Source at an Aircraft — CAR 601.20 12.10.1 Requirement for Pilot-in-Command 12.11 Forest Fire Aircraft Operating Restriction — CAR 601.15 12.11.1 General Rule 12.11.2 Exceptions Chapter 13: Flight Operations in Canada 13.1 Reckless Aircraft Operation — CAR 602.01.1 13.2 Flight Crew Members and Fitness — CAR 602.02 13.3 Alcohol and Drugs — Crew Members — CAR 602.03 13.3.1 Alcohol Consumption 13.3.2 Drugs Use 13.3.3 Canadian Cannabis Policy 13.4 Alcohol and Drugs — Passengers — CAR 602.04 13.5 Compliance with Instructions — CAR 602.05 13.5.1 Crew Member 13.5.2 Pilot-in-Command 13.5.2.1 General 13.5.2.2 Peace Officer 13.5.3 Flight Crew Member 13.5.4 Flight Attendant 13.5.5 Passenger 13.5.6 CAR 602.05(2) 13.5.7 Crew Resource Management 13.5.8 Use of Force on Board an Aircraft 13.6 Smoking — CAR 602.06 13.7 Aircraft Operating Limitations — CAR 602.07 13.8 Portable Electronic Devices — CAR 602.08 13.9 Fuelling with Engines Running — CAR 602.09 13.9.1 General Rule 13.9.2 Exceptions 13.10 Starting Engines on the Ground — CAR 602.10 13.11 Aircraft Icing — CAR 602.11 13.12 Overflight of Built-Up Areas, Take-Offs, Approaches and Landing with Built-Up Areas of Cities and Towns — CAR 602.12 13.13 Minimum Altitudes and Distances — CAR 602.14 13.14 Right of Way — CAR 602.19 13.15 Right of Way — Aircraft Manoeuvring on Water — CAR 602.20 13.16 Avoidance of Collision — CAR 602.21 13.17 Towing — CAR 602.22 13.18 Dropping of Objects — CAR 602.23 13.19 Formation Flight — CAR 602.24 13.20 Entering or Leaving an Aircraft in Flight — CAR 602.25 13.21 Parachute Descents — CAR 602.26 13.22 Aerobatic Manoeuvres — Prohibited Areas and Flight Conditions — CAR 602.27 13.23 Aerobatic Manoeuvres with Passengers — CAR 602.28 13.24 Fuel Dumping — CAR 602.30 13.25 Compliance with Air Traffic Control Instructions and Clearances — CAR 602.31 13.26 Airspeed Limitations — CAR 602.32 13.27 Supersonic Flight — CAR 602.33 13.28 Cruising Altitudes and Cruising Flight Levels — CAR 602.34 13.29 Altimeter-Setting and Operating Procedures 13.29.1 Altimeter-Setting Region — CAR 602.35 13.29.2 Standard Pressure Region — CAR 602.36 13.29.3 Transition Between Regions — CAR 602.37 13.30 Flight Over the High Seas — CAR 602.38 13.31 Transoceanic Flight — CAR 602.39 13.32 Landing at or Take-off from an Aerodrome at Night — CAR 602.40 13.33 Refusal to Transport — CAR 602.46 13.34 Operations at or in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome 13.34.1 General Rules — CAR 602.96 13.34.2 VFR and IFR Aircraft Operations at Uncontrolled Aerodromes Within an MF Area — CAR 602.97 13.34.2.1 Introduction 13.34.2.2 Aircraft Equipment 13.34.3 General MF Reporting Requirements — CAR 602.98 13.34.4 MF Reporting Procedures Before Entering Manoeuvering Area — CAR 602.99 13.34.5 MF Reporting Procedures on VFR or IFR Flight Departure — CAR 602.100 13.34.6 MF Reporting Procedures on VFR Flight Arrival — CAR 602.101 13.34.7 MF Reporting Procedures When Flying Continuous Circuits — CAR 602.102 13.34.8 Reporting Procedures When Flying Through an MF Area — CAR 602.103 13.34.9 Reporting Procedures for IFR Aircraft When Approaching or Landing at an Uncontrolled Aerodrome — CAR 602.104 13.34.10 Noise Operating Criteria — CAR 602.105 13.34.11 Noise-Restricted Runways — CAR 602.106 13.35 Aviation Occurrences 13.35.1 Interpretation 13.35.1.1 Aviation Occurrence 13.35.1.2 Aviation Accidents 13.35.1.3 Incidents and Mandatory Reportable Incidents 13.35.2 Obligation to Report 13.35.3 Report Content 13.35.4 Prohibition 13.35.5 Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System (CADORS) 13.35.5.1 Purpose 13.35.5.2 Content Chapter 14: Visual Flight Rules 14.1 Minimum VMC for VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace — CAR 602.114 14.2 Minimum VMC for VFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace — CAR 602.115 14.3 VFR Over-the-Top — CAR 602.116 14.4 Special VFR Flight — CAR 602.117 Chapter 15: Instrument Flight Rules 15.1 General Requirements — CAR 602.121 15.2 Alternate Aerodrome Requirements — CAR 602.122 15.3 Alternate Aerodrome Weather — CAR 602.123 15.4 Minimum Altitudes to Ensure Obstacle Clearance — CAR 602.124 15.5 Enroute IFR Position Reports — CAR 602.125 15.6 Take-off Minima — CAR 602.126 15.7 Instrument Approaches — CAR 602.127 15.8 Landing Minima — CAR 602.128 15.8.1 General Rule 15.8.2 If Visual Reference Established 15.8.3 If No Visual Reference 15.8.4 Prohibition to CAT II or CAT III 15.9 Approach Ban — General — CAR 602.129 15.10 Approach Ban — Cat III — CAR 602.130 15.11 Runway Visibility — CAR 602.131 Chapter 16: Radiocommunications 16.1 Continuous Listening Watch — CAR 602.136 16.2 Two-way Radiocommunication Failure in IFR Flight — CAR 602.137 16.3 Two-way Radiocommunication Failure