Advances in Precision Nutrition, Personalization and Healthy Aging

Description

This book provides an overview on current trends and developments in precision nutrition and personalized health preservation, focussing on a field which is undergoing rapid change.  Today, personalized strategies contrast generally accepted guidelines for specified groups and improved health and disease markers are shifting health care toward preventive strategies. At the same time, advances in food additives, nutraceuticals, functional, and medical foods are breaking down the traditional domains of health-related disciplines. This book aims to provide an overview on these processes, discusses arising problems, and provides an outlook on the future of personalized health care and the role of precision nutrition. It covers preliminary thoughts on what has been achieved and focusses on developments in the area of metabolic diseases, aging, and neurology.  The book is intended as a primer in the field of precision nutrition and is aimed at researchers, clinicians, and students in health-related disciplines, who would like to get insights into current trends and developments in this area Foreword Reference Contents 1 Trends in Personalised Precision Nutrition, Objectives 1.1 The Rise of Molecular Nutrition 1.2 The Way to Personalisation 1.3 Consequences of Personalisation References 2 Individualization, Precision Nutrition Developments for the 21st Century 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Evolution of Nutrition Science in the 20th Century Toward Personalization 2.2.1 Nutrition in the Post-genomic Era 2.2.2 New Horizons in Personalized Nutrition 2.3 Individualization and Food Choices Based on Personalized/Precision Nutrition and Involvement of Diet in Chronic Diseases 2.4 Translating Personalized Nutrition for Society 2.4.1 Social Impact Regarding PN 2.4.2 PN-Associated Business and Value Creation Models 2.4.3 Social Concerns and Their Impact on PN Development 2.4.4 Consumer Attitudes Toward Personalized Nutrition 2.5 Future Outlook 2.6 Concluding Remarks 2.7 Financial Support References 3 Precision Nutrition from the View of Genetics and Epigenetics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics 3.3 Epigenetic Mechanisms 3.4 The DOHaD Theory: The Importance of the Maternal Diet in Animal and Human Models 3.5 Epigenetic Mechanisms and Nutrients 3.6 Epigenetic Mechanisms of Antioxidants 3.7 Aging, Epigenetics, Nutrition 3.8 The Importance of the Gender in Precision Nutrition Medicine 3.9 Concluding Remarks References 4 Precision Nutrition from the View of the Gut Microbiome 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Human Gut Microbiome—(Un)limited Possibilities for Improving Human Health 4.3 Exploring the Human Gut Microbiome: Start Low Go Slow—Advances in Microbiome Research 4.3.1 Eubiosis versus Dysbiosis 4.4 The Microbiome Study in PN Research—Important Aspects (see Figs. 4.3 and 4.4, Box 2) 4.4.1 Setting Standards in the Microbiome Field 4.4.2 Visualizing Methods in Microbiome Research 4.5 From the Clinical Trial to the Personal Recommendation: Putting the Individual Pieces of the Puzzle Together 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Personalized Nutrition for Healthy Aging, A Review 5.1 Healthy Aging 5.1.1 Genetics and Healthy Aging 5.1.2 Epigenetics and Healthy Aging 5.1.3 Histones and Healthy Aging 5.1.4 Noncoding RNAs (NcRNAs) and Aging 5.1.5 Aging of the Immune System (I.S.) and Epigenetics 5.1.6 Neurodegenerative Diseases, Aging, and Epigenetics 5.1.7 Microbiota and Healthy Aging 5.1.8 Individual-Specific Aging 5.2 Ways to Personalization 5.2.1 Missing Heritability 5.2.2 Markers Enable a Personalized Pre- and Intervention 5.3 Developments of Precision Medicine 5.4 Development of Personalized Precision Nutrition 5.4.1 Personalized Nutrition and Nutriepigenetics 5.4.2 Personalized Nutrition and Gene Expression 5.4.3 Personalized Nutrition and Microbiota-Epigenetic Interactions 5.5 Omics Approaches and Data Integration 5.5.1 Translation of Personalized Precision Nutrition into