Andean Structural Styles: A Seismic Atlas

Description

Andean Structural Styles: A Seismic Atlas is a comprehensive reference illustrating the variability in structural styles and hydrocarbon traps that exist in the Andean chain. The Andean chain, stretching over more than 5,000 km (3,000 mi) from Venezuela to Argentina, contains a large number of sedimentary basins which have developed in a wide range of tectonic settings. Some of these basins are highly mature, with hydrocarbon production from Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sedimentary sequences, while others are still underexplored. Andean Structural Styles: A Seismic Atlas covers topics including fold types, thrust faults, triangle zones, inversion structures, synorogenic deposits, and growth stratal geometries. These topics are illustrated by thirty-two seismic examples interpreted and uninterpreted, covering most of the Andean basins, and five chapters reviewing the structural styles of the Andes, the complexity of processing seismic in these settings, how analogue models help in the interpretation, and several outcrop analogues. This reference is invaluable to both hydrocarbon exploration of the Andes and researchers and students in the fields of exploration geology and structural geology. Also, those teaching structural geology and seismic interpretation will find a valuable resource with lots of uninterpreted seismic examples that can be used in their lectures. Andean Structural Styles Copyright Dedication In memoriam Dr. Augusto Gansser (1910-2012) Preface References Acknowledgments 1. Tectonic inheritance and structural styles in the Andean fold-thrust belt and foreland basin Introduction Tectonic framework Modern configuration Orogenic history Time-space variability Rationale: tectonic inheritance Structural inheritance Stratigraphic inheritance Rheological inheritance Thermal inheritance Andean structural styles Décollement-style fold-thrust systems Basement-involved block uplifts Inversion of pre-Andean basins Inversion of Andean extensional basins Backthrust belts Salt-involved belts Summary and discussion Different modes of tectonic inheritance Tectonic drivers and controls Acknowledgments References 2. Seismic imaging in fold-and-thrust belts Introduction Seismic signal processing Seismic imaging Prestack time migration Prestack depth migration Velocity model interpretation Reverse time migration Summary Acknowledgments References 3. Analogue modeling as a tool to assist seismic structural interpretation in the Andean fold-and-thrust belt Introduction Structural styles of the Andean Cordillera simulated by analogue modeling Salt-bearing thrust wedges and multidetachment systems Inversion tectonics Strike-slip (strain partitioning in oblique convergence and related strike-slip faults) Tectonic-sediment interaction (role of syntectonic sedimentation) Closing remarks Acknowledgments References 4. Folding of a weak boundary zone between an axial zone and a frontal belt, Chicamocha Valley, Eastern Cordillera of Colombia Introduction: the geology of the northern part of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia Methods Results Structural framework and regional cross section Folds of the Rio Nevado sections Growth and decay of the folds involved in the Rio Nevado Anticlinorium Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5. Natural examples of regional-scale structures from the southern Central Andes and Patagonian Andes Introduction Thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts Thick-skinned fold-and-thrust belts Regional-scale folds: insights into hybrid thick- and thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts Active thrust front Superimposed structures from different deformational phases Conclusions Acknowledgments References 6. Outcrop-scale natural examples of structures from the southern Central Andes Introduction Outcrop-scale fault systems Outcrop-scale folds Conclusions Acknowledgments References 7. Thrust sequence in the Sinú Fold Belt (South Caribbean Deformed Belt), offshore northwestern Colombia Introduction Tectonosedimentary sequences Thrusts and folds Normal faults Thrust timing Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8. Relationships between normal faulting, mud diapirism and thrusting in the trailing part of the Sinú Fold Belt (South ... Introduction Normal faults Reverse reactivation of normal faults and fault inactivity Mud diapirs Thrusts and related folds Pliocene-Quaternary structural evolution Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9. Strike-slip fault zone in an oblique convergent margin: Bahia