in VFR Flight — CAR 602.138 16.4 Visual Signals 16.4.1 Aircraft on the Ground 16.4.2 Aircraft in Flight 16.5 Emergency Radio Frequency Capability — CAR 602.143 16.6 Interception Signals, Interception of Aircraft and Instructions to Land — CAR 602.144 16.7 Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) — CAR 602.145 16.8 ESCAT Plan — CAR 602.146 Chapter 17: Airworthiness — Cargo Compartment Classification Chapter 18: Operational and Emergency Equipment Requirements 18.1 Prohibition — CAR 602.58 18.2 Equipment Standards — CAR 602.59 18.3 Requirements for Power-Driven Aircraft — CAR 602.60 18.4 Survival Equipment — Flight Over Land — CAR 602.61 18.4.1 General Rule 18.4.2 Exceptions 18.5 Survival Equipment — Flight Over Water 18.5.1 Life Preservers and Flotation Devices — CAR 602.62 18.5.1.1 Definitions 18.5.1.2 Rules 18.5.2 Life Raft and Survival Equipment — CAR 602.63 18.5.2.1 Rules 18.5.2.2 Life Raft Requirements 18.5.2.3 Summary Chapter 19: Flight Preparation, Flight Plans and Flight Itineraries 19.1 Interpretation — CAR 602.70 19.2 Pre-flight Information — CAR 602.71 19.3 Planning Tools 19.3.1 Canadian Flight Supplement 19.3.2 Water Aerodrome Supplement 19.3.3 Aeronautical Charts 19.3.3.1 VFR Charts 19.3.3.1.1 VFR Navigation Charts 19.3.3.1.2 VTR Terminal Area Charts 19.3.3.2 IFR Charts 19.3.3.2.1 En Route Low Altitude Charts — LO Charts 19.3.3.2.2 En Route High Altitude Charts — HI Charts 19.3.3.2.3 Terminal Area Charts 19.3.4 Canada Air Pilot 19.3.4.1 Definition 19.3.4.2 CAP GEN 19.3.4.3 Restricted Canada Air Pilot 19.4 Weather Information — CAR 602.72 19.5 Requirement to File a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary — CAR 602.73 19.5.1 Flights Between Canada and a Foreign State 19.5.2 VFR Flights 19.5.3 IFR Flights 19.6 Contents of a Flight Plan or Flight Itinerary — CAR 602.74 19.6.1 Aircraft 19.6.2 Flight Rule 19.6.3 Type of Flight 19.6.4 Number and Type of Aircraft 19.6.5 Wake Turbulence Category 19.6.6 Equipment Codes 19.6.7 Departure Aerodrome 19.6.8 Time 19.6.9 Airspeed 19.6.10 Cruising Level 19.6.11 Route 19.6.12 Destination Aerodrome 19.6.13 Total Estimated Elapsed Time (EET) 19.6.14 SAR Time 19.6.15 Alternate Aerodrome(s) 19.6.16 Other Information 19.6.17 Endurance Time 19.6.18 Persons on Board 19.6.19 Emergency Radio 19.6.20 Survival Equipment 19.6.21 Life Jacket 19.6.22 Dinghies 19.6.23 Aircraft and Markings 19.6.24 Remarks 19.6.25 Wheels, Skis and Floats 19.6.26 Arrival Report 19.6.27 Aircraft Owner 19.6.28 Arrival Report Requirements 19.6.29 Pilot Name and Licence 19.7 Filing of a Flight Plan or Flight Itinerary — CAR 602.75 19.8 Changes in the Flight Plan — CAR 602.76 19.8.1 VFR Flights 19.8.2 IFR Flights 19.9 Requirement to File an Arrival Report — CAR 602.77 19.9.1 Flight Plan 19.9.2 Flight Itinerary 19.10 Contents of an Arrival Report — CAR 602.78 19.11 Overdue Aircraft Report — CAR 602.79 Chapter 20: Pre-flight and Fuel Requirements 20.1 Carry-on Baggage, Equipment and Cargo — CAR 602.86 20.2 Crew Member Instructions — CAR 602.87 20.3 Fuel Requirements — CAR 602.88 20.3.1 General 20.3.2 VFR Flight 20.3.3 IFR Flight 20.3.4 Factors to Add in Fuel Calculations 20.4 Passenger Briefings — CAR 602.89 20.4.1 Before Take-Off 20.4.2 Over-Water Flight and Pressurized Aircraft Chapter 21: Special Flight Operations 21.1 Certification Requirements for Special Aviation Events — CAR 603.01 21.2 Certification Requirements for Parachute Operations — CAR 603.37 21.3 Miscellaneous Special Flight Operations —  Application — CAR 603.65 21.4 Miscellaneous Special Flight Operations —  Certification Requirements — CAR 603.66 Chapter 22: Aircraft Equipment and Maintenance Requirements 22.1 Aircraft Requirements 22.1.1 Flight Authority — CAR 605.03 22.1.1.1 General Rule 22.1.1.2 Exceptions 22.1.2 Availability of Aircraft Flight Manual — CAR 605.04 22.1.2.1 General 22.1.2.2 Amendments and Supplementary Material 22.1.3 Markings and Placards — CAR 605.05 22.1.4 Aircraft Equipment Standards and Serviceability — CAR 605.06 22.1.5 Minimum Equipment Lists — CAR 605.07 22.1.6 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment — General — CAR 605.08 22.1.7 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment — Aircraft with a Minimum Equipment List — CAR 605.09 22.1.8 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment — Aircraft Without a Minimum Equipment List — CAR 605.10 22.2 Aircraft Equipment Requirements 22.2.1 Power-Driven Aircraft — Day VFR — CAR 605.14 22.2.2 Power-Driven Aircraft — VFR OTT — CAR 605.15 22.2.3 Power-Driven Aircraft — Night VFR — CAR 605.16 22.2.4 Use of Position and Anti-collision Lights — CAR 605.17 22.2.4.1 General Rule 22.2.4.2 Exception 22.2.4.3 Rules of Right of Way and Position of the Lights 22.2.5 