Environmental Consulting Fundamentals: Investigation, Remediation, and Brownfields Redevelopment

Description

This book is a primer for those interested in a career in this dynamic, multidisciplinary field as well as a handy reference for practicing consultants. Combining theory and practice advice into a concise, readable format, the book is an accessible introduction to the types of projects you will encounter as an environmental consultant and lays the groundwork for what you'll need to know in this challenging and rewarding profession. Also available with this book, under the Additional Resources tab, are PowerPoint lectures that correspond with each chapter. New in the Second Edition Covers the latest environmental issues, including emerging contaminants, and the latest technological advances in environmental investigation and remediation New chapters dedicated to vapor intrusion investigation and mitigation and to Brownfields redevelopment and project financing. An expanded chapter describing the staffing, budgeting, and execution of environmental projects. Descriptions of the remediation processes under RCRA and Superfund Descriptions on how each chapter's subject matter applies to the job of the environmental consultant. Dozens of new figures, photographs, and tables designed to enhance the reader's understanding of the subject matter. Problems and questions to be used for homework assignments or classroom discussions. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface to Second Edition Preface to First Edition Acknowledgments to Second Edition Author Section I: Environmental Consulting: A Perspective 1: What Is Environmental Consulting? 1.1 The Environment and Environmental Hazards 1.2 What Is Environmental Consulting? 1.3 Types of Clients 1.4 What Do Environmental Consultants Do? 1.4.1 The Consultant as Consultant 1.4.2 The Consultant as General Contractor 1.4.3 The Consultant as Client 1.4.4 The Consultant as Regulator 1.4.5 The Consultant as Expert 1.5 Credentials and Certifications of Environmental Consultants 1.6 Career Pathways in Environmental Consulting Bibliography 2: Environmental Projects: The Technical Side and the Business Side 2.1 The Technical Side of Environmental Consulting 2.1.1 Environmental Investigations and Remediations 2.1.1.1 Data Collection 2.1.1.2 Sampling Objectives 2.1.1.3 Biased versus Unbiased Data 2.1.1.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 2.1.1.5 Units of Measurement 2.1.2 Environmental Remediation 2.1.3 Documenting the Environmental Investigation and Remediation 2.2 The Business Side of Environmental Consulting 2.2.1 Project Contract 2.2.2 Project Scope of Services 2.2.3 The Project Team 2.2.4 The Project Schedule 2.2.5 The Project Budget 2.2.5.1 Labor Costs 2.2.5.2 Pass-Through Costs and Other Direct Expenses 2.2.5.3 Net Revenue 2.2.5.4 Project Invoicing Problems and Exercises 3: Framework of Environmental Regulations 3.1 The Formation of United States Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration 3.1.1 Pre-history of Environmental Regulations 3.1.2 Establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency 3.1.3 Establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration 3.2 Legal Framework of Federal Environmental Regulations 3.2.1 Code of Federal Regulations 3.2.2 Legal Framework of State Environmental Regulations 3.3 Major Federal Environmental Laws 3.3.1 Clean Air Act 3.3.2 Clean Water Act 3.3.3 Endangered Species Act 3.3.4 Safe Drinking Water Act 3.3.5 Toxic Substances Control Act 3.3.5.