Praxis 5.5.2 Personalization or Stratification, Metabotypes 5.5.3 Personalized Precision Nutrition and Consumer Aspects 5.5.4 Consumer Supporting Organizations in Between Multiple Interests, Discussion References 6 Precise Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome, Remodeling the Microbiome with Polyphenols, Probiotics, and Postbiotics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Metabolic Syndrome—Definition, Prevalence, and Pathophysiology 6.3 The Microbiome—Composition, Establishment, and Functions 6.4 Role of Microbiome in Development of Metabolic Syndrome 6.5 Precision Nutrition-Gut Microbiota as a Target for Metabolic Syndrome Treatment 6.5.1 Probiotics 6.5.2 Postbiotics 6.5.3 Polyphenols 6.6 Conclusion Literatures 7 Precision Nutrition and Metabolomics, a Model of Alzheimer’s Disease 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metabolomics and the -Omics Cascade 7.3 How Metabolomics Provides Actionable Insights into Disease Pathophysiology 7.4 Western-Style Diet, Metabolism, and the Epidemiology of Chronic Disease 7.5 Western-Style Diet, the Association with Intracellular Malnutrition, and Nutritional Interventions in Alzheimer’s Disease 7.6 A Metabolic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease, and Its Relationship with Nutritional and Microbiome-Related Factors 7.6.1 Lipid Metabolism 7.6.2 Glucose Homeostasis and Alterations in Energy Supply 7.6.3 Bile Acid Metabolism 7.6.4 The Metabolic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) 7.7 Conclusion References 8 Precision Nutrition and Cognitive Decline 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nutrients and Dietary Patterns 8.2.1 Antioxidants 8.2.2 Vitamins 8.2.3 Omega-3 Fatty Acids 8.2.4 Dietary Patterns 8.3 Individualized Response to Diet 8.3.1 Human Genome 8.3.2 Epigenome 8.3.3 Microbiome 8.4 Risk Factors for Dementia 8.5 Challenges and Future Directions References 9 Algorithms for and Challenges in the Analysis of Markers in Personalized Health Care 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Supervised Learning 9.2.1 Basic Definitions and the Learning Task 9.2.2 Loss Functions 9.2.3 Errors 9.2.4 Model Selection, Model Assessment, and Datasets 9.2.5 Learnability and Data 9.2.6 Bias and Variance 9.3 Algorithms 9.3.1 KNN 9.3.2 Linear Regression 9.3.3 Logistic Regression 9.3.4 Artificial Neural Networks 9.3.5 Naive Bayes Classifiers 9.3.6 Decision Trees and Random Forests 9.4 The Challenges 9.4.1 Overfitting 9.4.2 (Epi-)genetic Problems 9.4.3 A Numerical Example 9.5 Quality Metrics 9.5.1 True and False Positives and Negatives 9.5.2 Positive and Negative Rates 9.5.3 Predictive Values Etc. 9.5.4 Prevalence, Accuracy, and Informedness 9.5.5 Weighted Informedness or Weighted Youden's Index 9.5.6 Confusion Matrix 9.5.7 A Numerical Example 9.6 Probably Approximately Correct 9.7 Conclusions 10 Precise Nutrition and Functional Foods 10.1 Novel Food, Food Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Phytoceuticals, Medicinal Foods 10.2 Fasting, Caloric Restriction (CR) 10.3 Modulating the Diet-Gut Microbiome Interplay 10.4 Probiotics 10.5 Prebiotics 10.6 Nutraceuticals 10.7 Medical Foods 10.8 Mechanistic Aspects of Special Foods 10.8.1 Epigenetic Active Foods 10.8.2 Sirtuin Activation by “Sirtfoods” 10.9 Senolytic Foods 10.9.1 Fasting Mimetics 10.10 Personalization, Discussion References 11 Precision Nutrition from a Practical Clinical View, Case Study 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Chances of Diagnostics and Markers 11.3 Case Study 11.4 Conclusion 12 Translational Aspects in Precision Nutrition, Personalization, Biomarkers and Healthy Aging 12.1 Boom in Medical Self-tests—Since Corona Pandemic 12.2 From One Fits-All Recommendations to Personalized Tests 12.3 Nutrigenetics 12.4 Impact of Genetic Lifestyle Tests 12.5 Compliance of Lifestyle Change 12.6 Nutrigeneomics 12.7 Personalized Epigenetic Testing 12.8 Personalized Microbiota Analysis 12.9 Legal Responsibility 12.10 Validation of Study Results and Generation of Limit Values 12.11 Conclusion Appendix References