Power-Driven Aircraft — IFR — CAR 605.18 22.2.5.1 IFR Day 22.2.5.2 IFR Night 22.2.6 Seat and Safety-Belt Requirements — CAR 605.22 22.2.7 Restraint System Requirements — CAR 605.23 22.2.8 Shoulder Harness Requirements — CAR 605.24 22.2.8.1 General Rule 22.2.8.2 Transport Category Aeroplanes’ Rules 22.2.8.3 Small Aeroplanes’ Rule 22.2.8.4 Helicopters’ Rule 22.2.8.5 Other Specific Cases 22.2.9 General Use of Safety Belts and Restraints System — CAR 605.25 22.2.10 Use of Passenger Safety Belts and Restraint Systems — CAR 605.26 22.2.11 Use of Crew Member Safety Belts — CAR 605.27 22.2.11.1 General Requirement 22.2.11.2 When the Safety Belt Sign Turned On 22.2.11.3 In the Cockpit 22.2.12 Child Restraint System — CAR 605.28 22.2.13 Flight Control Locks — CAR 605.29 22.2.14 De-icing or Anti-icing Equipment — CAR 605.30 22.2.15 Oxygen Equipment and Supply — CAR 605.31 22.2.16 Use of Oxygen — CAR 605.32 22.2.16.1 Each Crew Member 22.2.16.2 Each Person on Board 22.2.16.3 Pilot at the Flight Controls 22.2.17 Flight Data Recorder — CAR 605.33 22.2.17.1 Application 22.2.17.2 Requirements 22.2.18 Underwater Locating Device for Flight Data Recorder — CAR 605.33.1 22.2.19 Cockpit Voice Recorder — CAR 605.34 22.2.19.1 Application 22.2.19.2 Requirements 22.2.19.3 Exceptions 22.2.19.4 Prohibition 22.2.20 Underwater Locating Device for Cockpit Voice Recorder — CAR 605.34.1 22.2.20.1 General Rule 22.2.20.2 Exception 22.2.21 Transponder and Automatic Pressure-Altitude Reporting Equipment — CAR 605.35 22.2.21.1 General Rule 22.2.21.2 Exceptions 22.2.21.3 Transponder Codes 22.2.22 Altitude Alerting System or Device — CAR 605.36 22.2.22.1 General Rule 22.2.22.2 Exceptions 22.2.23 Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) — CAR 605.37 22.2.23.1 Application 22.2.23.2 General Rule 22.2.23.3 Exceptions 22.2.24 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) — CAR 605.38 22.2.25 Use of ELTs — CAR 605.39 22.2.25.1 One or More ELTs 22.2.25.2 One ELT 22.2.25.3 Two ELTs 22.2.26 ELT Activation — CAR 605.40 22.2.26.1 General Rule 22.2.26.2 Exception: Testing the ELT 22.2.26.3 Inadvertent Activation 22.2.27 Third Attitude Indicator — CAR 605.41 22.2.28 Terrain Avoidance Warning System (“TAWS”) — CAR 605.42 22.2.28.1 General Rule 22.2.28.2 Exceptions 22.3 Aircraft Maintenance Requirements 22.3.1 Aircraft Maintenance — General — CAR 605.84 22.3.1.1 General Rule 22.3.1.2 Conflict of Airworthiness Directive 22.3.1.3 Exemptions 22.3.1.4 Alternative 22.3.2 Maintenance Release and Elementary Work — CAR 605.85 22.3.2.1 General Rules 22.3.2.2 Flight Test 22.3.3 Maintenance Schedule — CAR 605.86 22.3.3.1 General Rules 22.3.3.2 Minister’s Approval and Authorization 22.3.4 Transfer of Aeronautical Products Between Maintenance Schedules — CAR 605.87 22.3.5 Inspection After Abnormal Occurrences — CAR 605.88 22.4 Technical Records 22.4.1 Requirement to Keep Technical Records — CAR 605.92 22.4.2 Technical Records — General — CAR 605.93 22.4.2.1 Data Entry 22.4.2.2 Electronic Data 22.4.2.3 Protection of the Technical Records 22.4.2.4 New Volume 22.4.2.5 Alterations to Technical Records 22.4.3 Journey Log Requirements — CAR 605.94 22.4.3.1 General Rules 22.4.3.2 Series of Flights 22.4.3.3 Entry 22.4.3.4 Specifics to the Commercial Air Service or International Flight Operations 22.4.4 Journey Log — Carrying on Board — CAR 605.95 22.4.4.1 General Rule 22.4.4.2 Exceptions 22.4.5 Transfer of Records — CAR 605.97 22.5 Miscellaneous 22.5.1 Munitions of War — CAR 606.01 22.5.2 Liability Insurance — CAR 606.02 and s. 7 of the Air Transportation Regulations, SOR/88-58 22.5.2.1 CAR 606.02 22.5.2.1.1 Interpretation 22.5.2.1.2 Application 22.5.2.1.3 Liability Coverage — $300,000-per-Passenger Rule 22.5.2.1.4 Liability Coverage — $300,000-per-Passenger Rule Exemptions 22.5.2.1.5 Liability Coverage — Public Liability Rule 22.5.2.1.6 Liability Coverage — Exclusion and Waiver 22.5.2.1.7 Single Policy or Combined Policies 22.5.2.1.8 Proof of Liability Insurance 22.5.2.2 s. 7 of the Air Transportation Regulations, SOR/88–58 22.5.2.2.1 Application 22.5.2.2.2 Injuries Coverage — $595,000-per-Passenger-Seat Rule 22.5.2.2.3 Third Party Liability 22.5.2.2.4 Liability Coverage — Exclusion and Waiver 22.5.2.2.5 Single Policy or Combined Policies 22.5.3 Synthetic Flight Training Equipment — CAR 606.03 22.5.3.1 Requirements 22.5.3.2 Minister’s Approval 22.5.3.3 Certificate 22.5.3.4 Certificate’s Requirements 22.5.3.5 Certificate Validity Period Chapter 23: Private Operator Passenger Transportation 23.1 General Provisions 23.1.1 Interpretation — CAR 604.01 23.1.2 Application — CAR 604.02 23.1.3 Prohibition — CAR 604.03 23.2 Flight Operations 23.2.1 Operational Control System — CAR 604.25 23.2.2 Designation of Pilot-in-command and