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls under the Toxic Substances Control Act 3.3.5.2 Titles II through VI of TSCA 3.3.6 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 3.3.6.1 Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste 3.3.6.2 “Cradle-to-Grave” Concept of Hazardous Waste Management 3.3.6.3 Non-hazardous Waste Management 3.3.7 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 3.3.7.1 Origins of Superfund 3.3.7.2 Liability under Superfund 3.3.7.3 Petroleum Exclusion 3.3.7.4 National Priorities List 3.3.7.5 National Contingency Plan 3.3.7.6 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 3.3.7.7 Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act of 2002 3.3.7.8 Energy Policy Act of 2005 3.4 Environmental Regulations and Environmental Consultants 3.4.1 Clean Air Act Compliance 3.4.2 Clean Water Act Compliance 3.4.3 Endangered Species Act Compliance 3.4.4 Safe Drinking Water Act Compliance 3.4.5 Toxic Substances Control Act Compliance 3.4.6 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Compliance 3.4.7 Superfund and Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Compliance 3.4.8 Brownfields Act 3.4.9 Environmental Compliance Audits Problems and Exercises Bibliography 4: Environmental Chemistry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Chemical Nomenclature 4.3 Chemical Lists 4.4 Chemical Classifications 4.5 The Target Compound List/Target Analyte List 4.5.1 Inorganic Analytes 4.5.2 Organic Compounds 4.5.2.1 Volatile Organic Compounds 4.5.2.2 Semi-volatile Organic Compounds 4.5.2.3 Pesticides 4.5.2.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 4.6 Contaminants in Drinking Water 4.6.1 Organic Chemicals with Primary Drinking Water Standards 4.6.2 Inorganic Chemicals with Primary Drinking Water Standards 4.6.2.1 Disinfectants and Disinfectant Byproducts 4.6.2.2 Nitrates and Nitrites 4.6.3 Radionuclides 4.6.4 Biological Agents 4.6.5 Turbidity 4.6.6 Secondary Drinking Water Regulations Contaminants 4.6.7 Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water 4.6.7.1 1,4-Dioxane 4.6.7.2 Perchlorate 4.6.7.3 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) 4.7 Chemistry of Surface Waters 4.8 Petroleum and Petroleum-Related Compounds 4.8.1 Chemical Composition of Petroleum 4.8.2 Gasoline 4.8.3 Non-volatile Fuels 4.8.4 Engineered Oils 4.9 Synthetic Organic Contaminants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 5: Fate and Transport in the Subsurface 5.1 Surface Transport of Chemicals 5.2 Subsurface Formations 5.2.1 Bedrock 5.2.2 Soils 5.2.3 Fill Materials 5.2.4 Organic Matter 5.2.5 Porosity and Permeability 5.3 Chemical Fate and Transport in the Subsurface 5.3.1 Physical State of Chemicals 5.3.1.1 Vapor-Liquid Partition Coefficient 5.3.1.2 Solubility 5.3.2 The Hydrogeologic Cycle 5.3.3 Vadose Zone 5.3.4 Saturated Zone 5.3.4.1 Hydraulic Gradient 5.3.4.2 Groundwater Flow 5.3.4.3 Aquifers 5.3.4.4 Aquitards, Aquicludes, and Confining Layers 5.3.4.5 Perched Aquifers 5.3.5 Chemical Transport in the Saturated Zone 5.3.5.1 Aqueous Phase Liquids 5.3.5.2 Non-aqueous Phase Liquids 5.3.5.3 Advection 5.3.5.4 Diffusion 5.3.5.5 Dispersion 5.3.5.6 Attenuation and Retardation Problems and Exercises Bibliography 6: Environmental Due Diligence 6.1 History of the Phase I Environmental Site Assessment 6.2 The ASTM Phase I Standard—Recognized Environmental Conditions, Controlled Recognized Environmental Conditions, and Historical Recognized Environmental Conditions 6.2.1 Exclusions from the Standard 6.3 Who Can Perform the Phase I ESA 6.4 Components of the ASTM E1527 Standard 6.4.1 Site Reconnaissance 6.4.1.1 Underground Storage Tanks 6.4.1.2 Above Ground Storage Tanks 6.4.1.3 Drum Storage Areas 6.4.1.4 Industrial Establishments 6.4.1.5 Dry Cleaners 6.4.1.6 Septic Systems 6.4.1.7 Electrical Transformers 6.4.1.8 Evidence of a Subsurface Investigations 6.4.1.9 Controlled Substances 6.4.2 Reconnaissance of Adjoining Properties 6.4.3 Reconnaissance