Introductory Chemistry

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Cover Title Page Copyright Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion About the Author Contents Interactive Media Contents To the Student To the Instructor Preface Chapter 1. The Chemical World 1.1 Sand and Water 1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things 1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think Everyday Chemistry: Combustion and the Scientific Method 1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data Identifying Patterns in Data Interpreting Graphs 1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 2. Measurement and Problem Solving 2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error 2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers 2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision Counting Significant Figures Exact Numbers Chemistry In The Media: The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations Multiplication and Division Rounding Addition and Subtraction Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction 2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement The Base Units Prefix Multipliers Derived Units 2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion Converting Between Units General Problem-Solving Strategy 2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems 2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator 2.9 Units Raised to a Power Chemistry And Health: Drug Dosage 2.10 Density Calculating Density Density as a Conversion Factor Chemistry And Health: Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease 2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 3. Matter and Energy 3.1 In Your Room 3.2 What Is Matter? 3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas 3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties 3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes Separating Mixtures Through Physical Changes 3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter 3.8 Energy Chemistry In The Environment: Getting Energy out of Nothing? Units of Energy 3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change 3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms 3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity Everyday Chemistry: Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water 3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 4. Atoms and Elements 4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon 4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory 4.3 The Nuclear Atom 4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Everyday Chemistry: Solid Matter? 4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons 4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table 4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons Ions and the Periodic Table 4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies 4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms Chemistry In The Environment: Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 5. Molecules and Compounds 5.1 Sugar and Salt 5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition 5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds Polyatomic Ions in Chemical Formulas Types of Chemical Formulas 5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds Atomic Elements Molecular Elements Molecular Compounds Ionic Compounds 5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Only Monoatomic Ions Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds 5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms Only One Type of Cation Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Type of Cation Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion Everyday Chemistry: Polyatomic Ions 5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds 5.9 Naming Acids Naming Binary Acids Naming Oxyacids 5.10 Nomenclature Summary Ionic Compounds Molecular Compounds Acids 5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 6. Chemical Composition 6.1 How Much Sodium? 6.2 Counting Nails by the Kilogram 6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms 6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules 6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element 6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds 6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula Chemistry And Health: Fluoridation of Drinking Water 6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data 6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 7. Chemical Reactions 7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents 7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction 7.3 The Chemical Equation 7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations 7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water Aqueous Solutions Solubility 7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid 7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations 7.8 Acid–Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions Acid–Base (Neutralization) Reactions Gas-Evolution Reactions Chemistry And Health: Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid 7.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do Classification Flowchart Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions 8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide 8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients 8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions 8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions 8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 8.6 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants 8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction Sign of Hrxn ΔHrxn Everyday Chemistry: Bunsen Burners Stoichiometry of Hrxn ΔHrxn Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 9. Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table 9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom 9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation 9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chemistry And Health: Radiation Treatment for Cancer 9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits 9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps From Orbits to Orbitals 9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals 9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model 9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character Atomic Size Ionization Energy Chemistry And Health: Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses Metallic Character Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 10. Chemical Bonding 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs 10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots 10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred 10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared Single Bonds Double and Triple Bonds 10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions Exceptions to the Octet Rule 10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule 10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper Chemistry And Health: Fooled by Molecular Shape 10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix Electronegativity Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules Everyday Chemistry: How Soap Works Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 11. Gases 11.1 Extra-Long Straws 11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases 11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions Pressure Units Pressure Unit Conversion 11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume Everyday Chemistry: Airplane Cabin Pressurization Everyday Chemistry: Extra-long Snorkels 11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature 11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature 11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles 11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles Determining Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law Ideal and Nonideal Gas Behavior 11.9 Mixtures of Gases Partial Pressure and Physiology Collecting Gases over Water 11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure Chemistry In The Environment: Air Pollution Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 12. Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces 12.1 Spherical Water 12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids 12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity Surface Tension Viscosity 12.4 Evaporation and Condensation Boiling Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation Heat of Vaporization 12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation Energetics of Melting and Freezing Heat of Fusion Sublimation 12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion–Dipole Chemistry And Health: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA Dispersion Force Dipole–Dipole Force Hydrogen Bonding Ion–Dipole Force 12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic Molecular Solids Ionic Solids Atomic Solids 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule Chemistry In The Environment: Water Pollution and the Flint River Water Crisis Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 13. Solutions 13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon 13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures 13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy Solubility and Saturation Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids How Solubility Varies with Temperature 13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz 13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent Mass Percent Using Mass Percent in Calculations 13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity Using Molarity in Calculations Ion Concentrations 13.7 Solution Dilution 13.8 Solution Stoichiometry 13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter Freezing Point Depression Everyday Chemistry: Antifreeze in Frogs Boiling Point Elevation 13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration Chemistry And Health: Solutions in Medicine Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 14. Acids and Bases 14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies 14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples 14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples 14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases The Arrhenius Definition The Brønsted–Lowry Definition 14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases Neutralization Reactions Acid Reactions Everyday Chemistry: What Is in My Antacid? Base Reactions 14.6 Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution 14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Strong Acids Weak Acids Strong Bases Weak Bases 14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One 14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity Calculating pH from [H3O+] Calculating [H3O+] from pH The pOH Scale 14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change Chemistry And Health: Alkaloids Chemistry And Health: The Danger of Antifreeze Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 15. Chemical Equilibrium 15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium 15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction Collision Theory How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction 15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium 15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Chemical Reactions The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant 15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid 15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants Calculating Equilibrium Constants Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations 15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle 15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium 15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium Chemistry And Health: How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen 15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium 15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility 15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy Enzymes: Biological Catalysts Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 16. Oxidation and Reduction 16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine? 16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions 16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping Everyday Chemistry: The Bleaching of Hair 16.4 Balancing Redox Equations Chemistry In The Environment: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life 16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions The Activity Series of Metals Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid 16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity The Voltaic Cell Dry-Cell Batteries Lead–Acid Storage Batteries Fuel Cells 16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry 16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions Everyday Chemistry: The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry 17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis 17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity 17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay Alpha (α) Radiation Beta (β) Radiation Gamma (γ) Radiation Positron Emission 17.4 Detecting Radioactivity 17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life Half-Life Chemistry And Health: Environmental Radon A Natural Radioactive Decay Series 17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts Chemistry In The Media: The Shroud of Turin 17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb 17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity 17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun 17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life Acute Radiation Damage Increased Cancer Risk Genetic Defects Measuring Radiation Exposure 17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine Isotope Scanning Radiotherapy Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 18. Organic Chemistry 18.1 What Do I Smell? 18.2 Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic 18.3 Carbon: A Versatile Atom Chemistry In The Media: The Origin of Life 18.4 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen 18.5 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons Chemistry In The Media: Environmental Problems Associated with Hydrocarbon Combustion 18.6 Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure 18.7 Naming Alkanes 18.8 Alkenes and Alkynes About Alkenes and Alkynes Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 18.9 Hydrocarbon Reactions Alkane Substitution Reactions Alkene and Alkyne Addition Reactions 18.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons 18.11 Functional Groups 18.12 Alcohols Naming Alcohols About Alcohols 18.13 Ethers Naming Ethers About Ethers 18.14 Aldehydes and Ketones Naming Aldehydes and Ketones About Aldehydes and Ketones 18.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters About Carboxylic Acids and Esters 18.16 Amines 18.17 Polymers Everyday Chemistry: Kevlar: Stronger Than Steel Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Chapter 19. Biochemistry 19.1 The Human Genome Project 19.2 The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components 19.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides 19.4 Lipids Fatty Acids Fats and Oils Other Lipids Chemistry And Health: Dietary Fats 19.5 Proteins 19.6 Protein Structure Everyday Chemistry: Why Straight Hair Gets Longer When It Is Wet Quaternary Structure Tertiary Structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure 19.7 Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints 19.8 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis DNA Structure DNA Replication Protein Synthesis Chemistry And Health: Drugs for Diabetes Self-Assessment Quiz Key Terms Exercises Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints Appendix: Mathematics Review Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises Glossary Credits Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Pp Q R S T U V W X Y Z Periodic Table of the Elements Constants, Factors, and Formulas Atomic Masses of the Elements