Second-in-command — CAR 604.26 23.2.3 Instrument Approaches — Landing — CAR 604.28 23.3 Documents 23.3.1 Checklist — CAR 604.36 23.3.2 Aircraft Operating Manual — CAR 604.37 23.3.3 Operational Flight Data Sheet — CAR 604.38 23.4 Passengers 23.4.1 Cabin Safety — CAR 604.82 23.4.1.1 Take-Off 23.4.1.2 Landing 23.4.1.3 Emergency 23.4.1.4 “Fasten Safety Belt” Sign Turned On 23.4.1.5 The Reclining Exception of the Physician 23.4.2 Fueling with Passengers on Board — CAR 604.83 23.4.3 Fueling with Passengers on Board and Engine Running — CAR 604.84 23.4.4 Briefing of Passengers — CAR 604.85 23.4.4.1 Take-Off Safety Briefing 23.4.4.2 Take-Off Safety Briefing — Exceptions 23.4.4.3 Take-Off Safety Briefing for Passengers with Needs 23.4.4.4 Disembarkment Safety Briefing 23.4.5 Safety Features Card — CAR 604.86 23.5 Flight Time and Flight Duty Time 23.5.1 Flight Time Limits — CAR 604.98 23.5.1.1 Flight Time Extension 23.5.2 Flight Duty Time and Rest Periods — CAR 604.99 23.5.3 Split Flight Duty Time — CAR 604.100 23.5.4 Unforeseen Operational Circumstances — CAR 604.102 23.5.5 Delayed Reporting Time — CAR 604.103 23.5.6 Time with No Assigned Duties — CAR 604.104 23.5.7 Rest Period — Flight Crew Member Positioning — CAR 604.105 23.5.8 Controlled Rest on the Flight Deck — CAR 604.106 23.6 Maintenance, Elementary Work and Servicing — CAR 604.128 23.7 Personnel Requirements 23.7.1 Validity Periods — CAR 604.139 23.7.2 Flight Crew Member Qualifications and Training — CAR 604.143 23.8 Private Operator’s Operations Manual — Distribution — CAR 604.198 23.9 Safety Management System — Duties of Personnel — CAR 604.205 Chapter 24: Commercial Air Services 24.1 General Provisions 24.1.1 Definitions — CAR 700.01 24.1.2 Requirements for Air Operator Certificate — CAR 700.02 24.1.2.1 General Rule 24.1.2.2 Exceptions 24.1.2.2.1 Dispersal of Products 24.1.2.2.2 Flight Training Unit 24.1.2.2.3 Air Transport Service 24.1.3 Authorization to Operate Specialty Air Service Under CUSMA — CAR 700.03 24.1.3.1 Minister’s Authorization 24.1.3.2 Conditions 24.1.3.3 Air Operator Certificate 24.1.4 Aircraft Requirements — CAR 700.05 24.1.5 Extended Charter — CAR 700.06 24.1.6 Management Agreement — CAR 700.07 24.1.7 Operations Between Points Abroad — CAR 700.08 24.1.8 Duties of Certificate Holder — CAR 700.09 24.1.8.1 Operations Manager 24.1.8.2 Maintenance Manager 24.1.8.3 Person Managing the Safety Management System — Airline Operations 24.1.9 Approach Bans — Non-Precision, Approach Procedure with Vertical Guidance and CAT I Precision — CAR 700.10 24.1.9.1 Aeroplanes 24.1.9.2 Helicopters 24.1.9.3 Visibility Is Less That the Above Minimums 24.1.9.4 Airport with Low-Visibility Procedures 24.1.10 Approach Bans — CAT II and CAT III Precision — CAR 700.11 24.2 Flight Crew Member Fatigue Management 24.2.1 Monitoring System and Records — CAR 700.20 24.2.1.1 Obligations 24.2.1.1.1 General 24.2.1.1.2 Unforeseen Operational Circumstances 24.2.1.1.3 Time 24.2.1.2 Record Content 24.2.2 Air Operator Obligations — Scheduling — CAR 700.21 24.2.3 Fitness for Duty — CAR 700.26 24.2.3.1 Air Operator’s Obligation 24.2.3.2 Flight Crew Member’s Obligations 24.2.4 Maximum Flight Time — CAR 700.27 24.2.5 Maximum Flight Duty Period — CAR 700.28 24.2.5.1 General 24.2.5.2 Interpretation 24.2.5.3 Average Flight Duration of Less Than 30 Minutes 24.2.5.4 Average Flight Duration of 30 Minutes or More But Less Than 50 Minutes 24.2.5.5 Average Flight Duration of 50 Minutes or More 24.2.5.6 Flights Conducted Under Day VFR 24.2.6 Maximum Number of Hours of Work — CAR 700.29 24.2.7 Home Base — CAR 700.36 24.2.8 Nutrition Break — CAR 700.37 24.2.9 Rest Periods — General Rules — CAR 700.40 24.2.10 Disruptive Schedules — CAR 700.41 24.2.11 Rest Periods — Time Zone Differences — CAR 700.42 24.2.12 Rest Period — Positioning — CAR 700.43 24.2.13 Split Flight Duty — CAR 700.50 24.2.14 Consecutive Flight Duty Periods — CAR 700.51 24.2.15 Delayed Reporting Time — CAR 700.52 24.2.16 Maximum Flight Duty Period — Augmented Flight Crew and Rest Facility — CAR 700.60 24.2.17 Long-Range Flights — CAR 700.61 24.2.18 Ultra Long-Range Flights — CAR 700.62 24.2.19 Unforeseen Operational Circumstances 24.2.19.1 Flight Duty Period and Rest Period — CAR 700.63 24.2.19.2 Split Flight Duty — CAR 700.64 24.2.20 Flight Crew Member on Reserve — CAR 700.70 24.2.21 Flight Crew Member on Standby — CAR 700.71 24.2.22 Controlled Rest on Flight Deck — CAR 700.72 24.3 Aerial Work 24.3.1 Application — CAR 702.01 24.3.2 Flight Operations 24.3.2.1 Operating Instructions — CAR 702.11 24.3.2.2 Flight Authorization — CAR 702.13 24.3.2.3 Operational Flight Plan — CAR 702.14 24.3.2.3.1 Standard — Operational Flight Plan 24.3.2.4 Carriage of Persons — CAR 702.16 24.3.2.4.1 Standard — Carriage of Persons 24.3.2.5 VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility — Uncontrolled Airspace — Flying at Less Than 1000 Feet AGL — CAR 702.17 24.3.2.5.1 Standard — VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility (Uncontrolled Airspace) 24.3.2.6 Night VFR OTT and IFR Operations — CAR 702.18 24.3.2.6.1 Standard — Night VFR OTT and IFR Operations 24.3.2.7 Aircraft Operating Over Water — CAR 702.20 24.3.2.7.1 Standard — Aircraft Operating Over Water 24.3.2.8 Briefing of Persons Other Than Flight Crew Members — CAR 702.23 24.3.2.8.1 Standard — Briefing of Persons Other Than Flight Crew Members 24.3.2.9 Operation of Aircraft in Icing Conditions — CAR 702.24 24.3.3 Aircraft Equipment Requirements 24.3.3.1 Night VFR OTT and IFR Operations — CAR 702.42 24.3.3.2 Shoulder Harness — CAR 702.44 24.3.3.3 External Load Equipment — CAR 702.45 24.3.4 Personnel Requirements 24.3.4.1 Designation of Pilot-in-Command and Second-in-Command — CAR 702.64 24.3.4.2 Flight Crew Member Qualifications — CAR 702.65 24.3.4.2.1 Standard — Flight Crew Member Qualifications 24.3.4.3 Validity Period — CAR 702.67 24.3.4.3.1 Standard — Validity Period 24.3.5 Training — CAR 702.76 24.3.5.1 Standard — Training 24.3.6 Manuals 24.3.6.1 Distribution of Company Operations — CAR 702.83 24.3.6.2 Standard Operating Procedures — CAR 702.84 24.3.6.2.1 Standard — Standard Operating Procedures 24.4 Air Taxi Operations 24.4.1 Application — CAR 703.01 24.4.2 Flight Operations 24.4.2.1 Operating Instructions — CAR 703.14 24.4.2.2 Flight Authorization — CAR 703.17 24.4.2.3 Operational Flight Plan — CAR 703.18 24.4.2.3.1 Standard — Operational Flight Plan 24.4.2.4 Transport of Passengers in Single-Engined Aircraft — CAR 703.22 24.4.2.4.1 Standard — Transport of Passengers in Single-Engined Aircraft 24.4.2.5 Aircraft Operating Over Water — CAR 703.23 24.4.2.5.1 Standard — Aircraft Operating Over Water 24.4.2.6 Number of Passengers in Single-Engined Aicraft — CAR 703.24 24.4.2.6.1 Standard — Number of Passengers in Single-Engined Aeroplanes 24.4.2.7 Carriage of External Loads — CAR 703.25 24.4.2.8 Simulation of Emergency Situations — CAR 703.26 24.4.2.9 VFR Flight Obstacle Clearance Requirements — CAR 703.27 24.4.2.10 VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility — Uncontrolled Airspace — Flying at Less Than 1000 AGL — CAR 703.28 24.4.2.10.1 Standard — VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility — Uncontrolled Airspace — Flying at Less Than 1000 AGL 24.4.2.11 VFR Flight Weather Conditions — CAR 703.29 24.4.2.12 VFR OTT Flight — CAR 703.33 24.4.2.12.1 Standard — VFR OTT Flight 24.4.2.13 Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace — CAR 703.34 24.4.2.13.1 Standard — Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace 24.4.2.14 Weight and Balance Control — CAR 703.37 24.4.2.14.1 Standard — Weight and Balance Control 24.4.2.15 Briefing of Passengers — CAR 703.39 24.4.2.15.1 Standard Briefing Passengers 24.4.2.15.2 Briefing for Passengers wih Special Needs 24.4.2.15.3 Safety Features Cards 24.4.2.15.4 Emergency Briefing 24.4.2.15.5 Passengers Next to Emergency Exit 24.4.2.16 Operation of Aircraft in Icing Conditions — CAR 703.42 24.4.3 Aircraft Equipment Requirements 24.4.3.1 Night and IMC Flight — CAR 703.64 24.4.3.2 Airborne Thunderstorm Detection and Weather Radar Equipment — CAR 703.65 24.4.3.3 Protective Breathing Equipment — CAR 703.67 24.4.3.4 Shoulder Harness — CAR 703.69 24.4.4 Personnel Requirements 24.4.4.1 Designation of Pilot-in-Command and Second-in-Command — CAR 703.87 24.4.4.2 Flight Crew Member Qualifications — CAR 703.88 24.4.4.2.1 General Rules 24.4.4.2.1.1 Standard — Pilot Proficiency Check (PPC) and Pilot Competency Check (PCC) 24.4.4.2.2 Air Operator Requirements 24.4.4.2.3 Specific Pilot-in-Command Requirements for Night VFR Flight 24.4.5 Validity Period — CAR 703.91 24.4.5.1 General Rule 24.4.5.2 Extension 24.4.5.3 Requalification After 24-Month Period 24.4.6 Training — CAR 703.98 24.4.6.1 Air Operator’s Obligations 24.4.6.1.1 Standard — Training Syllabus 24.4.6.2 Ground and Flight Training Program Components 24.4.7 Manual 24.4.7.1 Distribution of Company Operations Manual — CAR 703.106 24.4.7.1.1 General Rule 24.4.7.1.2 In the Aircraft 24.4.7.1.3 Accessibility 24.4.7.2 Standard Operating Procedures — CAR 703.107 24.4.7.2.1 Standard — Standard Operating Procedures 24.5 Commuter Operations 24.5.1 Application — CAR 704.01 24.5.2 Flight Operations 24.5.2.1 Operating Instructions — CAR 704.12 24.5.2.2 Operational Control System — CAR 704.15 24.5.2.2.1 Standard — Operational Control System (Type A, B, C and D Systems) 24.5.2.3 Flight Authorization — CAR 704.16 24.5.2.4 Operational Flight Plan — CAR 704.17 24.5.2.4.1 Standard — Operational Flight Plan 24.5.2.5 Checklist — CAR 704.19 24.5.2.6 Fuel Requirements — CAR 704.20 24.5.2.7 Admission to Flight Deck — CAR 704.21 24.5.2.8 Simulations of Emergency Situations — CAR 704.22 24.5.2.9 VFR Flight Obstacle Clearance Requirements — CAR 704.23 24.5.2.10 VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility — Uncontrolled Airspace (Helicopter) — CAR 704.24 24.5.2.11 VFR Flight Weather Conditions — CAR 704.25 24.5.2.12 Take-Off Minima — CAR 704.26 24.5.2.12.1 Runway to Be Used 24.5.2.12.1.1 Standard — Take-Off Minima 24.5.2.12.2 Another Suitable Runway 24.5.2.12.3 Below Take-Off Visibility Minimums 24.5.2.13 Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace — CAR 704.29 24.5.2.13.1 Standard — Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace 24.5.2.14 Weight and Balance Control — CAR 704.32 24.5.2.14.1 Standard — Weight and Balance Control 24.5.2.14.2 Company Operations Manual 24.5.2.15 Apron and Cabin Safety Procedures — CAR 704.33 24.5.2.15.1 Standard — Cabin Safety Procedures 24.5.2.16 Briefing of Passengers — CAR 704.34 24.5.2.16.1 Standard Safety Briefing 24.5.2.16.2 Individual Safety Briefing — For Passengers with Special Needs 24.5.2.16.3 Emergency Landing Briefing 24.5.2.16.4 Passengers Seated Next to an Emergency Exit 24.5.2.17 Safety Features Card — CAR 704.35 24.5.2.17.1 Standard — Safety Features Card 24.5.2.18 Approach Bans — Non-precision, Approach Procedure with Vertical Guidance and CAT 1 Precision — CAR 704.37 24.5.2.18.1 Visibility Less Than Minimum 24.5.2.18.2 Continuing a Non-precision Approach or an APV 24.5.2.18.3 Continuing a Stabilized Constant Descent Angle Non-precision Approach 24.5.2.18.4 Continuing a CAT I Precision Approach With Centreline Lightning or HUD 24.5.2.18.5 Standard — Instrument Approach Procedures 24.5.3 Aircraft Performance Operation Limitations 24.5.3.1 Take-Off Weight Limitations — CAR 704.46 24.5.3.1.1 Conditions to Take-Off 24.5.3.1.2 Conditions to Take-Off and Landing on Gravel Runways 24.5.3.1.3 Determination of the Maximum Take-Off Weight — Propeller-Driven Aeroplane (Not More Than 5700 kg) 24.5.3.1.4 Determination of the Maximum Take-Off Weight — Turbo-Jet-Powered Aeroplane or Large Propeller-Driven Aeroplane 24.5.3.1.5 Determination of the Maximum Take-Off Weight — Factors 24.5.3.2 Net Take-Off Flight Path — CAR 704.47 24.5.3.2.1 General Rule 24.5.3.2.2 Exceptions 24.5.3.2.3 Determination of the Maximum Weight, Minimum Distances and Flight Path 24.5.3.3 Enroute Limitations with One Engine Inoperative — CAR 704.48 24.5.3.4 Dispatch Limitations: Landing at Destination and Alternate Aerodromes — CAR 704.49 24.5.3.4.1 General Rule 24.5.3.4.2 Exception 24.5.3.4.3 Factors to Consider 24.5.3.5 Dispatch Limitations: Wet Runway — Turbo-Jet-Powered Aeroplanes — CAR 704.50 24.5.3.5.1 General Rule 24.5.3.5.2 Exceptions 24.5.4 Aircraft Equipment Requirements 24.5.4.1 General Requirements — CAR 704.62 24.5.4.2 Operation of Aircraft in Icing Conditions — CAR 704.63 24.5.4.3 Airborne Thunderstorm Detection and Weather Radar Equipment — CAR 704.64 24.5.4.4 Additional Equipment for Single-Pilot Operations — CAR 704.65 24.5.4.5 Protective Breathing Equipment — CAR 704.66 24.5.4.6 First Aid Oxygen — CAR 704.67 24.5.4.7 Shoulder Harness — CAR 704.68 24.5.5 Emergency Equipment 24.5.5.1 Hand-Held Fire Extinguisher — CAR 704.83 24.5.5.2 Equipment Standards and Inspection — CAR 704.84 24.5.6 Personnel Requirements 24.5.6.1 Minimum Crew — CAR 704.106 24.5.6.2 Designation of Pilot-in-Command and Second-in-Command — CAR 704.107 24.5.6.3 Flight Crew Member Qualification — CAR 704.108 24.5.6.3.1 General Rules 24.5.6.3.1.1 Standard — Flight Crew Member Qualifications and Pilot Proficiency Check 24.5.6.3.2 Exceptions 24.5.6.3.3 Specific Requirements for the Pilot-in-Command 24.5.6.4 Validity Period — CAR 704.111 24.5.6.4.1 General Rule 24.5.6.4.2 Extension 24.5.6.4.3 Requalification After 24-Month Period 24.5.6.4.4 Standard — Validity Period 24.5.7 Training — CAR 704.115 24.5.7.1 Air Operator’s Obligations 24.5.7.1.1 Ground and Flight Training Program 24.5.7.1.2 Fatigue Management Training Program 24.5.7.1.3 Standard — Training Programs and Syllabus 24.5.7.2 Ground and Flight Training Program Components 24.5.8 Manuals 24.5.8.1 Distribution of Company Operations Manual — CAR 704.122 24.5.8.1.1 General Rule 24.5.8.1.2 In the Aircraft 24.5.8.1.3 Amendments and Accessibility 24.5.8.2 Aircraft Operating Manual — CAR 704.123 24.5.8.2.1 Discretion of the Air Operator 24.5.8.2.2 Content 24.5.8.2.3 On Board Each Aircraft 24.5.8.3 Standard Operating Procedures — CAR 704.124 24.5.8.3.1 Air Operator’s Obligations 24.5.8.3.1.1 Standard — Standard Operating Procedures 24.5.8.3.2 Relation with the Aircraft Operating Manual 