of the Site Vicinity 6.4.4 Interviews of Knowledgeable Parties 6.4.5 User Responsibilities 6.4.6 Site History Review 6.4.6.1 Historical Aerial Photographs 6.4.6.2 Fire Insurance Maps 6.4.6.3 Local Street Directories 6.4.7 Local Agency Review 6.4.8 Database Search of Regulated Properties 6.4.8.1 Mandatory Database Searches 6.4.8.2 Additional Database Searches 6.4.8.3 Vapor Intrusion Assessment under the E1527 Standard 6.5 Limits of Due Diligence Research 6.6 Report Preparation 6.7 Phase I ESAs for Forested Land and Rural Properties 6.8 Preliminary Assessments under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 6.8.1 Structure of the Preliminary Assessment under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 6.8.2 Evaluation of Waste Characteristics 6.8.3 Likelihood of a Release 6.8.4 Evaluating the Four Pathways and Exposure Routes 6.8.4.1 Groundwater Pathway 6.8.4.2 Surface Water Pathway 6.8.4.3 Soil Exposure Route 6.8.4.4 Air Pathway 6.8.5 Hazard Ranking System 6.9 Environmental Due Diligence for RCRA CORRACTS Sites 6.10 Environmental Consultants and Environmental Due Diligence Problems and Exercises Bibliography 7: Site Investigations 7.1 Initiating the Investigation 7.2 Developing the Scope of Work 7.2.1 Establishing Data Quality Objectives 7.2.2 Conceptual Site Model 7.2.3 Sampling and Analysis Plan 7.2.4 Quality Assurance Project Plan 7.2.5 Sample Analysis 7.2.5.1 Fixed-Base Laboratory Analysis 7.2.5.2 On-Site Analysis 7.3 Preparing to Investigate a Site 7.3.1 Health and Safety Considerations 7.3.2 Utility Mark-outs 7.3.3 Surface Geophysical Surveys 7.4 Soil Sampling 7.4.1 Test Pits 7.4.2 Boreholes 7.4.3 Soil Observations and Sampling 7.4.4 Field Quality Control 7.4.4.1 Decontamination 7.4.4.2 Field Quality Control Samples 7.4.5 Sample Handling Procedures 7.5 Soil Gas Investigations 7.6 Groundwater Investigations 7.6.1 Permanent Monitoring Wells 7.6.1.1 Monitoring Well Installation 7.6.1.2 Monitoring Well Development 7.6.1.3 Monitoring Well Sampling 7.6.2 Temporary Well Points 7.7 Interpreting and Documenting the Results of the Sampling and Analysis 7.7.1 Boring Logs 7.7.2 Data Reduction and Interpretation 7.7.3 Site Investigation Report 7.8 Site Investigations and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography Section II: Site Investigations and Remediations 8: Remedial Investigations and Remedial Design 8.1 Remedial Investigation of Soils 8.1.1 Delineation of Soil Contamination 8.1.1.1 Single-Point Compliance 8.1.1.2 Identifying a Concentration Gradient 8.1.1.3 Compliance Averaging 8.1.2 Field Screening during Soil Delineation 8.1.3 Obtaining Quantitative Soil and Bedrock Data 8.1.3.1 Soil and Bedrock Cores 8.1.3.2 Borehole Logging 8.2 Remedial Investigation of Groundwater 8.2.1 Calculating Groundwater Elevation 8.2.2 Calculating Groundwater Flow Direction 8.2.3 Contaminant Plume Mapping 8.2.4 Delineation of Groundwater Contamination 8.2.4.1 Vertical Delineation of Groundwater Contamination Using Monitoring Wells 8.2.4.2 Membrane Interface Probes 8.2.5 Computer Modeling of Groundwater Plumes 8.3 Geographic Information Systems 8.4 Remedial Investigation Report 8.5 Establishing Cleanup Goals 8.5.1 Generic Remediation Goals 8.5.2 Setting Site-Specific Cleanup Goals Using Risk Assessment 8.5.2.1 Exposure Assessment 8.5.2.2 Toxicity Assessment 8.5.2.3 Risk Characterization 8.6 Remedial Action Design 8.6.1 Waste Characterization 8.6.2 Groundwater Data Used to Design the Remedial Action 8.6.2.1 Aquifer Analysis 8.6.2.2 Slug Test 8.6.2.3 Pump Test 8.6.3 Treatability Studies and Pilot Tests 8.7 Remedial Action Selection Criteria 8.7.1 Feasibility Study 8.7.1.1 No Action Alternative 8.7.1.2 Determining Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements 8.8 Record