Basin, Caribbean margin of northern Colombia Introduction Seismic interpretation: time slices and profile seismic sections Structural interpretation: right-lateral, vertical-axis block rotation and opening of a relay zone Conclusions Acknowledgments References 10. Structural styles of the Upper Magdalena valley, Northern Andes, Colombia: case studies Introduction The northern area of the Upper Magdalena Valley The southern area of the Upper Magdalena Valley, Neiva Syncline Conclusions References 11. Forelimb deformation in basement uplifts. Example from the Sierra de la Macarena, Colombia Introduction Geological setting Data and methods Seismic observations Time to depth conversion Discussion and conclusions Acknowledgments References 12. Seismic expression of transpressional thick-skinned deformation in the southern foothills of Colombia Introduction Seismic observations from the Guamal 3D seismic line Structural interpretation of the Guamal 3D seismic line: Positive inversion along footwall shortcuts Seismic observations from the Chichimene 3D seismic line Structural interpretation of the Chichimene 3D seismic line Seismic observations and structural interpretation from the Castilla 3D seismic line Discussion and conclusions Acknowledgments References 13. Structural styles and evolution of the Colombian Eastern foothills Piedemonte triangle zone Introduction Surface geology and stratigraphy Seismic and well data observations Seismic data Well data Seismic interpretation Structural interpretation Evolutionary model Conclusions Acknowledgments References 14. Seismic and structural analysis of the San Francisco oil field (Colombia). Structural controls on a complex hydrocarbon cha ... Introduction Geological setting Seismic analysis Structural interpretation Conclusions Acknowledgments References 15. La Cira Basement-high; Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia Introduction Seismic interpretation Kinematic restoration Alternative models for the La Cira Basement-high Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16. Regional structure, trap mechanisms, and basin evolution of the Middle Magdalena Basin of Colombia Introduction The northern segment of the Middle Magdalena Basin The southern segment of the Middle Magdalena Basin Conclusions References 17. Structural styles of the southern Putumayo Foreland Basin, northern Andes, Colombia Introduction Sub-Andean domain Proximal Foredeep domain External Foredeep domain Conclusions Acknowledgments References Further reading 18. An appraisal of basin development at the trailing edge of the Northern Andes, SW Ecuador-NW Peru Introduction General stratigraphy Seismic chronological markers Basin configuration The Progreso Basin The Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes Basin Tectonic escape versus basin architecture Acknowledgments References 19. The Manabí and Esmeraldas-Borbón forearc basins of Ecuador Introduction Geological background Data set Workflow Seismic stratigraphy Structural style Geosection M-1 Geosection M-2 Geosection EB-2 Geosection EB-1 Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 20. Situche Complex, Marañon Basin, Peru Introduction Seismic profile PK 2001 (Situche South) Seismic analysis Structural interpretation Seismic Profiles through Situche Central and Situche North Seismic analysis Structural interpretation Conclusions Acknowledgments References 21. Large transport thrust in the Huallaga sub-Basin (northern Peruvian sub-Andean zone) Introduction Regional geology of the Huallaga sub-Basin Surface geology Seismic observations Subsurface structural interpretation The Chazuta Thrust Evaporite-cored detachment folds Older Thrusts Inverted, Triassic graben Structural model Kinematic evolution model Conclusions Acknowledgments References 22. The San Martín Anticline: a classic example of a fault-bend fold in the Camisea fold and thrust belt, Central Andes, ... Introduction Hydrocarbon exploration and discoveries Methodology Regional setting: Gran Camisea subbasin Stratigraphy Camisea fold and thrust belt San Martín Anticline Kinematic model Conclusions References 23. The Sagari-Kinteroni Anticline: an example of an out-of-sequence tectonic wedge in the Camisea area, Peru Introduction Regional overview Regional stratigraphy and tectonostratigraphic evolution Regional structural styles Structural interpretation of the Sagari-Kinteroni anticline Sagai-Kinteroni anticline as observed from surface geological data Subsurface seismic observations and interpretations Sagari structural cross section Kinteroni structural cross section Structural evolution model Summary