24.6 Airline Operations 24.6.1 Application — CAR 705.01 24.6.2 Flight Operations 24.6.2.1 Exceptions in Respect to Certain Flight Operations Rules — CAR 705.16 24.6.2.1.1 General Rule 24.6.2.1.2 Type Certificate 24.6.2.1.3 Conditions 24.6.2.2 Operating Instructions — CAR 705.17 24.6.2.3 Operational Control System — CAR 705.20 24.6.2.3.1 Standard — Operational Control System 24.6.2.4 Flight Authorization — CAR 705.21 24.6.2.5 Operational Flight Plan — CAR 705.22 24.6.2.6 Checklist — CAR 705.24 24.6.2.7 Fuel Requirements — CAR 705.25 24.6.2.7.1 General Rule 24.6.2.7.2 Exception 24.6.2.7.3 Standard — Fuel Requirements 24.6.2.8 Extended Range Twin-Engined Operations — CAR 705.26 24.6.2.8.1 General Rule 24.6.2.8.2 Exception 24.6.2.9 Admission to the Flight Deck — CAR 705.27 24.6.2.9.1 Department of Transport Air Carrier Inspector 24.6.2.9.2 Persons Admitted to the Flight Deck 24.6.2.9.3 Record 24.6.2.9.4 Notification to the Pilot-in-Command 24.6.2.9.5 Discretionary Power of the Pilot-in-Command 24.6.2.9.6 Company Operations Manual 24.6.2.10 Seats for Cabin Safety Inspectors — CAR 705.28 24.6.2.11 Flight Crew Members at Controls — CAR 705.29 24.6.2.11.1 Standard — Flight Crew Members at Controls 24.6.2.12 Simulation of Emergency Situations — CAR 705.30 24.6.2.13 Crew Member Briefing — CAR 705.31 24.6.2.13.1 Standard — Crew Member Briefing 24.6.2.14 VFR Flight Obstacle Clearance Requirements — CAR 705.32 24.6.2.15 VFR Flight Weather Conditions — CAR 705.33 24.6.2.16 Take-off Minima — CAR 705.34 24.6.2.16.1 Runway to Be Used 24.6.2.16.2 Another Suitable Runway 24.6.2.16.3 Below Take-Off Visibility Minimums 24.6.2.16.3.1 Standard — Take-Off Minima 24.6.2.17 Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace — CAR 705.37 24.6.2.17.1 Standard — Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace 24.6.2.18 Weight and Balance Control — CAR 705.39 24.6.2.18.1 General Rules 24.6.2.18.1.1 Standard — Weight and Balance Control 24.6.2.18.2 Record 24.6.2.18.3 Company Operations Manual 24.6.2.19 Passenger and Cabin Safety Procedures — CAR 705.40 24.6.2.19.1 Air Operators’ Obligations 24.6.2.19.1.1 Standard — Passenger and Cabin Safety Procedures 24.6.2.19.2 Passengers Unable to Sit Upright 24.6.2.20 Carry-on Baggage — CAR 705.42 24.6.2.20.1 Carry-on Baggage Control Program 24.6.2.20.1.1 Standard — Carry-on Baggage 24.6.2.20.2 Carry-on Baggage Stowed Under Passenger Seat 24.6.2.20.3 Carry-on Baggage Requirements 24.6.2.21 Briefing of Passengers — CAR 705.43 24.6.2.21.1 Standard Safety Briefing 24.6.2.21.2 Bilingual Requirement 24.6.2.21.3 Individual Safety Briefing 24.6.2.21.4 Emergency Landing Briefing 24.6.2.21.5 Passengers Seated Next to a Window Emergency Exit 24.6.2.22 Safety Features Card and Supplemental Procedures — CAR 705.44 24.6.2.22.1 Standard — Safety Features Card 24.6.2.23 Closing and Locking of Flight Deck Door — CAR 705.45 24.6.2.23.1 General Rule 24.6.2.23.2 Exceptions 24.6.2.23.3 Company Operations Manual 24.6.2.24 Night VFR Flight — Aeroplane — CAR 705.46 24.6.2.25 Approach Bans — Non-precision, APV and CAT I Precision — CAR 705.48 24.6.2.25.1 Visibility Less Than Minimum 24.6.2.25.2 Continuing a Non-precision Approach or an APV 24.6.2.25.3 Continuing an SCDA Non-precision Approach 24.6.2.25.4 Continuing a CAT I Precision Approach with Centreline Lightning or HUD 24.6.2.25.5 Standard — Instrument Approach Procedures 24.6.3 Aircraft Performance Operating Limitations 24.6.3.1 Take-off Weight Limitations — CAR 705.56 24.6.3.1.1 Conditions to Take-Off 24.6.3.1.2 Determination of the Maximum Take-Off Weight 24.6.3.2 Net Take-Off Flight Path — CAR 705.57 24.6.3.2.1 Obligation 24.6.3.2.2 Determination of the Maximum Weight 24.6.3.3 Enroute Limitations with One Engine Inoperative — CAR 705.58 24.6.3.3.1 General Rule 24.6.3.3.2 Factors 24.6.3.4 Enroute Limitations with Two Engine Inoperative — CAR 705.59 24.6.3.4.1 General Rule 24.6.3.4.2 Factors 24.6.3.5 Dispatch Limitations — Landing at Destination and Alternate Aerodromes — CAR 705.60 24.6.3.6 Dispatch Limitations — Wet Runway — Turbo-Jet-Powered Aeroplanes — CAR 705.61 24.6.4 Aircraft Equipment Requirements 24.6.4.1 General Requirements — CAR 705.67 24.6.4.2 Landing Lights — CAR 705.68 24.6.4.3 Operation of Aircraft in Icing Conditions — CAR 705.69 24.6.4.4 Weather Radar Equipment — CAR 705.70 24.6.4.5 Protective Breathing Equipment — CAR 705.71 24.6.4.5.1 General Rule 24.6.4.5.2 CAR 605.31 — Oxygen Equipment and Supply 24.6.4.5.3 Requirements 24.6.4.6 First Aid Oxygen — CAR 705.72 24.6.4.7 Interphone System — CAR 705.73 24.6.4.8 Public Address System — CAR 705.74 24.6.4.9 Crew Member Shoulder Harness — CAR 705.75 24.6.4.10 Lavatory Fire Protection — CAR 705.76 24.6.4.11 Floor Proximity Emergency Escape Path