of Decision under Superfund 8.9 Remedial Investigations, Remedial Design, and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 9: Remedial Actions 9.1 Remediation by Pathway Removal 9.1.1 Engineering and Institutional Controls 9.1.2 Monitored Natural Attenuation 9.1.3 In Situ Vitrification 9.1.4 In Situ Solidification 9.2 Remediation by Ex Situ Source Removal 9.2.1 Removal of Light, Non-aqueous Phase Liquid 9.2.2 Soil Remediation by Excavation 9.2.2.1 Community Air Monitoring 9.2.2.2 Verification Sampling 9.2.3 Groundwater Remediation by Pump-and-Treat 9.2.4 Steam-Enhanced Extraction 9.2.5 Remediation in Biopiles 9.3 Remediation by In Situ Source Treatment 9.3.1 Soil Vapor Extraction 9.3.2 Air Sparging 9.3.3 Soil Flushing 9.3.4 Thermal Remediation 9.3.5 In Situ Chemical Treatment 9.3.5.1 In Situ Chemical Oxidation 9.3.5.2 In Situ Chemical Reduction 9.3.5.3 Chemical Treatment of Metal Contaminants 9.3.6 In Situ Bioremediation 9.3.7 Bioventing 9.3.8 Permeable Reactive Barrier 9.4 Performance Monitoring 9.5 Landfill Closures 9.5.1 Landfill Capping 9.5.2 Methane Venting System 9.5.3 Leachate Collection System 9.6 Remediation and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 10: Vapor Intrusion Investigation and Mitigation 10.1 What Is Vapor Intrusion? 10.2 Conceptual Site Model of Vapor Intrusion 10.3 Identifying Vapor Intrusion during Due Diligence 10.3.1 Vapor Intrusion under the ASTM 1527 Standard 10.3.2 Vapor Encroachment under the ASTM 2600 Standard 10.3.2.1 Tier I of a Vapor Encroachment Screen 10.3.2.2 Tier II of a Vapor Encroachment Screen—File Review 10.4 Vapor Intrusion Survey Triggers 10.4.1 Generic Horizontal Trigger Distances 10.4.2 Calculating Site-Specific Trigger Distances 10.4.3 Triggering Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Groundwater 10.4.4 Establishing Indoor Air Target Values 10.5 Vapor Intrusion Investigation 10.5.1 Pre-sampling Survey 10.5.2 Indoor Air Sampling 10.5.3 Sub-slab Sampling 10.5.4 Ambient Air Sampling 10.5.5 Near Slab Sampling 10.5.6 Vapor Testing on Vacant Land 10.5.7 Sample Analysis 10.5.8 Interpreting the Results 10.6 Vapor Intrusion Mitigation 10.6.1 Vapor Barrier Design and Construction 10.6.2 Sub-slab Depressurization System Design and Construction 10.7 Vapor Intrusion and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography Section III: Land Development and Redevelopment 11: Brownfields 11.1 Urban Decay and Urban Renewal 11.2 The Brownfields Act 11.2.1 Formal Definition of a Brownfield 11.2.2 Practical Definition of a Brownfield 11.3 Objectives of the Brownfields Act 11.3.1 Liability Protections under the Brownfields Act 11.3.1.1 Relief from Superfund Liability 11.3.1.2 Relief from Off-site Contamination Concerns 11.3.2 Economic Incentives under the Brownfields Act 11.3.2.1 Brownfields Assessment Grants 11.3.2.2 Low Interest or No Interest Loans 11.3.2.3 Tax Abatements and Tax Forgiveness 11.3.2.4 Tax Credits 11.3.2.5 Tax Increment Financing 11.3.2.6 Insurance Protection 11.4 Integrating Brownfields Redevelopment with Urban Redevelopment 11.5 Cleanup of a Brownfields Site 11.6 Brownfields and Environmental Consultants Bibliography 12: Ecological Investigation, Protection, and Restoration 12.1 Surface Water and Sediment Investigation and Mitigation 12.1.1 Pollution Sources 12.1.2 Pollution Pathways in Surface Waters 12.1.3 Surface Water Sampling and Analysis 12.1.4 Sediment Sampling 12.1.5 Ecological Risk Assessment 12.1.6 Surface Water Restoration 12.1.7 Sediment Remediation 12.1.8 Cultural Eutrophication and Mitigation 12.2 Wetland Identification, Delineation, and Mitigation 12.2.1 Definition of Wetlands 12.2.2 Wetland Hydrology 12.2.3 Hydric Soils 12.2.4 Wetland Vegetation 12.2.5 Classifying Wetlands 12.2.6 Background