Acknowledgments References 24. The Candamo antiformal stack, Madre de Dios Basin, Peru Introduction Seismic analysis Structural interpretation Conclusions Acknowledgments References 25. Fault-related fold evolution in the Bolivian Northern Sub-Andean Zone Introduction Regional geology of the Bolivian Northern Sub-Andean Zone Surface geology Seismic observations and structural interpretation Line 1-Seismic observations Line 2-Seismic observations Line 2-Structural interpretation Line 3-Seismic observations Line 3-Structural interpretation Line 4-Seismic observations Line 4-Structural interpretation North-South fold evolution Conclusion Acknowledgments References 26. Transition from thin-to thick-skinned tectonics: example from the Boomerang Hills, Bolivia Introduction Geological setting Seismic analysis Structure Southern domain Northern domain Kinematic model Conclusion Acknowledgments References 27. Structural interpretation in the Bolivian southern Sub-Andean: from surface to hydrocarbon prospect generation Introduction Geological context Direct constraints Indirect constraints Structural interpretation and forward model Conclusions Acknowledgements References 28. Seismic interpretation challenges in the southern Subandean fold and thrust belt of Bolivia Introduction Geological setting Seismic quality Statistical curvature analysis techniques (SCAT) Seismic interpretation Restoration Forward modeling and deformation chronology Concluding remarks References 29. Thin skin fold belt structural style in the Argentinean-Bolivian Subandean foothills: the Madrejones Anticline example Introduction Structural levels Madrejones Anticline Timing of deformation and genesis of the Madrejones Anticline Conclusions References Further reading 30. Structural styles of the Villa Unión-San Isidro basement-involved fold and thrust belt, northern Ischigualasto-Villa ... Introduction and regional tectonic setting Stratigraphy of the study area Seismic-reflection interpretation and depth conversion Seismic stratigraphy Structural interpretation Structure of the Villa Unión-San Isidro basement-involved fold and thrust belt San Isidro monocline and its frontal growth syncline Las Tucumanesas anticline Los Palacios syncline and Las Maravillas anticline Anchumbil anticline Conclusions Acknowledgments References 31. Structural styles, tectonic evolution, and petroleum systems of transverse pre-Andean structures: examples from the Cuyo an ... Introduction Los Tordillos half-graben Seismic structural and stratigraphic configuration Tectonic evolution Burial history and petroleum systems Río Negro fault Seismic structural and stratigraphic configuration Tectonic evolution Burial history and petroleum systems Conclusions References 32. Structure beneath the southern Payenia volcanic field, Neuquén Basin, Argentina Introduction Seismic data Western sector Central sector Eastern sector Conclusions Acknowledgments References 33. Structural development in the frontal Malargüe fold and thrust belt, Neuquén Basin, Argentina Introduction Geological background Seismic data Seismic analysis Structural interpretation Forward modeling Field analog structures Conclusions Acknowledgments References 34. Interpreting a complex triangle zone in the Agrio fold thrust belt, Neuquén Basin. Argentina Introduction Statistical curvature analysis technique (SCAT) Seismic analysis Structural interpretation Conclusions Acknowledgments References 35. Exploration in a thick to thin-skinned transition: Faja Plegada triangle zone. Neuquén, Argentina Introduction Geological overview of the Chos Malal FTB (Argentina) The contribution/input of the seismic data in the exploration of the internal sectors of the Chos Malal FTB Refocusing the exploration on the Chos Malal triangle zone Discussions on the kinematic model Conclusions Acknowledgments References 36. Foothills structure of the Andes of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina and Chile Introduction Regional setting Regional stratigraphy Structure Foothills structure Section A-A′ Section B-B′ Conclusions Acknowledgments References 37. Inverted structures in the western Central Andes thrust belt front Introduction Geological background Structural interpretation Structural evolution Conclusions References Further reading 38. Interaction between inverted normal and reverse faults in the inner forearc of the Central Andes: an example from the Salar ... Introduction Geological background Seismic data Structural interpretation Structural evolution Conclusions Acknowledgements References Contributors Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P R S T U V Y