Markings — CAR 705.78 24.6.4.12 Flashlight Stowage — CAR 705.79 24.6.4.13 Doors and Locks — CAR 705.80 24.6.4.13.1 Obligations 24.6.4.13.2 Locking Device 24.6.4.13.3 Key 24.6.4.14 Cargo and Baggage Compartment Fire Protection — CAR 705.81 24.6.5 Emergency Equipment 24.6.5.1 Megaphones — CAR 705.89 24.6.5.2 First Aid Kits — CAR 705.90 24.6.5.2.1 Number of First Aid Kits 24.6.5.2.2 Stowage 24.6.5.3 Emergency Medical Kit — CAR 705.91 24.6.5.3.1 Standard — Emergency Medical Kit 24.6.5.4 Crash Axe — CAR 705.92 24.6.5.5 Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers — CAR 705.93 24.6.5.5.1 General Rule 24.6.5.5.2 Type and Quantity of Extinguishing Agent 24.6.5.5.3 Number of Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers 24.6.5.5.4 Stowage 24.6.5.6 Portable Oxygen — CAR 705.94 24.6.5.7 Survival Equipment — CAR 705.95 24.6.5.7.1 General Rule — Flights over Land 24.6.5.7.2 General Rule — Flights Over Water 24.6.5.8 Inspection Requirements — CAR 705.96 24.6.5.9 Flashlights — CAR 705.97 24.6.6 Personnel Requirements 24.6.6.1 Designation of Pilot-in-Command and Second-in-Command — CAR 705.103 24.6.6.2 Pilot Qualifications — CAR 705.106 24.6.6.2.1 General Rules 24.6.6.2.2 Standard — Pilot Qualifications and Pilot Proficiency Check 24.6.6.3 Flight Engineer and Second Officer Qualifications — CAR 705.107 24.6.6.3.1 General Rules 24.6.6.3.2 Standard — Flight Engineer and Second Officer Qualifications 24.6.6.4 Crew Pairing — CAR 705.108 24.6.6.4.1 Standard — Crew Pairing 24.6.6.5 Route and Aerodrome Qualifications — CAR 705.111 24.6.6.5.1 Route and Aerodrome Qualifications 24.6.6.6 Validity Period — CAR 705.113 24.6.6.6.1 General Rules 24.6.6.6.1.1 Line Check and Training 24.6.6.6.1.2 Flight Dispatcher 24.6.6.6.2 PPC Expiration 24.6.6.6.3 Extension 24.6.6.6.4 Requalification After 24-Month Period — Pilot 24.6.6.6.5 Requalification After 12-Month Period — Flight Dispatcher 24.6.6.6.6 Standard — Validity Period 24.6.7 Training 24.6.7.1 Training Program — CAR 705.124 24.6.7.1.1 Air Operator’s Obligations 24.6.7.1.1.1 Training Program 24.6.7.1.1.2 Fatigue Management Training Program 24.6.7.1.2 Standard — Training Programs and Syllabus 24.6.7.2 Minimum Number of Flight Attendants — CAR 705.201 24.6.7.2.1 Air Operator’s Obligation 24.6.7.2.2 General Rule — Number of Flight Attendants 24.6.7.2.3 Exceptions — Number of Flight Attendants 24.6.7.2.3.1 1 to 40 Ratio 24.6.7.2.3.2 1 to 50 Ratio 24.6.7.3 Emergency Evacuation — Before and During Surface Movements — CAR 705.225 24.6.8 Manuals 24.6.8.1 Distribution of Company Operations Manual — CAR 705.136 24.6.8.1.1 General Rule 24.6.8.1.2 In the Aircraft 24.6.8.1.3 Amendments and Accessibility 24.6.8.1.4 Standard — Company Operations Manual 24.6.8.2 Aircraft Operating Manual — CAR 705.137 24.6.8.2.1 Discretion of the Air Operator 24.6.8.2.2 Content 24.6.8.2.3 Approval by the Minister 24.6.8.2.3.1 Standard — Aircraft Operating Manual 24.6.8.2.4 Obligations of the Air Operator 24.6.8.3 Standard Operating Procedures — CAR 705.138 24.6.8.3.1 Air Operator’s Obligations 24.6.8.3.1.1 Standard — Standard Operating Procedures 24.6.8.3.2 Relation with the Aircraft Operating Manual 24.6.9 Safety Management System 24.6.9.1 Requirements — CAR 705.151 24.6.9.2 Components of the Safety Management System — CAR 705.152 24.6.10 Interference with a Crew Member 24.6.10.1 Levels of Interference with a Crew Member — CAR 705.175 24.6.10.2 Reporting Incidents of Interference with a Crew Member — CAR 705.174 24.6.10.2.1 Obligation of the Applicant for an Air Operator Certificate 24.6.10.2.2 Content of the Report 24.6.10.2.3 Record the Report 24.6.10.2.4 Disclosure of Statistics to the Minister 24.6.10.2.5 Standard — Reporting Incidents of Interference with a Crew Member 24.7 Aircraft Maintenance Requirements for Air Operators 24.7.1 Maintenance Control System — CARs 706.02 and 706.08 24.7.1.1 General 24.7.1.1.1 Establishment, Maintenance and Authorization 24.7.1.1.2 Incorporation by Reference 24.7.1.1.3 Copies 24.7.1.1.4 Amendments 24.7.1.1.5 Minister’s Approvals 24.7.1.1.6 Standard — Maintenance Control Management 24.7.1.2 Obligations 24.7.2 Maintenance Arrangements — CAR 706.09 24.7.2.1 General Rule 24.7.2.2 Requirements 24.7.2.3 Outside of Canada 24.7.2.4 Standard — Maintenance Arrangements 24.7.3 Elementary Work — CAR 706.10 24.7.3.1 Definition and Exhaustive List 24.7.3.2 Person Authorized to Perform 24.7.4 Servicing — CAR 706.11 Appendices Appendix I: Designated Provisions of the CARs Appendix II: Air Law Syllabus PPAER and FAAPA CARs TC AIM CPAER and FAACA CARs TC AIM Other Legislation INRAT and FAAIA IATRA CARs TC AIM SARON and FAAAA CARs TC AIM Other Legislation References Legislation and Regulations Cases Doctrine Other Documentations Index