Research on Wetlands 12.2.7 Field Mapping of Wetlands 12.2.8 Wetlands Restoration and Creation 12.2.9 Compensatory Mitigation 12.3 Threatened and Endangered Species and Their Habitats 12.3.1 Publicly Available Information on Threatened and Endangered Species 12.3.2 Field Surveying 12.4 Invasive Species 12.5 Ecological Management and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 13: Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation 13.1 The National Environmental Policy Act Project Scoping and Agency Participation 13.1.1 Categorical Exclusion 13.1.2 Environmental Impact Statement 13.1.2.1 Notice of Intent 13.1.2.2 Draft Environmental Impact Statement 13.1.2.3 Final Environmental Impact Statement 13.1.2.4 Environmental Mitigation Plan 13.1.3 Environmental Assessment 13.1.4 Public Participation 13.2 Technical Evaluation for the National Environmental Policy Act 13.2.1 Physiography, Geology, and Seismicity 13.2.2 Groundwater 13.2.3 Water Supply 13.2.4 Surface Waters 13.2.5 Wild and Scenic Rivers 13.2.6 Wetlands 13.2.7 Flood Plains 13.2.8 Coastal Barrier Resources 13.2.9 Natural Resources 13.2.10 Wildlife, Wildlife Habitat, and Threatened and Endangered Species 13.2.11 Vegetation 13.2.12 Air Quality 13.2.13 Farmland Protection 13.2.14 Noise 13.2.15 Cultural Resources 13.2.16 Transportation 13.2.17 Socioeconomics 13.3 Cumulative and Indirect Impacts of the Project 13.4 The National Environmental Policy Act Process and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 14: Drinking Water Testing and Mitigation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 History of Lead in Drinking Water 14.3 Health Effects of Lead in Drinking Water 14.4 Health Effects of Copper in Drinking Water 14.5 Lead and Copper Rule 14.6 Investigating Sources of Lead in Drinking Water 14.7 Investigating for the Presence of Lead and Copper in Drinking Water 14.7.1 Developing a “Plumbing Profile” 14.7.2 Development of a Lead Content Sampling Plan 14.7.3 Sampling for Lead and Copper in Drinking Water 14.8 Lead and Copper Mitigation 14.9 Drinking Water Testing and Environmental Consultants Problems and Discussion Questions Bibliography Section IV: Indoor Environmental Concerns 15: Asbestos Identification and Abatement 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Types of Asbestiforms 15.1.2 Health Problems Related to Asbestos 15.1.3 Regulatory Framework for Asbestos 15.1.4 Types of Asbestos-Containing Materials 15.1.5 Components of Buildings 15.2 Classifying Suspect Materials 15.3 Functional Spaces 15.4 Performing the Asbestos Survey 15.4.1 Designing the Survey 15.4.2 Sampling Homogeneous Materials 15.4.3 Bulk Sampling Procedures 15.4.4 Sampling Layered Materials 15.5 Laboratory Analysis of Bulk Samples 15.6 Hazard Assessment 15.6.1 Physical Hazard Assessment 15.6.2 Classifying the Condition of the Asbestos-Containing Building Materials 15.6.3 Classifying the Potential for Disturbance of Asbestos-Containing Building Materials 15.6.4 Hazard Ranking 15.6.5 Air Monitoring for a Hazard Assessment 15.7 Asbestos Abatement 15.7.1 Types of Asbestos Abatement 15.7.2 Asbestos Abatement Projects by Size 15.7.3 Designing the Removal Project 15.7.4 Preparing for Asbestos Removal 15.7.4.1 Preparing the Work Area for the Large Asbestos Project 15.7.4.2 Construction of Decontamination Units 15.7.4.3 Critical Barriers 15.7.4.4 Plasticizing Floors and Walls 15.7.4.5 Electrical Lock-out 15.7.4.6 Establishing Negative Pressure 15.7.5 Removing the Asbestos-Containing Material 15.7.5.1 Wetting the Material 15.7.5.2 Two-Stage ACM Removal 15.7.5.3 Glovebag Removal 15.7.5.4 Lockdown Encapsulation 15.7.5.5 Two-Stage Cleaning and Poly Removal 15.7.5.6 Waste Removal 15.7.6 Air Monitoring Requirements 15.7.6.1 Pre-abatement Air Sampling 15.7.6.2 Air Sampling During Removal 15.7.6.3 Clearance Air Monitoring 15.7.7 Small and Minor Asbestos Projects 15.7.8 Abatement by Encapsulation or Enclosure 15.8 Operations and Maintenance for In-place Asbestos-Containing Material 15.9 Asbestos Surveying and Abatement, and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 16: Lead-Based Paint Surveying and Abatement 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Lead Hazards 16.1.2 History of Lead in Paint 16.