Wideband, Multiband, and Smart Antenna Systems

Description

Acknowledgements Contents 1 Advances in Wideband, Multiband, and Smart Antenna Systems for Wireless Communication 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Research Contribution 1.3 Conclusion References 2 Wideband Antennas 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Theoretical Concepts 2.2.1 Traveling Wave Theory 2.2.1.1 Slow Wave: Surface Wave (p =≤ c) 2.2.1.2 Fast Wave: Leaky Wave (p > c) 2.2.2 Frequency Independent Antennas Theory 2.2.2.1 Antennas Specified by Angles Alone 2.2.2.2 Self-Complementary Structures 2.2.3 Current Sheet Array 2.3 Wideband Antenna Types 2.3.1 Traveling Wave Antennas 2.3.1.1 Yagi-Uda Array 2.3.1.2 Tapered Slot Antennas/Vivaldi Antennas 2.3.1.3 Helical Antennas 2.3.2 Frequency Independent Antennas 2.3.2.1 Archimedean Spiral 2.3.2.2 Equiangular Spiral Antennas 2.3.2.3 Log-Periodic Antennas 2.3.2.4 Sinuous Antenna 2.3.2.5 Tightly Coupled Antennas (TCA) 2.3.3 Fractal Antennas 2.3.4 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 2.3.5 Summary of Antenna Types 2.4 Fabrication Issues 2.5 Measurement Issues 2.6 Applications 2.6.1 Communications 2.6.2 Imaging 2.6.3 Electromagnetic Characterization of Materials 2.7 Future Directions 2.8 Conclusion References 3 Printed UWB Antennas: Design and Principle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Bandwidth Enhancement of UWB Antennas 3.3 Size Miniaturization of UWB Antennas 3.4 Single and Multi-notched Band(s) UWB Antennas 3.5 Broadband Circularly Polarized UWB Antennas 3.6 Reconfigurable UWB Antennas 3.7 UWB MIMO Diversity Antennas 3.8 Conclusion and Future Directions References 4 MIMO Antennas for 5G-Enabled Devices 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Evolution of MIMO Technology: From 4G to 5G 4.2.1 Point-to-Point MIMO 4.2.2 Multiuser MIMO 4.2.3 m-MIMO 4.3 5G Challenges: An Antenna Design Perspective 4.3.1 UE MIMO Antenna Design Challenges 4.3.2 BS Antennas: m-MIMO 4.3.2.1 Spatial Correlation 4.3.2.2 3D/m-MIMO Implementation 4.3.2.3 Wideband Circularly Polarized MIMO 4.3.2.4 Multi-beam Antennas 4.3.2.5 Broadband Beamwidth 4.3.2.6 High-Gain Antennas 4.3.2.7 Multi-standard Antennas 4.3.3 Design Issues: Challenges for UE and BS 4.4 Sub-6GHz 5G MIMO Antenna Systems 4.4.1 UE MIMO Antenna Systems 4.4.2 BS MIMO Antenna Systems 4.5 Integrated Sub-6GHz and mm-Wave 5G MIMO Antennas 4.6 mm-Wave 5G MIMO Antenna Systems 4.6.1 mm-Wave UE Antenna Systems 4.6.2 mm-Wave BS Antenna System 4.7 Conclusions References 5 High-Isolation Compact Wideband MIMO Antennas for 5G Wireless Communication 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ground Plane Technique for Isolation Improvement 5.3 Verification Case Studies 5.4 Experimental Results 5.5 Effects of Extended Ground Plane and User's Hand on Antenna Performance 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Fixed- and Scanned-Beam Antenna Arrays for 5G Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Array Beam Scanning Approach 6.2.1 Design of Low-Profile Aperture Antennas (LPAA) 6.2.1.1 Slotted Waveguide Antenna Arrays 6.2.1.2 Power Divider Design 6.2.1.3 Aperture Antenna Array with a Single Feed 6.2.1.4 Enhancing the Maximum Gain of Aperture Arrays 6.2.2 Beam Scanning Techniques 6.2.3 1D Frequency Scanning LPAA Array 6.2.3.1 2D-Beam Scanning at a Fixed Frequency 6.2.3.2 Arrays with Wide-Angle Scan Capability 6.2.3.3 Beam Scanning of an SIW Array Using Electronically Switched SIW Phase Shifters 6.2.3.4 Wide-Angle Beam Scanning Using a Tilted Panel 6.3 Polarization Diversity Requirement for Fixed- and Scanned-Beam Antenna 6.3.1 Linear Polarization 6.3.2 Dual Linear Polarization 6.3.3 Circular Polarization 6.4 MIMO Antenna Arrays 6.4.1 Single Element Design 6.4.2 Four-Element MIMO Design 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Co-design of 4G LTE and Millimeter-Wave 5G Antennas for Future Mobile Devices 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Desired Characteristics of Co-designed Antennas 7.2.1 Form Factor 7.2.2 Radiation Pattern 7.2.3 Beamwidth 7.2.4 Data Modes 7.2.5 Gain 7.2.6 Radiation Efficiency 7.2.7 Impedance Bandwidth 7.2.8 Specific Absorption Rate 7.3 Design Logic for 4G and 5G Antennas 7.4 Integrated 4G LTE and Millimeter-Wave 5G Antenna Design Examples 7.4.1 Design-I (Co-designed mmWave and LTE Handset Antennas) 7.4.1.1 4G LTE Antenna Design 7.4.1.2 Co-designed mmWave 5G Antenna 7.4.2 Design-II (Corner Bent Integrated Design of 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile Terminals) 7.4.3 Design-III (Compact Co-design of Conformal 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile Terminals) 7.4.4 Design-IV (Realization of a Tapered Slot Array as both Decoupling and Radiating Structure for 4G/5G Wireless Devices) 7.4.5 Design-V (Low Cost Substrate-Based Compact Antennas for 4G/5G Side-Edge Panel Smartphone Applications) 7.5 Summary References 8 Application of the Whale Optimization Algorithm to Antenna Design for mm-Wave 5G Communications Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Related Work 8.3 Whale Optimization Algorithm 8.4 Half E-shaped Patch Antenna 8.4.1 Antenna Design Procedure 8.5 Numerical Results 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Reconfigurable Antenna: Analysis and Applications 9.1 Background and History of Reconfigurable Antenna 9.2 Introduction 9.3 Reconfigurable Techniques 9.3.1 Physical Reconfigurable Antenna 9.3.2 Electrical Switching Reconfigurable Antenna 9.3.3 Material-Based Reconfigurable Antenna 9.3.4 Optical Switching Reconfigurable Antenna 9.3.5 Software-Based Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4 Reconfigurable Antenna Properties 9.4.1 Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4.2 Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4.3 Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4.4 Compound Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4.4.1 Frequency and Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4.4.2 Frequency and Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4.4.3 Radiation Pattern and Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna 9.4.4.4 Frequency, Radiation Pattern, and Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna 9.5 Reconfigurable SIW Antenna 9.6 Reconfigurable Band-Notch UWB Antenna 9.7 Reconfigurable Metamaterial Antenna 9.8 Reconfigurable Antenna for Flexible Material 9.9 Application of Reconfigurable Antenna 9.9.1 Reconfigurable Antenna for MIMO Communication System 9.9.2 Reconfigurable Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications 9.9.3 Reconfigurable Antenna for Millimetre-Wave Communication 9.10 Future of Reconfigurable Antenna 9.11 Conclusion References 10 Smart Antenna Design: Radiation Pattern Agility by Branch-Line Coupler 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Principle of Agility in Radiation Pattern by Using a Branch-Line Coupler 10.2.1 What Is Branch-Line Coupler? 10.2.2 Agility Principle in Radiation Diagram by Branch-Line Coupler 10.3 Implementation of the Proposed Technique 10.3.1 Case of Single Band System 10.3.1.1 Choice of the Reference Antenna Type 10.3.1.2 PIFA Antenna Design Equations 10.3.1.3 Design of the Mono Band Antenna System 10.3.1.4 Principle of the Use of the 3 dB, 90 Coupler for Agility in the Radiation Pattern 10.3.1.5 Study of the Antenna System Agility with the Coupler 10.3.2 Case of Dual-Band Antenna System 10.3.3 Criteria of Appropriate Antenna Model to Cover Several Standards 10.3.3.1 Dual-Band Antenna and Dual-Band Antenna System Design 10.3.3.2 Design of the Dual-Band BLC Adapted to Our Antenna System 10.3.3.3 Study of Agility in the Two Bands 10.4 Conclusion References 11 Time-Domain Approach Towards Smart Antenna Design 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Theoretical Background 11.2.1 Switching Configuration 11.3 Evolutionary Optimization Employed 11.4 Results and Discussion 11.4.1 Pattern Synthesis of TMLA Without SR Suppression 11.4.1.1 SLL Reduction with Directivity Improvement 11.4.1.2 Broad Null Placement with SLL Reduction 11.4.2 Pattern Synthesis of TMLA with SR Suppression 11.4.2.1 Simultaneous Suppression of SLL and SBLs 11.4.3 Pattern Synthesis of TMLA with SR Exploitation 11.4.3.1 Simultaneous Sum and Difference Pattern Generation 11.4.3.2 Multi-harmonic Beam Steering 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Wireless Power Transfer for Implantable and Wearable Medical Devices 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Medical Implants 12.3 Study of Misalignments 12.4 Coupling Effects and Mutual Inductance Calculations 12.5 Case Studies: Calculating Coupling Coefficient Under Misalignment Conditions 12.5.1 Lateral Misalignments 12.5.2 Angular Misalignment 12.5.3 Model of WPT Inside Body Tissue 12.6 Coil Geometry Optimizations Under Misalignment Condition 12.7 Bending 12.7.1 Bending Model 12.8 Multi-coils 12.8.1 A Case Study: SIMO Model 12.9 MIMO Beamforming 12.10 Regulations Related to Medical Implants and Design Considerations 12.11 Conclusion References 13 Conclusion 13.1 Emerging Research Trends 13.1.1 Mobile Handset Applications 13.1.2 MIMO Applications 13.1.3 IoT Applications 13.1.4 Medical Applications 13.1.5 Radar Applications 13.2 Concluding Remarks References Index