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Lead Standard 16.3 United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Guidelines for Lead-Based Paint Inspections 16.3.1 Lead-Based Paint and Lead Hazards 16.3.2 Lead Paint Risk Assessment 16.3.2.1 Data Research 16.3.2.2 Site Walkthrough 16.3.2.3 Designing and Implementing a Sampling Program 16.3.2.4 Assigning Lead-Based Paint Hazard Levels 16.4 Designing the Lead Paint Survey 16.5 Lead Paint Sampling and Analysis 16.5.1 Paint Chip Sampling 16.5.2 Chemical Test Kits 16.5.3 X-ray Fluorescence Machine 16.5.3.1 Machine Calibration 16.5.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Testing Protocols 16.5.3.3 Data Interpretation 16.6 Data Documentation 16.7 The Housing and Urban Development Guidelines for Lead-Based Paint Hazard Abatement 16.7.1 Abatement by Enclosure 16.7.2 Abatement by Encapsulation 16.7.3 Abatement by Removal 16.7.3.1 Worker Protection 16.7.3.2 Protecting the Residents 16.7.3.3 Preparing the Work Area 16.7.3.4 Lead Paint Removal Procedures 16.7.3.5 Clearance Wipe Sampling 16.8 Lead Paint and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 17: Indoor Air Quality Investigation and Mitigation 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 History of Indoor Air Problems 17.1.2 Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants 17.1.3 Indoor Air Investigation Triggers 17.2 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution 17.2.1 Poor Air Flow 17.2.2 Combustion Products 17.2.3 Dust and Particulates 17.2.4 Ozone 17.2.5 Volatile Organic Compounds 17.2.6 Bioaerosols 17.2.7 Tobacco Smoke 17.2.8 Pesticides 17.2.9 Subsurface Contamination 17.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Systems 17.4 Performing the Indoor Air Quality Investigation 17.4.1 Building Reconnaissance 17.4.2 Interviews 17.4.3 Diagnosing the Problem 17.5 Air Measurement Methods 17.5.1 Air Measurement Devices 17.5.2 Locations of Air Measurements 17.6 Air Sampling Methods 17.6.1 Air Sampling Locations 17.6.2 Air Sampling Methods 17.7 Indoor Air Mitigation 17.8 Indoor Air Quality and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 18: Radon Investigation and Mitigation 18.1 What Is Radon? 18.2 Radon Investigations 18.3 Radon Mitigation 18.4 Radon Investigation and Mitigation, and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography 19: Mold Investigation and Mitigation 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Health Impacts from Mold 19.1.2 Types of Toxic Molds 19.1.3 Conditions Conducive to Mold Growth 19.2 Conducting a Mold Survey 19.2.1 Walk-through Reconnaissance 19.2.2 Document Review and Interviews 19.3 Mold Sampling and Analysis 19.3.1 Bulk Sampling Methods 19.3.2 Air Sampling for Mold 19.3.3 Interpretation of Air Sampling Results 19.4 Mold Remediation 19.4.1 Water Intrusion Mitigation 19.4.2 Worker Protection during Mold Remediation 19.4.3 Mold Remediation Methods 19.4.4 U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Guidelines for Workplace Preparation 19.4.5 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System Remediation 19.5 Mold Surveying and Remediation, and Environmental Consultants Problems and Exercises Bibliography Appendix A: List of Abbreviations Appendix B: State Environmental Departments Index